POPULATION, 


THE  UNITED  STATES 

AND  ITS 

NEIGHBORS     IN     NORTH     AMERICA. 


AREA. 


NOTE—  The  colored  diagrams  show  the  relative  population  and 
the  relative  areas  in  the  fiorth  American nossesritms  of  the  sever 
al  powers  on  the  continent,  including  Greenland  and  the  West 


50,257,783 
10,460,703 
5,82C,5GG 
2,851,705 
2,275,997 
155,988 


POSSESSIONS  OF 

UNITED  STATES 

MEXICO 

GREAT  BRITAIN 

CENTRAL  AMERICAN  STATES 

SPAIN 
DENMARK 


3,605,000 
743,948 

3,551,294 
173,125 
46,770 


O     7 


AT 


C        I        F 


GIFT  OF 


THOU AS 

ME.VJ 


EARLY  PURITAN   COSTUME 

A  DIGNITARY  IN  THE  I8T?  CENT. 

A  GENTLEMAN  • 

A   MERCHANT   


A  GOVERNOR    IN  THE   1/T"  CENT. 
AN   OFFICER  IN  THE  REVOLUTION. 
A    GENTLEMAN  ABOUT  THE  TIME 
OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


A  PURITAN  DIVINE. 

A  GENTLEMAN  ABOUT THETIME 

OFTHE  REVOLUTION. 
A  COLONIAL  GOVERNOR  INTHE  Iff* CENT. 


A  HISTORY  OF 


THE   UNITED   STATES 


AND  ITS   PEOPLE 


FOR     THE     USE     OF    SCHOOLS 


BY 

EDWARD   EGGLESTON 


NEW    YORK 
D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY 

1888 


COPYRIGHT,  1888, 
BY  D.  APPLETON  AND   COMPANY. 


PREFACE. 


ONE  of  our  American  humorists  has  said  that  it  is  better  not  The  first  re- 
to  know  so  much  than  to  know  so  many  things  that  are  not  true.  <iuirement:- 
Errors  accepted  in  childhood  become  articles  of  faith,  and  are 
not  easily  got  rid  of.  The  absence  from  this  book  of  certain 
well-worn  fables,  which  have  served  more  than  one  generation 
of  American  school-children  for  historic  facts,  will  be  regretted, 
perhaps,  on  sentimental  grounds.  It  does  not  seem  worth  while, 
however,  to  keep  current  in  elementary  books  statements  which 
every  sound  historical  scholar  rejects.  No  work  of  history  ever 
yet  escaped  error,  but  I  have  at  least  tried  to  make  this  a  genuine 
history,  in  harmony  with  the  best  historical  scholarship  of  the 
time.  Many  laborious  years  passed  in  the  critical  study  of 
original  printed  and  manuscript  authorities  for  the  history  of 
American  institutions  and  American  life  have  perhaps  given  the 
author  of  this  history  some  right  to  speak  with  assurance  on 
questions  relating  to  our  early  history. 

Next  to  correctness  the  most  important  feature  in  a  book  for   Lucidity  and 
the  young  is  clearness.     To  achieve  this  one  must  not  treat  more   interest- 
subjects  than  can  be  handled  with  sufficient  fullness  for  compre 
hension.     Attempts  to  write  a  little  about  everything  are  fatal  to 
lucidity.     The  writer  for  the  young  finds  all  his  skill  taxed  to  be 
clear  and  to  be  interesting,  and  the  two  things  lie  close  together. 
One  of  the  highest  benefits  that  a  good  text-book  in  the  hands 
of  a  good  teacher  can  confer  is  to  leave  the  pupil  with  a  relish 
for  historical  reading. 

The  order  in  which  the  various  topics  are  treated  has  much   Arrangement 
to  do  both  with  the  clearness  and  the  interest  of  a  history.     In   c   toplcs- 
the  strictly  chronological  history  the  reader  skips  from  theme  to 
theme,  resuming  under  several  dates  the  broken  thread  of  now 
this  and  now  that  story.     The  relation  of  cause  and  effect  is 
almost  entirely  lost,  and  history  becomes  a  succession  of  events 
with  little  logical  connection.     The  understanding  is  benumbed, 
the  attention   is  but  feebly  roused,  imagination  slumbers,  and 

272517 


iv 


PREFACE. 


Position  of 
the  reviews. 


The  history  of 
civilization. 


A  teaching 
book. 


memory  gets  small  hold  on  occurrences  that  are  presented  like 
beads  unstrung.  The  rigid  grouping  of  a  history  by  epochs  is 
fatal  to  a  truly  logical  arrangement.  One  of  the  most  important 
of  the  novel  features  of  the  present  history  is  its  arrangement. 
Discoveries,  settlements,  Indians  and  Indian  wars,  colonial  life, 
the  French  wars,  government  in  colonial  time  and  the  rise  of 
the  Revolution,  and  other  kindred  topics,  are  severally  grouped 
together,  so  that,  for  instance,  the  pupil  learns  about  the  nature 
of  Indian  life,  the  chief  Indian  wars,  and  the  means  of  attack 
and  defense  used  by  white  men  and  Indians  in  successive  chap 
ters,  pursuing  this  general  subject  until  it  is  finished.  Cause 
and  effect  are  thus  clearly  set  before  his  mind,  and  history  be 
comes  a  reasonable  science. 

The  reviews  are  not  placed  at  regular  intervals,  according  to  a 
stiff  mechanical  rule,  but  these  also  follow  in  the  main  the  same 
rule  of  grouping  as  the  chapters.  When  a  chief  topic  is  com 
pleted,  there  is  a  review,  whether  the  chapters  be  many  or  few. 

The  "proper  knowledge  of  mankind  is  man,"  and  the  real 
importance  of  history  lies  in  the  light  that  it  throws  upon 
humanity.  For  this  reason  liberal  attention  has  been  here  given 
to  the  domestic  and  social  life  of  the  people,  their  dress,  their 
food,  their  modes  of  thought  and  feeling,  and  their  ways  of 
making  a  livelihood.  The  succession  of  events  in  minor  wars 
would  only  weary  the  attention,  but  the  modes  of  attack  and 
defense  and  the  character  of  the  arms  of  the  various  belligerents 
are  essential  facts  in  the  history  of  man  in  this  New  World. 
And  the  story  of  the  progress  of  civilization,  as  marked  by  the 
introduction  of  new  inventions  and  by  changes  in  modes  of 
living,  is  of  primary  importance  in  any  history  written  in  the 
modern  spirit. 

This  is  from  first  to  last  a  school-book.  No  other  aim  has 
been  in  view  in  its  preparation  than  that  of  making  the  best 
possible  teaching  book  of  American  history.  The  length  and 
arrangement  of  the  chapters,  the  questions,  topical  and  geo 
graphical  studies,  and  skeleton  outlines,  as  well  as  the  reviews, 
are  all  arranged  with  reference  to  the  needs  of  teacher  and  pupil. 
An  effort  has  here  been  made  to  apply  to  history  in  a  thorough 
and  practical  way  the  great  Pestalozzian  principle  of  teaching 
through  the  eye.  The  suggestions  for  blackboard  illustrations, 


PREFACE.  V 

the  diagrams,  the  abounding  illustrations,  and  the  little  maps 
scattered  through  the  pages,  are  all  part  of  a  plan  to  make  the 
facts  of  history  visible,  and  by  that  means  to  render  the  study 
easily  comprehensible  and  therefore  delightful. 

Instead  of  a  few  large  maps  in  various  colors  and  confused  The  maps, 
with  many  names,  among  which  the  pupil  must  grope  painfully 
for  the  places  that  pertain  to  the  events  under  consideration, 
there  are  in  this  history  more  maps  than  chapters,  and  every  one 
of  the  smaller  maps  is  arranged  to  bear  upon  one  fact,  or  at 
most  upon  two  or  three  in  close  relation.  Only  so  many  names 
are  put  upon  each  map  as  are  necessary  to  make  clear  the  event 
under  consideration.  Not  only  is  the  pupil  saved  from  much 
needless  toil  by  this  plan,  but  maps  thus  arranged  serve  the  dou 
ble  purpose  of  elucidating  the  narrative  and  impressing  it  on  the 
memory  at  the  same  time,  by  giving  it  form  to  the  eye.  Each 
little  map  becomes  a  local  diagram  of  some  historical  fact,  and 
the  form  of  the  map  will  remain  in  the  memory  inseparably  asso 
ciated  with  the  event  to  which  it  belongs — a  geographical  body  to 
an  historical  soul.  Educational  writers  have  said  much  about  the 
importance  of  teaching  geography  and  history  together.  There 
is  not,  perhaps,  any  better  device  for  teaching  the  two  branches 
in  unison  than  these  simple  and  perspicuous  maps,  each  imme 
diately  associated  on  the  page  with  the  single  event  to  which  it 
pertains. 

Though  the  illustrations  are  by  some  of  the  best  artists  and  The  illustrations, 
engravers  of  the  time,  and  are  many  of  them  of  high  artistic 
merit,  and  though  they  are  far  more  abundant  than  is  usual  in 
books  of  this  kind,  there  has  been  no  thought  of  making  this  a 
mere  picture-book.  The  illustrations  are  part  and  parcel  of  the 
teaching  apparatus  ;  their  primary  use,  like  that  of  the  maps,  dia 
grams,  and  blackboard  exercises,  is  to  make  the  history  visible.  A 
very  considerable  body  of  historical  knowledge  of  the  most  im 
portant  kind  might  be  acquired  from  these  cuts  alone.  Illustra 
tions  of  costumes,  manners,  implements,  arms,  jewels,  vehicles, 
and  inventions  are  valuable  in  proportion  to  their  truthfulness. 
Those  here  given  have  been  made  under  the  author's  personal 
supervision,  and  they  have  cost  quite  as  much  labor  and  study 
as  the  text  itself.  Many  are  founded  on  rare  prints,  others  are 
from  ancient  original  drawings  not  before  printed,  and  a  few 


VI 


PREFACE. 


The  study  of  the 
Constitution. 


Marginal  titles. 


Books. 


have  been  carefully  drawn  from  descriptions  of  contemporary 
writers.  The  device  of  placing  many  of  the  smaller  cuts  in  the 
margin  serves  to  make  the  page  more  pleasing  to  the  eye,  while 
it  has  rendered  it  possible  to  illustrate  abundantly  without  unduly 
increasing  the  size  and  cost  of  the  book.  The  author  can  not 
forbear  expressing  his  appreciation  of  the  liberality  with  which 
the  publishers  have  availed  themselves  of  so  many  of  the  re 
sources  of  the  modern  art  of  illustration  to  enhance  the  value  of 
this  history.  The  illustrations  have  been  made  under  the  artistic 
supervision  of  Mr.  John  A.  Eraser. 

In  "  English  as  She  is  Taught/'  a  definition  is  cited  from  a 
school-boy's  exercise-book  to  the  effect  that  "  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  is  that  part  at  the  back  of  the  book  which  no 
body  reads."  Since  no  school-boy  or  school-girl  ever  does  read  it, 
and  since  it  is  not  a  document  meant  to  be  construed  by  chil 
dren,  it  seemed  better  to  utilize  the  space  for  other  things  than  to 
reprint  the  Constitution  for  mere  clap-trap.  The  same  remark 
applies  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  But  I  have,  instead, 
explained  the  purport  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  its 
place,  and  I  am  sure  the  pupil  will  get  far  more  from  the  account 
given  in  this  work  of  the  various  departments  of  our  government, 
their  origin,  and  their  operation  under  the  Constitution,  than  from 
reading  the  letter  of  the  Constitution  itself. 

By  omitting  the  numbers  usually  placed  at  the  beginning  of 
paragraphs,  the  book  has  been  relieved  of  stiffness  ;  by  printing 
the  subject  of  each  paragraph  in  the  margin,  a  means  of  reference 
far  more  convenient  is  provided,  with  the  further  advantage  that 
the  margins  serve  as  a  resume  of  the  subjects  treated  in  the  text. 
This  feature  is  part  of  the  general  design  of  the  book,  which  aims 
to  keep  before  the  minds  of  teacher  and  pupils  the  salient  feat 
ures  of  the  topic  under  discussion,  and  thus  to  discourage  mere 
memoriter  study. 

In  giving  titles  of  books  for  reading  and  reference,  I  have 
thought  it  better  to  mention  a  few  accessible  books  rather  than  to 
bewilder  the  student  with  a  long  list. 

E.   E. 


SUGGESTIONS    REGARDING    THE    USE    OF 
THE    BOOK. 


Questions  for  Study  follow  each  chapter.     These  are  intended,  in  the    Questions  for 
first  place,  to  guide  the  pupil  in  mastering  his  lesson,  to  make  him  test    study- 
his  understanding  of  the  subject  by  analyzing  and  reasoning  about  his 
facts,  and  by  associating  them  with  related  facts.     The  teacher  will  also 
find  these  questions  helpful  to  him  in  preparing  and  hearing  a  recitation. 

The  Study  by  Topics  which  follows  the  questions  is  meant  chiefly  to  study  by  topics, 
aid  the  teacher  in  conducting  a  recitation,  or,  at  least,  a  review  of  a  recita 
tion.  The  topical  method  of  recitation  develops  the  pupil's  power  of 
grasping  and  holding  each  branch  of  a  subject  in  its  entirety.  But  it  can 
not  be  used  to  the  exclusion  of  the  use  of  questions  and  answers  without 
danger  of  its  degenerating,  on  the  one  hand,  into  an  inadequate  statement, 
or,  on  the  other,  into  a  mere  repetition  of  the  words  of  the  text-book. 

Some  teachers  will  use  now  one  and  now  the  other  method,  testing   Questions  and 
the  pupil's  understanding  of  the  subject  at  one  recitation  by  questions,    toPlcs- 
at  the  next  developing  his  power  of  synthesis  and  his  mastery  of  language 
by  giving  him  a  division  of  the  subject  to  be  stated  in  his  own  way  and 
with  his  own  words,  and  then,  when  he  has  completed  his  statement, 
pointing  out  his  omissions  or  misapprehensions. 

Other  teachers  will  prefer  to  combine  the  two  plans  in  the  same  recita 
tion.  This  may  be  done — i.  By  a  thorough  examination  of  the  subject 
by  questions,  followed  by  a  topical  review  of  the  whole  chapter,  each 
division  of  the  subject  being  assigned  to  a  pupil  in  his  turn.  2.  Another 
mode  of  combining  the  two  is  by  following  the  recitation  of  each  topic  by 
questions  meant  to  bring  out  from  the  class  points  forgotten  or  obscured 
in  the  pupil's  account  of  that  branch  of  the  subject.  No  recitation  can 
fully  accomplish  its  purpose  without  the  use  of  questions  at  some  stage. 

The  Skeleton  Summary  appended  to  many  of  the  chapters  will  sug-    Skeleton  sum- 
gest  its  proper  use.     It  may  be  copied  on  papers  or  on  slates  and  filled    mafy- 
in  by  each  pupil,  or  the  teacher  may  have  it  written  on  the  blackboard 
and  then  have  the  blanks  filled  by  suggestions  from  the  class. 

The  geographical  facts  connected  with  each  event  should  be  brought    Geographical 
out  distinctly.     When  larger  or  fuller  maps  than  those  in  this  book  are    study- 
needed,  the  atlas  or  the  school  wall-map  can  be  easily  referred  to.     The 
small  maps  accompanying  the  text  may  be  sketched  on  the  blackboard, 
as  further  described,  or  they  may  be  used  from  the  page. 


Vlll 


SUGGESTIONS    REGARDING    THE    USE    OF    THE    BOOK. 


Blackboard. 


Pictures. 


Reviews. 


The  school   his 
tory  as  a  class 
reading-book. 


School  compo 
sitions. 


In  general,  the  blackboard  should  be  used  wherever  possible.  In 
particular : 

1.  The   Study  by  Topics  may  be  written  on  the  blackboard    with 
advantage  in  almost  every  recitation.     The  subject  under  consideration 
is  thus  displayed  in  a  natural  order.     This  may  be  done  before  the  recita 
tion  begins,  or  each  topic  made  be  added  as  the  recitation  proceeds,  thus 
constructing  a  visible  table  of  the  subject  before  the  eyes  of  the  class. 

2.  When  diagrams  are  given  in  the  book,  they  may  be  put  on  the 
board,  to  give  a  visible  illustration  to  some  proportion  of  size  or  number. 

3.  Word-diagrams  are  often  useful.     See,  for  example,  pages  13  and 
121.     In  these  the  location  of  the  words  or  phrases  helps  the  mind  to 
group  and  the  memory  to  hold  important  facts. 

4.  It  is  an  excellent  plan  to  sketch  the  small  map  on  the  blackboard. 
This  should  not  be  done  elaborately  or  with  too  much  attention  to  detail. 
The  most  useful  maps  of  all  are  mere  diagrams  of  location  sketched  by  a 
pupil  rudely  but  readily,  as  he  might  do  in  explaining  a  fact  in  conversation. 

The  cuts,  especially  those  illustrating  life  and  manners,  are  a  part  of 
the  history,  and  the  teacher  should,  by  remark  or  question,  draw  attention 
to  the  facts  illustrated  by  them. 

The  Reviews  which  close  each  group  of  chapters  may  be  treated  as 
a  briefer  topical  recitation,  developing  rapidly  the  salient  points  of  the 
chapters  reviewed.  The  review  may  also  be  put  upon  the  blackboard,  in 
sections,  if  not  as  a  whole. 

In  the  prevailing  movement  to  lighten  the  labors  of  the  pupil  in 
school,  history  is  sometimes  taught  by  using  the  text-book  for  a  reader. 
In  such  cases,  there  should  be  a  line  of  comment  or  question  maintained 
by  the  teacher  sufficient  to  make  sure  that  the  chapter  read  is  fully 
understood,  and  sufficient  to  impress  what  has  been  read  on  the  mem 
ory.  By  writing  the  Study  by  Topics  on  the  blackboard,  a  habit  of 
thoughtful  reading  will  be  promoted.  The  abundant  illustrations  of  cus 
toms  and  the  little  special  maps  in  this  book  will  prove  of  the  greatest 
advantage  to  teachers  using  this  as  a  reading-book. 

Topics  for  school  composition  are  now  and  then  suggested  from  the 
subjects  treated  in  the  current  chapter.  There  is  a  double  advantage  in 
these :  The  puzzled  pupil  is  helped  to  a  topic  for  writing,  while  the  best 
results  of  historical  study  are  secured  by  giving  him  occasion  to  exercise 
his  thoughts  upon  the  subjects  studied.  The  teacher  will  easily  sug 
gest  other  topics ;  particularly  may  the  pupil  write  upon  the  several  actors 
in  our  history  in  those  schools  where  access  can  be  had  to  works  of  biog 
raphy  or  books  of  reference. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  PAGE 

I. — How  Columbus  discovered  America  I 

II. — Other  Discoveries  in  America 7 

III.— Sir  Walter  Ralegh  tries  to  settle  a  Colony  in  America      .     13 
IV. — How  Jamestown  was  Settled     .         .    •     .         .         .         .19 
V. — The  Starving  Time,  and  what  followed     .         .         .         .24 
VI. — The  Great  Charter  of  Virginia,  and  the  First  Massacre  by 

the  Indians 29 

VII. — The  Coming  of  the  Pilgrims      ......     34 

VIII. — The  Coming  of  the  Puritans      ......     39 

IX.— The  Coming  of  the  Dutch 45 

X. — The  Settlement  of  Maryland  and  the  Carolinas          .         .     50 
XL— The  Coming  of  the  Quakers  and  Others  to  the  Jerseys 

and  Pennsylvania        .......     57 

XII.— The  Settlement  of  Georgia,  and  the  Coming  of  the  Ger 
mans,  Irish,  and  French     ......     62 

XIII.— How  the  Indians  Lived 71 

XIV.— Early  Indian  Wars .         .     79 

XV.— Traits  of  War  with  the  Indians 85 

XVI.— Life  in  the  Colonial  Time 91 

XVII. — Farming  and  Shipping  in  the  Colonies       .         .         .         .98 
XVIII. — Bond-Servants  and  Slaves  in  the  Colonies         .         .         .   104 

XIX. — Laws  and  Usages  in  the  Colonies 109 

XX. — The  Spanish  in  Florida  and  the  French  in  Canada  .         .116 

XXL — Colonial  Wars  with  France  and  Spain       .         .         .         .122 

XXIL— Braddock's  Defeat  and  the  Expulsion  of  the  Acadians     .   128 

XXIIL— Fall  of  Canada 135 

XXIV. — Characteristics  of  the  Colonial  Wars  with  the  French       .   142 

XXV. — How  the  Colonies  were  Governed 151 

XXVI. — Early  Struggles  for  Liberty  in  the  Colonies       .         .         .   156 

XXVIL— The  Causes  of  the  Revolution 161 

XXVIII. — The  Outbreak  of  the  Revolution  and  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence    168 

XXIX. — The  Battle  of  Trenton  and  the  Capture  of  Burgoyne's 

Army 175 

XXX.— The  Dark  Period  of  the  Revolution 181 

XXXL— The  Closing  Years  of  the  Revolution       .         .         .         .186 


X  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

XXXII. — Traits  and  Incidents  of  the  Revolutionary  War      .         .  192 
XXXIII. — The  Adoption  of  the  Constitution  .....   197 

XXXIV. — The  New  Republic  and  its  People 203 

XXXV. — Home  and  Society  in  Washington's  Time      .         .         .  209 
XXXVI. — Washington's  Presidency,  from  1789  to  1797          .         .  213 
XXXVII. — Troubles    with    England    and    France. — Presidency    of 

John  Adams 220 

XXXVIII.— Election  of  Jefferson.— War  with  Tripoli        .         .         .224 

XXXIX.— The  Settlement  of  the  Great  Valley         .         .         .         .231 

XL. — Beginning  of  the  Second  War  with  England  .         .         .  240 

XLI.— The  Navy  in  the  War  of  1812 245 

XLII.— The  Army  in  the  War  of  1812 250 

XLIII. — Expansion  of  the  Union  .         ......  257 

v     XLIV. — From    Monroe   to    Van    Buren. — Rise   of   Whigs   and 

Democrats 264 

XLV—  The  Steamboat,  the  Railroad,  and  the  Telegraph  .         .271 
XLVI. — Annexation  of  Texas. — Beginning  of  the  Mexican  War  .  276 
XLVII. — The  Close  of  the  Mexican  War,  and  the  Annexation  of 

New  Territory 283 

XL  VI 1 1.— The  Question  of  Slavery  in  Politics         .         .         .         .292 
vXLIX. — Break-up  of  Old  Parties. — Approach  of  the  Civil  War  .  298 

v  L. — How  the  Great  Civil  War  began 304 

LI. — Confederate  Victory  at  Bull  Run.— The  First  Western 

Campaign          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .310 

LII.— The  War  at  the  East.— From  Bull  Run  to  Gettysburg.  317 
LI  1 1. — Various  Operations  in  1862  and  1863     ....  324 

LIV. — The  Campaign  between  Nashville  and  Atlanta      .         .  330 
LV. — From  the  Wilderness  to  Petersburg. — The  War  in  the 

Valley 337 

sLVL— Close  of  the  Civil  War 345 

LVIL— Traits  and  Results  of  the  War.— Death  of  Lincoln         .  350 

LVIIL— Political  Events  since  the  Civil  War       .         .         .         .359 

LIX. — Later  Developments  of  the  Country        ....  366 

LX. — Population,  Wealth,  and  Modes  of  Living      .         .         .372 

LXI. — Literature  and  Art  in  the  United  States  ....  377 


CHAPTER     I. 
How   Columbus   discovered    America. 


IT  is  now  about  four  hundred  years  since  Columbus  Trade  with  India 

'     wf.  -\          -r-i     r  in  the  time  of  Co- 

dlSCOVered  America.      Before  that  time  people  in  Europe 

knew  nothing  of  any  lands  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  Trade  with  India  was  carried  on  by  caravans, 
and  travelers  who  had  gone  to  China  and  Japan  brought 
back  wonderful  stories  of  the  riches  of  their  cities,  and  of 
the  curious  people  who  lived  in  those  far-away  countries. 
In  order  to  reach  these  lands  of  wonder  and  to  open  a 
trade  with  India  by  sea,  the  Portuguese  had  been  for  a 
long  time  pushing  their  discoveries  down  the  western 
coast  of  Africa.  But  the  seamen  of  that  time  sailed 
mostly  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  they  were  timid  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  The  Portuguese  sent  out  expedition 
after  expedition,  for  seventy  years,  before  they  succeeded 
in  discovering  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  they  had  not 
yet  got  around  that  cape  when  Columbus  offered  to  find 
a  new  and  shorter  way  to  India. 

As   learned    men  already   believed    the   world    to   be  coiumbus  pro- 

T  poses  a  new  way 

round,  Columbus  asked  :  ^  Why  try  to  get  to  India  and  to  India. 


A  SAILOR  OF  THAT  TIME. 


China  by  going  around 


PROW  OF 
ANCIENT 
WAR-SHIP. 


,  Africa?  Why  not 


HOW    COLUMBUS   DISCOVERED    AMERICA. 


False  notions 
in  the  way. 


sail  straight  to  the  west 
around  the  world  to  Asia  ? 
He  did  not  know  that 
America  was  in  the  way, 
and  he  thought  that  the 
world  was  smaller  than  it 
is,  and  he  believed  that 
he  could  reach  the  rich 
lands  of  gold  and  spices  in 
Asia  by  sailing  only  two 
or  three  thousand  miles  to 
the  westward.  So  that  Co 
lumbus  discovered  America 
mistakes. 


Christopher  Columbus  was  born  in 
Genoa,  in  Italy.  The  date  of  his  birth 
is  uncertain.  His  father  was  a  humble 
wool-comber,  but  Columbus  received  a 
fair  education.  He  knew  Latin,  wrote 
a  good  hand,  and  drew  maps  exceedingly 
well.  He  sometimes  supported  himself 
by  making  maps  and  charts.  He  was 
well  informed  in  geography  as  it  was 
then  understood.  At  fourteen  he  went 
to  sea,  and  before  he  sailed  on  his  great 
voyage  he  had  been  almost  all  over  the 
known  world.  He  had  gone  some  dis 
tance  down  the  newly  discovered  coast 
of  Africa,  with  the  Portuguese,  and  north 
as  far  as  Iceland.  Columbus  married 
the  daughter  of  a  Portuguese  navigator, 
and  came  into  possession  of  his  charts. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  perseverance,  and 
he  held  to  his  idea  of  sailing  to  the  west 
through  many  long  years  of  discourage 
ment.  He  made  four  voyages  to  Amer 
ica,  setting  out  on  the  first  in  1492,  the 
second  in  1493,  the  third  in  1498,  and 
the  fourth  in  1502.  Though  a  great 
navigator,  he  was  not  a  wise  governor  of 
the  colonies  he  planted,  and  he  had  many 
enemies.  In  1500  he  was  cruelly  sent 
home  to  Spain  in  chains.  But  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  as  well  as  the  people,  were 
shocked  at  this  degradation,  and  he  was 
at  once  set  free.  His  last  voyage  was 
unfortunate,  and  when  he  returned  to 
Spain,  in  November,  1504,  the  monarchs 
paid  little  attention  to  him.  Queen  Isa 
bella  died  soon  after  his  return,  while 
Columbus  lay  sick,  and  when  the  great 
navigator  came  to  court  the  king  was  deaf 
to  his  petitions.  Worn  out  with  fatigue, 
exposure,  and  anxiety,  the  great  admiral 
died  on  the  2oth  of  May,  1506. 


in    consequence    of    two 


He  first  offered  to  make  this  discovery  for  the  city 
^of  Genoa,  in  which  he  was  born.     Then   he  offered  his 
plan  to  the   King  of  Portugal.     But  a  voyage  on  the 
"great   Atlantic    Ocean    seemed   a    dreadful    thing    in 
those  days.     It  was  called  the 


Sea  of  Darkness,"  be- 


cause  no  one  knew  anything  about  it,  and  people 


a.*^.--'  STERN    OF 

13  -^Vj*  1£    I  ANCIENT 

i^LJ5-:*  U  fe  WAR-SHIP. 

"^ "'.  -  " 


HOW    COLUMBUS    DISCOVERED    AMERICA. 


believed  that  it  was  inhabited  by  hideous  monsters. 
As  the  world  was  round,  some  thought  that,  if  a  ship 
sailed  down  the  sides  of  it,  it  would  find  it  impossible 
to  get  back  up  again.  They  said  that  people  could  not 
live  on  the  other  side  of  the  world  because  they  would 
be  upside  down. 

The  King  of  Portugal  was  an  enlightened  man, 
and  the  ideas  of  Columbus  made  an  impression  on  him 
after  a  while.  But  he  did  not  like  to  grant  the  great  re 
wards  demanded  by  the  navigator  if  he  should  find  land ; 
so  he  secretly  sent  out  a  ship  under  another  commander 
to  sail  to  the  westward  and  see  if  there  was  any  land 
there.  The  sailors  on  this  ship  were  easily  discouraged, 


A  ship  sent  out 
secretly. 


returned  laughing  at 

and  his  notions. 

Columbus  found  that  coiumbus  goes 

to  Spain. 

been  cheated,  he  left 


and    they 
Columbus 
When 
he        had 

Portugal  !^^Sr&':'    toofferhisideatothe 

King  and  Queen  of  Spain,  the 

celebrated  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  The  Spanish  mon- 
archs  were  very  busy  in  their  war  with  the  Moors,  and 
Columbus,  who  was  poor  and  obscure,  spent  about  seven 
years  in  trying  to  persuade  them  to  furnish  him  ships 
and  sailors.  At  length,  after  he  had  waited  so  long,  they 
refused  his  terms,  and  he  set  out  for  France,  but  certain 
officers  of  Queen  Isabella,  who  believed  in  Columbus's 
theory,  persuaded  her  to  call  him  back  and  to  send  him 
on  his  own  terms. 

Columbus   sailed   from    Spain,  with  three  small   ves-  His  departure  on 

i  i  i  his  great  voyage, 

sels,  on  the  3d  of  August,  1492,  and  was  more  than  two  and  his  discovery 
months  on  the  voyage.     The  sailors  were  more  and  more  c 
frightened  as  they  found  themselves  going  farther  and 


HOW    COLUMBUS    DISCOVERED    AMERICA. 


THE    PART   OF   THE   WORLD    KNOWN    WHEN    COLUMBUS    SAILED    IS    IN    WHITE. 


What   he  had 
found. 


His   return  to 
Spain. 


farther  out  of  the  known 
world.  They  sometimes 
threatened  to  pitch  Co 
lumbus  overboard  and 
return.  He  kept  their 
courage  up  by  every 
means  he  could  think 
of,  even  by  conceal 
ing  from  them  how  far 
they  had  come.  One  night  Columbus  saw  a  light, 
and  at  two  o'clock  the  next  morning,  which  was  the 
1 2th  of  October,  1492,  a  sailor  on  one  of  the  vessels 
raised  the  cry  "  Land ! "  There  was  the  wildest  joy 
on  the  ships.  Those  who  had  hated  Columbus,  and 
wished  to  kill  him,  now  reverenced  him. 

Instead  of  finding  the 
rich  cities  of  Asia,  Columbus 
had  come  upon  one  of  the 
smallest  of  the  West  India 
islands,  which  was  inhabit 
ed  by  people  entirely  naked, 
and  living  in  the  rudest 
manner.  He  afterward  dis 
covered  larger  islands,  and 
then  sailed  homeward. 

He  carried  with  him 
some  gold  and  some  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  islands. 
He  was  received  by  Ferdi 
nand  and  Isabella  with  the 
greatest  honor.  The)7  even 
made  him  sit  down  in  their 


Discoveries  before  Columbus. — 
There  is  some  reason  to  believe  that 
America  may  have  been  visited  from  Eu 
rope  before  the  time  of  Columbus.  The 
inhabitants  of  Scandinavia  (the  country 
now  divided  into  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway)  were  known  as  Norsemen.  In 
the  old  romantic  tales  of  Scandinavia 
there  are  stories  which  go  to  show  that 
these  Norsemen,  under  the  command  of 
Leif,  the  son  of  Eric,  in  the  year  1001, 
and  afterward,  probably  explored  the 
coast  of  America  from  Labrador  south 
ward  for  some  distance.  Fanciful  theo 
ries  have  been  built  on  these  stories, 
such  as  the  notion  that  the  old  stone 
windmill  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  is  a  tower 
built  by  the  Norsemen.  There  is  also 
a  tradition  in  Wales  that  one  Madoc, 
a  Welsh  prince,  in  the  year  1170,  discov 
ered  land  to  the  west  of  Ireland,  and  took 
a  colony  thither,  which  was  never  heard 
of  afterward.  If  these  stories  of  Leif  and 
Madoc  represent  real  voyages,  the  discov 
eries  which  they  relate  would  probably 
never  have  been  recalled  to  memory  if 
Columbus  had  not  opened  a  wide  door  at 
the  right  moment. 


HOW    COLUMBUS    DISCOVERED    AMERICA. 


5 


presence,  a  favor  never  shown  except  to  the  greatest 
grandees.  The  people  who  had  believed  him  a  fool 
when  he  went  away,  followed  him  with  cheers  as  he 
walked  along  the  street. 

Columbus,  in  his  second  voyage  to  America,  planted   Later  voyages 

J  of  Columbus. 

a  colony  on  the  island  of  Hispaniola,  or  Hayti.  In  this 
and  in  two  other  voyages  he  discovered  other  islands 
and  a  portion  of  the  coast  of  South  America,  which  he 
first  saw  in  1498.  He  never  knew  that  he  had  found  a 
new  world,  but  lived  and  died  in  the  belief  that  the  large 
island  of  Cuba  was  a  part  of  the  mainland  of  Asia. 


Who  discovered  America?  How  long  is  it  since  Columbus  discov-  Questions  for 
ered  America?  What  did  people  in  Europe  know  about  America  400 
years  ago  ?  What  did  they  know  about  the  roundness  of  the  world  ? 
How  was  the  trade  with  Asia  carried  on  ?  What  stories  were  told  in 
Europe  at  this  time  by  travelers  ?  How  did  the  Portuguese  try  to  get 
to  India  at  this  time  ?  Had  they  reached  India  by  sea  when  Columbus 
sailed  to  America  ?  How  many  years  had  they  spent  exploring  the  coast 
of  Africa  before  they  got  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope?  Where  is  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?  What  shorter  route  to  India  from  Europe  has 
been  made  in  our  time?  [Ans.  The  canal  through  the  Isthmus  of 
Suez.]  How  did  Columbus  propose  to  get  to  India?  In  this  plan  there 
were  two  mistakes  :  what  were  they  ?  What  is  in  the  way  between  Spain 
and  Asia  if  one  sails  straight  to  the  west  ?  How  far  did  Columbus  think 
it  ?  Is  it  much  farther  ?  To  whom  did  Columbus  first  make  his 

offer?  To  what  king  did  he  next  offer  his  plan  ?  What  was  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  sometimes  called  in  that  day?  What  kind  of  creatures  were 
thought  to  live  in  it  ?  What  foolish  notion  of  up-hill  and  down-hill  did 
men  get  from  the  roundness  of  the  earth  ?  What  did  the  King  of 

Portugal  do  to  find  out  whether  Columbus's  notion  was  correct  or  not  ? 
Was  this  fair  to  Columbus  ?  How  far  did  this  ship  sail  ?  What 

did  Columbus  do  when  he  found  that  he  had  been  cheated  ?  (How  near 
is  Portugal  to  Spain  ?)  WThat  were  the  names  of  the  King  and  Queen  of 
Spain  at  this  time  ?  In  what  war  were  they  engaged  ?  How  long  did 
Columbus  have  to  wait  in  order  to  persuade  them  to  let  him  have  ships  ? 
To  what  king  was  he  going  when  Isabella  called  him  back  ?  In 

what  year  did  Columbus  start  on  his  voyage  ?  On  what  day  of  what 
month  did  he  sail?  Leaving  on  the  3d  of  August,  1492,  he  was  how 


O  HOW    COLUMBUS    DISCOVERED    AMERICA. 

long  on  the  voyage  ?  How  did  the  sailors  feel  as  they  sailed  farther  and 
farther  into  the  unknown  "Sea  of  Darkness  "?  What  threats  did  they 
make  against  Columbus  ?  How  did  he  deal  with  them?  What  day  ol 
October  was  it  on  which  Columbus  first  saw  land  on  this  side  of  the 
ocean?  The  I2th  of  October  in  what  year?  How  long  ago  is  that? 
[Subtract  1492  from  the  present  year.]  Had  Columbus  found  Asia 

and  its  rich  cities  ?  What  had  he  found  ?  What  was  the  appearance  of 
the  people  ?  How  did  they  live  ?  W7hat  did  he  discover  afterward  ? 

What  did  he  take  home  with  him  ?     How  was  he  received   by  the 
king  and  queen  ?     How  by  the  people  ?  Where  did  he  plant  his 

first  colony?  Did  he  ever  know  that  he  had  found  a  new  continent? 
What  did  he  think  about  Cuba  ? 

Study  by  topics.  Tell  about — 

1.  Columbus  in  Portugal. 

2.  Columbus  in  Spain. 

3.  Columbus  on  his  voyage. 

4.  Columbus  after  his  return  from  the  first  voyage. 

a.  Mention  three  false  notions  which  made  men  oppose  Columbus. 

1.  That  it  would  be  sailing  up-hill  coming  back. 

2.  That  there  were  monsters  in  the  unknown  seas. 

3.  That  nobody  could  live  on  the  other  side  of  the  world. 

b.  Tell  what  you  know  of  two  mistaken  notions  held  by  Columbus 
that  promoted  his  voyage. 

Skeleton  sum-  (Fill  up  the  blanks^) — Columbus  discovered  America  about years 

ago.     He  wished  to  reach  -    —  by  sailing  to  the .     He  offered  to 

make  this  discovery  for  the  King  of ,  who  secretly  sent  out  a  ship  to 

find  out  the  truth  6f  Columbus's  idea.  When  Columbus  saw  that  he  was 
cheated,  he  went  to  —  —  to  lay  his  plans  before  the  king  and  queen, 

whose  names  were and .     He  waited  in  Spain  nearly years. 

He  sailed  from  Spain  in  August, ,  and  discovered  land  in  the  month 

of .     He  first  saw  the  continent  of—  —in   1498.     But  he  died 

supposing  that  the  island  of  Cuba  was  part  of  the  continent  of . 

Voluntary  work.          The  pupil  may  find  out  what  he  can  of  the  life  of  Columbus. 

Composition.  A  subject  for  composition  may  be  had  by  the  scholar's  supposing  him 

self  to  have  just  returned  with  Columbus  from  his  first  voyage.  Let  him 
write  a  letter  to  a  supposed  friend  in  England  telling  him  all  he  can  of 
Columbus,  of  the  ships,  of  the  voyage,  of  the  Indians,  and  of  their  recep 
tion  by  the  king  and  queen. 

To  teachers.  The  "Study  by  Topics"  may  always  be  written  on  the  blackboard  with  advan 

tage,  especially  where  there  is  no  other  blackboard  exercise. 


HOW    COLUMBUS    DISCOVERED    AMERICA. 


Life  of   Columbus,"  by  Washington  Irving.     The  latest  conclusions  of  the 


learned  about  Columbus  and  his  discoveries,  in  Winsor's 
History  of  Amer 
ica,"  vol.  ii.  For 
the  events  of  the 
time,  Prescott's 
"  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella."  For  a 
history  of  the 
Portuguese  dis 
coveries  and  the 
Spanish  colonies, 
Helps's  "  Span 
ish  Conquest  of 
America." 


Narrative  and  Critical 


Books  for  refer 
ence  and  reading. 


THIS    MAP    SHOWS    HOW    COLUMBUS    FOUND    AMERICA    IN    TRYING    TO    GET    TO    ASIA. 
IT   ALSO    SHOWS   THE   VOYAGES    OF    DA   GAMA   AND    MAGELLAN,    AS    TOLD    IN    CHAPTER    II. 


CHAPTER    II. 
Other   Discoveries   in    America. 

A  PART  of  the  glory  of  Columbus's  great  discovery   Naming  of 
was   taken   away  from    him    by    accident.       An    Italian, 
Amerigo  Vespucci    [am-a-ree'-go   ves-poot'-chee],   whose 
name   in    Latin    was  written  Amer'icus  Vespu'cius,  was 
with     an    expedition    that    discovered     part    of     South 

in 


Americus  Vespucius  was  born  in 
Florence  in  1451.  He  went  into  mercan 
tile  life  at  Florence,  and  afterward  re 
moved  to  Spain  a  little  before  Columbus 
sailed  on  his  first  voyage.  Vespucius 
claimed  to  have  made  four  voyages  to 
the  New  World,  the  first  in  1497.  But  it 
is  now  believed  that  this  first  date  is  not 
correct,  and  that  Vespucius  was  in  Spain 
during  all  of  that  year.  He  undoubtedly 
went  to  America  several  times,  both  from 
Spain  and  Portugal.  In  1503  Vespucius 
built  a  fort  on  the  coast  of  what  is  now 
Brazil ;  and  he  left  there  a  little  colony, 
the  first  in  that  part  of  South  America. 
Ferdinand  of  Spain  made  him  pilot-major 
of  his  kingdom  in  1508,  and  he  died  in 
1512. 


America  in  1499.  A  false 
claim  was  made,  indeed, 
that  Americus  saw  that  con 
tinent  two  years  earlier, 
which  would  be  before 
Columbus  discovered  it  in 
1498.  Americus  Vespucius 
wrote  pleasantly  about  the 
new  lands  which  he  had 
seen,  and  some  German  ge 
ographers  were  so  pleased 
with  his  descriptions  that 


8 


OTHER    DISCOVERIES   IN    AMERICA. 


John   Cabot. 


they  called  the  country  America,  in  honor  of  Americus, 
supposing  him  to  have  first  seen  the  continent.  When 
North  America  came  to  be  placed  on  the  maps,  this 
name  was  applied  to  it  also.  Thus,  nearly  half  the  world 
goes  by  the  name  of  a  man  who  had  no  claim  to  be 
called  its  discoverer. 

The  voyage  of  Colum 
bus  was  undertaken,  as  we 
have  seen,  to  open  a  trade 
with  the  Spice  Islands  of 
Asia,  and  the  failure  to  find 
these  was  disappointing. 
There  was  another  great 
Italian  navigator  living  at 
the  same  time  as  Colum 
bus,  whose  name  was  Zuan 
Cab-ot'-o.  He  is  called  in 
English  John  Cab'-ot.  He 
had  been  in  the  city  of 
Mecca,  in  Arabia,  and  had  there  seen  the  caravans 
bringing  spices  from  India.  He  inquired  of  the  people 
of  these  caravans  where  they  got  their  spices.  They 
said  that  other  caravans  brought  them  to  their  coun 
try,  and  that  the  people  in  those  caravans  said  that 
they  bought  them  from  people  who  lived  yet  farther 
away.  From  all  this  John  Cabot  concluded  that  the 
spices  so  much  valued  in  Europe  must  grow  in  the  most 
easterly  part  of  Asia,  and  that  he  could  reach  this  part  of 

Asia  by  sailing  to  the  west,  as  Columbus  had  done. 
The  King  of  England  at  this  time  was  Henry  VII. 

While  Columbus  was  trying  to   persuade    Ferdinand 

and    Isabella    to    send    him   on    a   voyage    of    discov- 


John  Cabot,  or  Zuan  Caboto,  as  he 
was  called  in  the  Venetian  dialect,  was 
probably  born  in  Genoa,  but  he  was  nat 
uralized  in  Venice.  He  was  living  in 
Bristol,  in  England,  with  his  wife  and 
three  sons,  in  1495,  when  he  laid  his  plans 
before  Henry  VII.  He  received  a  charter 
for  discovery  from  that  king  in  1496,  in 
which  his  three  sons  were  named,  and  he 
sailed  on  his  first  voyage  in  1497,  and  the 
second  in  1498.  It  is  probable  that  his 
son  Sebastian  went  with  him  on  both 
voyages.  There  is  no  account  of  John 
Cabot's  second  return,  nor  do  we  know 
any  more  about  him  after  his  sailing  to 
America  the  second  time.  His  son  Se 
bastian,  who  was  a  great  geographer,  and 
who  lived  to  be  very  old,  seems  to  have 
always  spoken  of  the  voyages  as  though 
he  had  made  them  alone,  but  we  now 
know  that  it  was  John  Cabot  who  dis 
covered  North  America. 


OTHER    DISCOVERIES    IN    AMERICA. 


CABOT   AT    MECCA. 


Cry,         he    Columbus  and 
,        ,  Henry  VII. 

had  sent 
his  brother, 
Bartholomew 
Columbus,  to 
make  a  like 
offer  to  the 
English  king. 
When  Bar 
tholomew  re 
turned  to  Spain 
with  King  Henry  VII's  answer,  Christopher  Columbus 
had  already  discovered  the  New  World. 

But,  though  Columbus  had  found  what  he  believed  to  Cabot  discovers 

North  America. 

be  a  part  of  Asia,  he  had  not  found  the  region  of  gold 
and  spices.  John  Cabot,  who  was  then  living  in  England, 
believed  that  he  might  be  more  fortunate.  He  got  per 
mission  from  Henry  VII  to  sail  at  the  expense  of  certain 
English  merchants,  and  in  May,  1497,  nearly  five  years 
after  Columbus  had  started  on  his  first  voyage,  Cabot 
set  sail  from  Bristol  with  only  one  small  vessel  and 
eighteen  persons.  He  discovered  the  Conti 
nent  of  North  America,  which  he  of  course 


INDIAN    NEEDLES    FOR    MAKING    NETS. 


10 


OTHER    DISCOVERIES    IN    AMERICA. 


Second  voyage  of 
the  Cabots. 


Balboa  discovers 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 


Magellan  finds  a 
way  around  the 
world. 


'A    GREAT    MAN    OF   THAT    TIME.' 


supposed  to  be  a  part  of  Asia.  He  did  not  meet  any 
Indians,  but  he  brought  to  King  Henry  one  of  their 
traps  for  catching  game,  and  a  needle  for 
making  nets.  He  was  received  with 
^j&^  great  honor,  and  he  who  had  gone 
away  a  poor  Venetian  pilot  was  now 
'*  called  "  the  Great  Admiral,"  and 
dressed  himself  in  silks,  after  the 
manner  of  great  men  of  that  time. 

The  next  year,  accompanied  by 
his  son  Sebastian,  he  set  sail  with  a 
much  larger  expedition,  to  find  his 
way  to  Japan  or  China.  After  going 
far  to  the  north,  he  sailed  along  what 
is  now  the  coast  of  Canada  and  the  United  States  as  far 
to  the  south  as  North  Carolina.  But,  as  he  did  not  find 
the  riches  of  Asia,  the  English  appear  to  have  lost  much 
of  their  interest  in  Western  voyages. 

After  both  Columbus  and  John  Cabot  were  dead, 
people  began  to  suspect  that  the  newly  discovered  lands 
were  not  part  of  Asia.  In  1513  Vasco  Nunez  de  Bal 
boa  [vas'-co  noon-yeth  deh  bal-bo'-ah]  crossed  the  Isth 
mus  of  Panama  [pan-ah-mah']  and  discovered  the  Pacific 
Ocean  at  the  west  of  America. 

It  now  became  a  question  of  finding  a  way  through 
or  around  America,  so  as  to  come  to  the  rich  trade  of 
the  East  Indies,  which  the  Portuguese  had  reached  in 
1498,  when  Vasco  da  Gama  [vas'-co  dah  gah'-mah] 
sailed  there  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In  1520 
Magellan  [ma-jel'-lan],  a  Portuguese  in  the  employ  of 
Spain,  sailed  through  the  straits  which  bear  his  name, 
and  so  into  the  Pacific.  It  was  not  then  known  that 


OTHER    DISCOVERIES    IN    AMERICA. 


11 


Fernando  da  Magalhaens  [mah- 
gal-yah'-ens],  as  his  name  is  written  and 
pronounced  in  Portuguese,  but  who  is 
known  in  English  as  Magellan,  was  born 
in  Portugal.  He  served  the  Portuguese 
government  in  the  East  Indies,  and  was 
in  the  expedition  that  discovered  seme 
of  the  Spice  Islands.  Having  received  a 
slight  from  the  Portuguese  government, 
he  publicly  renounced  his  country  and 
entered  the  service  of  the  King  of  Spain. 
He  sailed  on  his  famous  voyage  in  Sep 
tember,  1519,  with  five  ships.  On  the 
coast  of  South  America  he  lost  one  of 
his  vessels  and  suppressed  a  mutiny.  In 
October,  1520,  he  entered  the  straits  that 
bear  his  name.  His  men  were  very  re 
luctant  to  go  on,  and  one  ship  turned 
back  out  of  the  channel  and  sailed  home. 
With  the  three  ships  left  he  entered  the 
Pacific.  At  the  Philippine  Islands  he 
was  killed  in  a  battle  with  the  natives. 
Only  one  of  his  ships,  the  Victoria,  suc 
ceeded  in  getting  around  the  world,  and 
she  had  but  eighteen  men  left  alive  when 
she  got  back,  and  they  were  sick  and 
almost  starving. 


one  could  pass  around  Cape 
Horn.  Magellan  lost  his 
life  in  the  Philippine  Isl 
ands,  but  one  of  his  small 
est  ships  succeeded  in  mak 
ing  the  circuit  of  the  earth 
—the  first  that  ever  accom 
plished  that  feat. 

Magellan's  rOUte  Was  tOO     Other  explorers 

seek  the  North- 

long    a    course    for    trade,  west  Passage. 


and  many  other  navigators 
sailed  up  and  down  the 
American  coast,  expect 
ing  to  find  some  passage 
by  which  they  could  get 
through  the  continent  to 
go  to  China,  India,  and 

Japan.  They  thought  America  very  narrow,  and,  in 
deed,  they  believed  that  it  might  prove  to  be  cut 
through  in  some  places  by  straits,  if  they  could  only 
find  them.  Several  great  English  navigators  tried  to 
discover  what  they  called  the  Northwest  Passage,  by 
sailing  along  the  coast  of  Labrador  and  into  the  rivers 
and  bays  of  America. 

For  a  long  time  nobody  in  England  thought  it  worth  colonies  pro- 
while  to  send  colonies  to  North  America;  it  was  re 
garded  only  as  a  bar  to  all  attempts  to  reach  Asia  by  the 
west.  But,  the  colonists  sent  from  Spain  having  found 
gold  in  great  quantities  in  Mexico  and  South  America, 
the  English  at  length  began  to  think  of  settling  colonies 
in  North  America,  to  look  for  gold  there  also.  Frobisher 
and  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  in  the  time  of  Queen  Eliza- 


SPANISH    EXPLORER. 


12 


OTHER    DISCOVERIES    IN    AMERICA. 


beth,  proposed  to  settle  such  colonies,  but  it  was  not 
until  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  undertook  it  that  a  hopeful 
beginning  was  made. 


INDIAN'S  TRAP. 


Questions  for  How  did  our  part  of  the  world  get  the  name  of  America?     Who 

was   Amerigo,    or   Americus  ?      Was    he   the    discoverer   of  America  ? 
Who  first  proposed  to  give  the  name  of  America  to  South  America  ? 

j^.^..^^^ What    was    the    object    of    Columbus's    first   voyage  ? 

What  other  great  Italian  navigator  of  that  time  had  the 
notion  of  finding  the  trade  in  spices  by  going  to  the  west  ? 
Where  had  John  Cabot  seen  the  caravans  bringing  spices  ? 
What  questions  did  he  ask  of  the  men  of  these  caravans  ? 
Where  did  these  men  say  that  they  got  their  spices  ? 
What  opinion  did  Cabot  form  about  the  country  where 
spices  grew  ?  How  did  he  propose  to  reach  the  eastern 
part  of  Asia?  Who  was  King  of  England  at  this 

time?  What  had  Columbus  to  do  with  Henry  VII?  When  Bartholo 
mew  Columbus  got  back  to  Spain,  what  had  happened  ?  What 
permission  did  Cabot  get  from  Henry  VII?  Who  bore  the  expense  of 
the  voyage?  How  long  was  this  after  the  sailing  of  Columbus?  How 
many  men  did  Cabot  have  when  he  sailed  from  Bristol  in  1497?  How 
many  ships?  What  did  he  discover?  What  did  he  suppose  North 
America  to  be?  What  specimens  of  Indian  work  did  he  bring  back 
with  him?  How  was  he  received?  What  was  he  called?  How  did 
he  dress  ?  When  did  he  go  on  his  next  expedition  ?  What 
part  of  the  American  coast  did  he  see  ?  What  seems  to  have  made  the 
English  people  lose  most  of  their  interest  in  American  voyages  after 
this  ?  After  Columbus  and  Cabot  were  both  dead,  what  suspicion  arose 
about  the  new  western  countries?  What  discovery  in  1513  rendered  it 
probable  that  America  was  not  a  part  of  Asia  ?  Who  discovered  the 
Pacific  Ocean  ?  In  what  year?  What  land  did  Balboa  cross  to  find  that 
ocean  ?  After  the  discovery  of  the  Pacific,  what  new  question  came  up 
in  regard  to  a  way  of  trading  with  the  East  Indies  ?  Who  first  found  a 
way  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  ?  In  what  year 
did  Magellan  make  this  discovery  ?  By  what  strait 
did  he  pass  into  the  Pacific?  Why  did  he  not  go 
around  the  world  ?  What  ship  first  went  around 
the  world  ?  Why  was  the  route  through 
the  Straits  of  Magellan  not  a  good  one  for 
trade?  How  did  other  navigators  try  to  f,.^ 
find  a  way  to  Asia?  What  did  they  think  fj--; 


CAUGHT    IN    AN    INDIAN    TRAP, 


OTHER    DISCOVERIES    IN    AMERICA.  1Q 

about  the  width  of  America?  Where  did  they  try  to  find  a  north 
west  passage  ?  How  was  North  America  regarded  by  the  explor 
ers  ?  What  effect  did  the  gold  found  by  the  Spaniards  in  Mexico  and 
South  America  have  on  the  English?  Who  tried  to  settle  colonies  to 
look  for  gold  in  North  America  ?  Who  was  Queen  of  England  in  those 
times  ?  Who  made  the  first  hopeful  beginning  in  settling  English  colo 
nies  in  America  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  of  four  famous  men:  i.  Amerigo  Vespucci,  or 
Americus  Vespucius.  2.  John  Cabot.  3.  Balboa.  4.  Magellan. 

Tell  what  you  can  of — i.  The  naming  of  America.  2.  The  efforts  to 
find  a  passage  through  America. 

A  table  showing  the  order  of  events  in  the  two  chapters.     This  may    Blackboard  iiius- 
be  drawn  as  far  as  possible  from  the  answers  of  the  scholars.     Thus  :          tration. 


1.  American  islands 

2.  North  America 

3- 

4.  South  America 

5.  Pacific  Ocean 
6. 


The  Age  of  Discovery. 

1 


To  India  by  Good  Hope 

^discovered  by 


A  way  around  the  world  J 


^  Columbus,  1492. 

John  Cabot,  1497. 

Vasco  da  Gama,  1498. 

Columbus,  1498. 

Balboa,  1513. 
L  Magellan,  1520. 
Six  great  discoveries  in  twenty-nine  years  ! 

The  best  account  of  the  Cabots  is  by  Charles   Deane,  LL.  D.,   in   Winsor's 
"  Narrative  and  Critical  History,"  vol.  iii.  Books. 


CHAPTER    III. 
Sir  Walter  Ralegh  tries  to  settle  a  Colony  in  America. 

SIR   WALTER   RALEGH  was  the   first   that  landed   a  Raiegh  sends  an 

r-r-Ti  i        •         ,1    •  TT        •  exploring  expe- 

colony  of  English  people  in  this  country.  Having  re-  dition. 
ceived  from  Queen  Elizabeth  a  charter  which  gave  him 
a  large  territory  in  America,  he  sent  out  an  exploring 
expedition  in  1584,  ninety-two  years  after  the  discovery 
by  Columbus.  This  expedition  was  commanded  by  two 
captains,  named  Amidas  and  Barlowe.  They  landed  on 


SIR    WALTER    RALEGH 


The  country 
named  Virginia. 


Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  while  yet  a 
young  man,  fought  for  years  on  the  side 
of  the  Huguenots  in  the  French  civil 
wars,  and  afterward  in  the  war  in  Ire 
land.  On  his  return  from  Ireland,  it  is 
said  that  he  won  the  Queen's  favor  by 
throwing  his  new  plush  cloak  into  a 
muddy  place  in  the  road  for  her  to  walk 
on.  He  fitted  out  ships  and  fought 
against  the  Great  Armada,  or  fleet,  of 
Spain,  when  that  country  tried  to  con 
quer  England.  He  was  a  great  states 
man,  a  great  soldier,  a  great  seaman,  and 
an  excellent  poet  and  historian.  He  is 
said  to  have  first  planted  the  potato  in 
Ireland.  King  James  I  kept  him  in 
prison  in  the  Tower  for  more  than 
twelve  years,  and  then  released  him. 
In  1618  the  same  king  had  this  great 
man  put  to  death  to  please  the  King  of 
Spain.  When  Ralegh  was  about  to  be 
beheaded,  he  felt  of  the  edge  of  the 
axe,  and  said,  ll  It  is  a  sharp  medicine 
to  cure  me  of  all  my  diseases." 


the    coast    in    that    part    of 

America     which     we     now 

call    North    Carolina.      The 

country  pleased  them   very 

much.     They    wondered    at 

the  wild  grape-vines,  which 

grew    to    the    tops    of    the 

highest     trees,      and      they 

found      the      Indians     very 

friendly.    They  stayed  about 

six     weeks     in     the     New 

World,      and,       everything 

here  being  strange  to  their 

eyes,    they    fell    into    many 

mistakes    in    trying    to    de 
scribe  what  they  saw  and  heard.     When  they  got  back 

to  England,  they  declared  that  the  part  of  America  they 

had  seen  was  the  paradise  of 
the  world. 

Ralegh  was  much  encour 
aged  by  the  accounts  which 
his  two  captains  gave  of  the 
new  country  they  had  found. 
It  was  named  Virginia  at 
this  time,  in  honor  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  who  was  often 
called  the  "  Virgin  Queen." 
But  the  name  Virginia,  which 
we  apply  to  two  of  our  states, 
was  then  used  for  nearly  the 

whole  eastern  part  of   what  is  now  the   United    States, 

between  Maine  and  Georgia, 


SIR    WALTER    RALEC 


TRIES    TO    SETTLE    A    COLONY    IN    AMERICA. 


QUEEN    ELIZABETH. 


In   1585,  the  year  after  the 
return  of  the  first  expedition, 
Ralegh    sent  out  a   colony  to 
remain  in  America.     Sir  Rich 
ard    Grenville,  a   famous   sea 
man,  had  command  of  this  ex 
pedition  ;  but  he  soon  returned 
to  England,  leaving  the  colo 
ny    in    charge    of    Ralph    Lane. 
There  were  no  women  in  Ralph 
Lane's  company.     They  made  their 
settlement  on    Roanoke    Island,   which    lies   near  to  the  Ralegh's  first 

colony. 

coast  of  North  Carolina,  and  they  explored  the  main 
land  in  many  directions.  They  spent  much  time  in  try 
ing  to  find  gold,  and  they  seem  to  have  thought  that  the 
shell-beads  worn  by  the  Indians  were  pearls.  Like  all 
the  others  who  came  to  America  in  that  time,  they  were 
very  desirous  of  finding  a  way  to  get  across  America, 
which  they  believed  to  be  very  narrow.  They  hoped 
to  reach  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  so  open  a  new  way  of 
sailing  to  China  and  the  East  Indies. 

The  Indians  by  this  time  were  tired  of  the  white  men,   Lane  tries  to 

find  the  Pacific 

and  anxious  to  be  rid  of  them.  They  told  Lane  that  the  ocean. 
Roanoke  River  came  out  of  a  rock  so  near  to  a  sea  at 
the  west  that  the  water  sometimes  dashed  from  the  sea 
into  the  river,  making  the  water  of  the  river  salt.  Lane 
believed  this  story,  and  set  out  with  most  of  his  men  to 
find  a  sea  at  the  head  of  the  river.  Long  before  they 
got  to  the  head  of  the  Roanoke,  their  provisions  gave 
out.  But  Lane  made  a  brave  speech  to  his  men,  and 
they  resolved  to  go  on.  Having  nothing  else  to  eat,  they 
killed  their  two  dogs,  and  cooked  the  meat  with  sassafras- 


i6 


SIR    WALTER    RALEGH 


The  colony  re 
turns  to   England 
with  Sir  Francis 
Drake. 


Tobacco  Drought 
to  England. 


SIR    FRANCIS    DRAKE. 


Ralegh's  second 
colony. 


leaves  to  give  it  a  relish.  When  this  meat  was  exhausted, 
they  got  into  their  boats  and  ran  swiftly  down  the  river, 
having  no  food  to  eat  on  the  way  home. 
Lane  got  back  to  Roanoke  Island  just 
in  time  to  keep  the  Indians  from  kill 
ing  the  men  he  had  left  there. 

Sir  Francis  Drake  came  to  see  the 
colony  on  his  return  from  an  expedi 
tion  to  the  West  Indies.  He  furnished 
the  company  on  the  island  with  a  ship 
and  with  whatever  else  they  needed. 
But,  while  he  remained  at  Roanoke,  a  storm  arose  which 
drove  to  sea  the  ship  he  had  given  to  Lane.  This  so 
discouraged  the  colonists  that  they  returned  to  England. 
Ralph  Lane  and  his  companions  were  the  first  to 
carry  tobacco  into  England.  They  learned  from  the 
Indians  to  smoke  it  in  Indian  fashion,  by  drawing  the 
smoke  into  their  mouths  and  puffing  it  out  through  their 
nostrils.  Ralegh  adopted  the  practice,  and  many  distin 
guished  men  and  women  followed  his  example.  Some 
of  the  first  tobacco-pipes  in  England 
were  made  by  using  a  walnut-shell  for 
the  bowl  of  the  pipe  and  a  straw  for 
the  stem.  It  is  related  that,  when 
Ralegh's  servant  first  saw  his  mas 
ter  with  the  smoke  coming  from  his 
nose,  he  thought  him  to  be  on  fire, 
and  poured  a  pitcher  of  ale,  which 
he  was  fetching,  over  Sir  Walter's  head,  to  put 
the  fire  out. 

Ralegh  set  to  work,  with  the  help  of  others,  to  send 
out  another  colony.     This  time  he  sent  women  and  chil- 


TRIES    TO    SETTLE    A    COLONY    IN    AMERICA. 


' 


dren,  as  well  as  men,  intending  to  make  a  permanent 
settlement.  The  governor  of  this  company  was  John 
White,  an  artist.  Soon  after  White's  company  had  set 
tled  themselves  on  Roanoke  Island,  an  English  child  was 
born.  This  little  girl,  being  the  first  English  child  born 
in  Virginia,  was  named  Virginia  Dare. 

John  White,  the  governor  of  the  colony,  who  was  Ralegh's  second 
Virginia  Dare's  grandfather,  went  back  to  England  for 
supplies.  He  was  detained  by  the  war  with  Spain,  and, 
when  he  got  back  to  Roanoke  Island,  the  colony  had  dis 
appeared  Ralegh  had  spent  so  much  money  already  that 
he  was  forced  to  give  up  the  attempt  to  plant  a  colony  in 
America.  But  he  sent  several  times  to  seek  for  the  lost 
people  of  his  second  colony,  without  finding  them.  Twen 
ty  years  after  John  White  left'  them,  it  was  said  that  seven 
of  them  were  still  alive  among  the  Indians  of  North 
Carolina. 


INDIAN    PIPE 
DECORATED 

WITH    FEATHERS. 


PIPE    MADE    OF  THE 

SHELL    OF    THE 
ENGLISH  WALNUT. 


Who    gave    Ralegh   a  charter?      Of  what   country   was   Elizabeth    Questions  for 
queen?     What  did  Queen  Elizabeth  grant  to  Ralegh  in  this  gharter?    study- 
In  what  year  did  he  send  out  an  exploring  expedition  ?     There  were 
two   captains    in    this    expedition ;    what  were    their  names  ?      In  what 
part  of  America  did  they  land?     How  long  did  they  stay  in  America? 
What  did   they  think  of  the  country  ?  When  the  two  captains 

got  back,  the  country  they  had  explored  in  America  was  named  what  ? 
How  large  was  Virginia  at  that  time?     Why  was  it  called  Virginia? 

In    what    year   did    Sir  WTalter    Ralegh  send    out    his    first  colony? 
Who  was  left  in  charge  of  it  ?     On  what  island  was  it  settled  ?     What 


i8 


SIR    WALTER    RALEGH. 


<a   ^Roanoke 
*     -   Island 


Skeleton  sum 
mary. 


was  Ralph  Lane  looking  for  when  he  went  up  the  Roanoke  River  ? 
What  did  his  men  eat  when  out  of  food  ?  Who  came  to  see  the 
colony  the  next  year  ?  What  put  the  men  on  Roanoke  Island  into 
the  notion  of  going  back  to  England  ?  What  did  Lane  and  his 

men  learn  from  the  Indians?  What  plant  did  they  first  take  into 
England  ?  What  kind  of  pipes  were  sometimes  used  ?  WThat  story  is 
told  of  Ralegh's  smoking?  Who  was  Governor  of  Ralegh's  last 

colony  ?  Why  did  John  White  go  back  to 
England?  What  delayed  him  there?  What 
was  the  fate  of  his  colony  ? 

Study  by  topics.          Three  expeditions  are  mentioned  : 

1.  Under  Amidas  and  Barlowe,   1584. 

2.  Under  Grenville  and  Lane,   1585. 

3.  Under  John  White,   1587. 

Tell  what  you  know  of  each  of  these. 
Also,  tell  what  you  can  about — 

1.  Sir  Walter  Ralegh. 

2.  The  naming  of  Virginia. 

3.  The  first  use  of  tobacco  in  England. 

(  Write  this  out  or  read  it,  and  fill  up  the  blanks.} — Having  re 
ceived  a  charter  from  Queen ,  Ralegh  sent  an  exploring  expedition 

under  and  -    -  to  that  part  of  America  which  we  call .     On 

their  return  the  new  land  was  named  ,  in  honor  of .     In  the 

year  -  -  Ralegh  sent  out  his  first  colony,  under  the  command  of  Sir 
Richard  -  -  and  Ralph .  This  colony  was  taken  back  to  Eng 
land  by  Sir  Francis  .  It  remained  in  America  .  In  1587 

Ralegh    sent   another   colony,  under   John   .     The    Governor  went 

back  for  supplies ;  when  he  came  again  to  America,  the  colony  had 
.  Both  of  Ralegh's  colonies  were  settled  on  Island. 

Geography.  Have  each  pupil,  on  a  large  sheet  of  paper,  make  an  outline  map  of  the  coast  of 

North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  On  this,  mark  the  place  of  Ralegh's  colonies  on  Roa 
noke  Island,  with  the  date  (1585)  of  the  first  colony.  Note  distinctly  on  this  map  the 
Roanoke  River.  Preserve  the  map  for  use  in  studying  the  next  chapter.  If  thought 
best,  the  pupil  may  make  an  outline  map  of  the  whole  coast  of  the  United  States  for 
use  in  all  the  chapters  relating  to  colonization.  This  map  should  be  made  on  a  piece 
of  Manila  paper  not  less  than  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet  square. 

Blackboard  illus-  We  can  hardly  suppose  Lane  to  have  passed  over  more  than  about  one  twenty- 

tration.  fifth  of  the   distance  from   the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.     Draw  a  horizontal  line  say 

twenty-five  inches  long.     Then  mark  one  inch  from  the  left  of  the  line  to  show  how 

small  a  proportion  of  the  way  the  explorers  had  traveled.     The  outline  map  described 

above  may  be  drawn  on  the  blackboard  for  the  whole  class. 

Books.  Edwards's  "  Life  of  Ralegh,"  or  Gosse's  "  Life  of  Raleigh."   (NOTE. — The  name  is 

spelled  in  various  ways  by  different  writers.    We  have  followed  Ralegh's  own  spelling.) 


HOW    JAMESTOWN    WAS    SETTLED. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

How  Jamestown  was  Settled. 

• 
AFTER    the    total    disappearance   of 

Ralegh's    second    colony,    many    years 

passed     before    another    attempt    was 

made.      In    1602    Bartholomew   Gosnold 

tried   to  plant  a  colony  on  the   Island  of 

Cuttyhunk,  in   Buzzard's   Bay.      If  this  had 

succeeded,    New    England    would    have    been 

first  settled,  but  the  men  that  were  to   stay 

went    back   in    the    ship    that    brought    them. 

In  1603  Queen  Elizabeth  died,  and  her  cousin, 

James    VI,    King-   of    Scotland,    came   to    the    throne   of  The  Virginia 

Company. 

England  as  James  I.  In  1606,  while  Ralegh  was  shut 
up  in  the  Tower  of  London,  a  company  of  merchants 
and  others  undertook  to  send  a  new  colony  to  Amer 
ica.  Some  of  the  men  who  had  been  Ralegh's  part 
ners  in  his  last  colony  were  members  of  this  new  "  Vir 
ginia  Company.  " 

It  was  in  the  stormy  December  of  1606  that  the  little   Departure  of 

the  colony. 

colony  set  out.  There  were,  of  course,  no  steamships 
then ;  and  the  vessels  they  had  were  clumsy,  small,  and 
slow.  The  largest  of  the  three  ships  that  carried  out 
the  handful  of  people  which  began  the  settlement  of  the 
United  States  was  named  "  Susan  Constant."  She  was 
of  a  hundred  tons  burden.  Not  many  ships  so  small 
cross  the  ocean  to-day.  But  the  "  God-speed "  which 
went  along  with  her  was  not  half  so  big,  and  the  smallest 
of  the  three  was  a  little  pinnace  of  only  twenty  tons, 
called  "  Discovery." 


A    MERCHANT    OF    THE 
VIRGINIA    COMPANY. 


20 


HOW    JAMESTOWN    WAS    SETTLED. 


The    voyage, 
and  the  arrival 
in  Virginia. 


PRESENT    APPEARANCE 
OF    JAMESTOWN. 


Settlement    at 
Jamestown. 
Misery  of  the 
colonists. 


On  account  of  storms,  these  feeble  ships  were  not  able 
to  get  out  of  sight  of  the  English  coast  for  six  weeks. 
People  in  that  time  were  afraid  to  sail  straight  across  the 
unknown  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  they  went  away  south  by  the 
Canary  Islands  and  the  West  Indies,  and  so  made  the 
distance  twice  as  great  as  it  ought  to  have  been.  It  took 

the  new  colony  about  four 
months  to  get  from  Lon 
don    to    Virginia.      They 
intended    to   land    on  Ro- 
anoke    Island,   where    Ra 
legh's    unfortunate     colo 
nies  had  been  settled,  but 
a  storm  drove  them  into 
a  large  river,  which  they 
called  "James   River,"  in 
honor  of  the  king.     They 
arrived  in  Virginia  in  the 
month  of  April,  when  the 
banks    of    the    river    were 
covered     with     flowers.      Great 
white  dog-wood  blossoms  and  mass 
es  of   bright-colored    red-bud    were    in 
bloom   all   along    the   James   River.     The 
new-comers  said  that  heaven  and  earth  had  agreed  to 
gether  to  make  this  a  country  to  live  in. 

After  sailing  up  and  down  the  river  they  selected  a 
place  to  live  upon,  which  they  called  Jamestown.  They 
had  now  pretty  well  eaten  up  their  supply  of  food,  and 
they  had  been  so  slow  in  settling  themselves  that  it  was 
too  late  to  plant  even  if  they  had  cleared  ground.  One 
small  ladleful  of  pottage  made  of  worm-eaten  barley  or 


HOW    JAMESTOWN    WAS    SETTLED. 


21 


wheat    was   all  that  was 
given    to    a    man    for    a 
meal.     The  settlers  were 
attacked  by  the  Indians, 
who  wounded  seventeen 
men    and    killed    one    boy 
in  the  fight.     Each  man  in  James 
town  had  to  take  his  turn  every 
third    night   in    watching  against 
the    Indians,    lying   on   the    cold, 
bare  ground  all  night.     The  only 
water  to  drink  was  that   from  the 

river,  which  was  bad.  The  people  were  soon  nearly  all 
of  them  sick  ;  there  were  not  five  able-bodied  men  to 
defend  the  place  had  it  been  attacked.  Sometimes  as 
many  as  three  or  four  died  in  a  single  night,  and  some 
times  the  living  were  hardly  able  to  bury  those  who  had 
died.  There  were  about  a  hundred  colonists  landed  at 
Jamestown,  and  one  half  of  these  died  in  the  first  few 
months.  All  this  time  the  men  in  Jamestown  were 
living  in  wretched  tents  and  poor  little  hovels  cov 
ered  with  earth,  and  some  of  them  even  in  holes  dug 
into  the  ground.  As  the  sickness  passed  away,  those  who 
remained  built  themselves  better  cabins,  and  thatched 
the  roofs  with  straw. 

One  of  the  most  industrious  men  in  the  colony  at  this 
time  was  Captain  John  Smith,  a  young  man  who  had 
had    many  adventures,   of    which    he   was   fond    of 
boasting.     He  took  the  little  pinnace  "  Discovery  "  and 
sailed  up  and  down  the  rivers  and  bays  of  Virginia,  ex 
ploring  the  country,  getting  acquainted  with  many  tribes 
of  Indians,  and  exchanging  beads,  bells,  and  other  trink- 


A    SOLDIER    WITH 

MATCHLOCK    GUN    AND 

LIGHTED    FUSE. 


22 


HOW    JAMESTOWN    WAS    SETTLED. 


CAPTAIN    JOHN    SMITH. 


captain  John   ets  for  corn,  with  which  he 

Smith. 

kept  the  Jamestown  people 
from    starving.      In   one    of 


Captain  John  Smith  was  born  in 
England  in  1579.  While  yet  little  more 
than  a  boy,  he  went  into  the  wars  in 
the  Netherlands.  He  was  afterward 
shipwrecked,  robbed  at  sea,  and  suf 
fered  great  want  in  France.  He  fought 
against  the  Turks  and  slew  three  of  them 
in  single  combat.  He  was  at  length 
made  prisoner  by  the  Turks  and  reduced 
to  slavery.  By  killing  his  master  he  got 
free,  escaping  into  Russia,  after  sixteen 
days  of  wandering.  He  got  back  to 
England  and  soon  departed  with  the  first 
company  to  Jamestown.  After  leaving 
Virginia  he  was  the  first  to  examine  care 
fully  the  coast  of  New  England,  and  he 
received  the  title  of  "  Admiral  of  New 
England."  He  was  a  bold  and  able  ex 
plorer  and  a  brave  man,  with  much  prac 
tical  wisdom.  His  chief  faults  were  his 
vanity  and  boastfulness,  which  led  him 
to  exaggerate  his  romantic  adventures. 
But  without  him  the  Jamestown  colony 
would  probably  have  perished.  Like 
many  other  worthy  men,  he  died  poor 
and  neglected. 


Smith    leaves 
the  colony. 


these  trips  two  of  his  men  were  killed,  and  he  was  made 
captive,  and  led  from  tribe  to  tribe  a  prisoner.  But  he 
managed  so  well  that  Powhatan  [pow-at-tan'J,  the  head 
chief  of  about  thirty  tribes,  set  him  free  and  sent  him 
back  to  Jamestown.  It  was  in  this  captivity  that  he 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Pocahontas  [po-ka-hun'-tas], 
a  daughter  of  Powhatan.  She  was  then  about  ten  years 
old,  and  Captain  Smith  greatly  admired  her.  Many 
years  afterward  he  told  a  pretty  story  about  her  put 
ting  her  arms  about  his  neck  and  saving  his  life  when 
Powhatan  wished  to  put  him  to  death. 

John  Smith  explored  Chesapeake  Bay  in  two  voy 
ages,  enduring  many  hardships  with  cheerfulness.  He 
and  his  men  would  move  their  fire  two  or  three  times 
in  a  cold  night,  that  they  might  have  the  warm  ground 
to  lie  upon.  He  managed  the  Indians  well,  put  down 


HOW    JAMESTOWN    WAS   SETTLED.  23 

mutinies  at  Jamestown,  and  rendered  many  other  serv 
ices  to  the  colony.  He  was  the  leading  man  in  the 
new  settlement,  and  came  at  length  to  be  governor. 
But  when  many  hundreds  of  new  settlers  were  brought 
out  under  men  who  were  his  enemies,  and  Smith  had 
been  injured  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder,  he  gave  up 
the  government  and  went  back  to  England. 


After  Ralegh's  failure,  how  long  was  it  before  another  colony  was    Questions  for 
tried  ?     When  Ralegh  sent  his  colonies,  Queen  Elizabeth  was  reigning   study, 
over  England  :  who  had  taken  her  place  by  the  time  the  new  colony 
was  sent  ?     Where  was  Ralegh  when  this  new  company  was  formed  to 
send  another  colony  to  Virginia  ?     In  Ralegh's  last  colony  he  had  had 
some  partners :  what  part  did  these  take  in  the  company  ?  In  what 

year  did  this  company  send  out  its  colony  ?  How  many  ships  were 
sent  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  the  size  of  these  vessels  ?  How  long 
did  it  take  the  ships  to  get  out  of  sight  of  England  ?  Did  they  sail 
straight  for  America?  By  what  route  did  they  go  ?  How  long  did  it 
take  them  to  get  to  Virginia  from  the  time  they  left  London  ?  (How 
long  does  it  take  to  cross  the  ocean  in  our  time  ?)  Did  the  new  colony 
settle  in  the  same  place  as  Ralegh's  colony  ?  Why  not  ?  What  did 
they  call  the  river  into  which  they  sailed  ?  (What  is  it  called  to-day  ? 
Where  is  it  ?  What  city  is  on  its  banks  ?)  How  did  the  country  look 
when  they  saw  it  ?  What  did  they  think  about  it  ?  When  they  had 
chosen  a  place  for  their  town,  what  did  they  call  it  ?  Why  did  they  call 
the  river  James  River,  and  their  town  Jamestown  ?  What  kind 

of  food  did  they  have  ?  How  much  did  each  man  get  for  a  meal  ? 
What  did  the  Indians  do  at  this  time  ?  How  often  did  each  man  have 
to  stand  watch  at  night  ?  What  kind  of  water  did  they  have  ?  What  is 
said  of  their  sickness  ?  How  many  die$  in  the  first  few  months  ?  What 
sort  of  houses  did  they  have  during  the  time  of  their  sickness  ?  What 
kind  of  houses  did  they  build  as  they  grew  better  ?  Who  was 

very  industrious  at  this  time?  Where  did  Captain  Smith  sail  in  the 
little  pinnace  "  Discovery "  ?  What  did  he  buy  from  the  Indians  ? 
What  did  he  pay  for  the  corn  with  ?  What  happened  to  him  on  one 
of  these  trips  ?  After  he  had  been  led  from  village  to  village,  he  was 
brought  to  a  head  chief:  what  was  the  name  of  this  chief?  He  was 
at  the  head  of  how  many  tribes  ?  What  did  Powhatan  do  with  Captain 
Smith  ?  What  is  said  of  Powhatan 's  daughter  ?  What  great  bay 

did  Smith  explore  ?     How  did  it  happen  that  he  went  back  to  England  ? 


24 


HOW    JAMESTOWN    WAS    SETTLED. 


Study  by  topics.     P 


Skeleton  sum 
mary. 


Voluntary  work. 


Geography. 


Books. 


What  do  you  know  about — 

1.  The  voyage,    and   the   arrival  in 

Virginia  ? 
(  Food        ) 

2.  •<  Houses    >•  at  Jamestown  ? 
(  Sickness  ) 

3.  John  Smith  and  what  he  did  in 

Virginia  ? 

The  colonists  came  from  .      They 

settled  on  the  —    -  River,  in  the  year  — 07. 

They  called    their  town .      The   most 

active  man  was . 

Scholars  who  wish  to  know  more  than 
the  lesson  gives  them,  may  find  out  what 
they  can  of  the  life  of  Captain  John  Smith. 


Let  the  scholar  take  the  map  made  for  the  previous  chapter,  and  extend  it  so  as  to 
include  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  James  River.  Mark  1607  at  the  site  of  Jamestown. 
Write  John  Smith,  1608,  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Then,  in  order  to  get  relations  with 
modern  times,  mark  the  present  site  of  Richmond  with  R.,  of  Washington  with  W., 
of  Baltimore  with  B. 

"  Life  of  John  Smith,"  by  Charles  Dudley  Warner.  "  Life  of  Pocahontas,"  by 
E.  Eggleston  and  Mrs.  Seelye.  Bancroft's  "  United  States." 


The  starving 
time. 


CHAPTER   V. 
The  Starving  Time,  and  what  Followed. 

WHEN  Captain  John  Smith  went  back  to  England,  in 
1609,  there  were  nearly  five  hundred  white  people  in 
Virginia.  But  the  settlers  soon  got  into  trouble  with  the 
Indians,  who  lay  in  the  woods  and  killed  every  one  that 
ventured  out.  There  was  no  longer  any  chance  to  buy 
corn,  and  the  food  was  soon  exhausted.  The  starving 
people  ate  the  hogs,  the  dogs,  and  the  horses,  even  to 
their  skins.  Then  they  ate  rats,  mice,  snakes,  toad 
stools,  and  whatever  they  could  get  that  might  stop  their 


THE    STARVING    TIME,    AND    WHAT    FOLLOWED. 


hunger.  A  dead  Indian  was  presently  eaten,  and,  as 
their  hunger  grew  more  extreme,  they  were  forced  to 
consume  their  own  dead.  Starving  men  wandered  off 
into  the  woods  and  died  there  ;  their  companions,  find 
ing  them,  devoured  them  as  hungry  wild  beasts  might 
have  done.  This  was  always  afterward  remembered  as 
"the  starving  time." 

Along  with  the  people  who  came  at  the  close  of  John  sir  Thomas  Gates 

wrecked    on     the 

Smith's  time,  there  had  been  sent  another  ship-load  ot  Bermuda  islands, 
people,  with  Sir  Thomas  Gates,  a  new  governor  for  the 
colony.  This  vessel  had  been  shipwrecked,  but  Gates 
and  his  people  had  got  ashore  on  the  Bermuda  Islands. 
These  islands  had  no  inhabitants  at  that  time.  Here 
these  shipwrecked  people  lived  well  on  wild  hogs. 
When  spring  came  they  built  two  little  vessels  of  the  ce 
dar-trees  which  grew  on  the  island.  These  they  rigged 
with  sails  taken  from  their  wrecked  ships,  and  getting 
_  __  their  people  aboard  they  made 

their  way  to  James 
town. 


• 

-.s 


When 

they  got  there 
they  found  alive 
but  sixty  of  the  four  hundred  and 
ninety  people  left  in  Virginia  in  the  autumn 

before,  and  these  sixty  would  all  have  died  had    Gates  Gates  reaches 
been  ten  days   later  in   coming.      The  food    that   Gates 
brought  would    barely  last  them   sixteen  days.      So   he 


26 


THE    STARVING    TIME,    AND    WHAT    FOLLOWED. 


Arrival  of  Lord 
De  ia  Warr. 


De    la   Warr's 
time. 


Sir    Thomas 
Dale's  govern 
ment. 


put  the  Jamestown  people  aboard  his  little  cedar  ships, 
intending  to  sail  to  Newfoundland,  in  hope  of  there 
falling  in  \vith  some  English  fishing-vessels.  He  set  sail 
down  the  river,  leaving  not  one  English  settler  on  the 
whole  continent  of  America. 

But  before  Gates  and  his  people  got  out  of  the  James 
River  they   met  a  long  boat  rowing  up   toward   them. 
Lord  De  la  Warr  had  been  appointed  governor  of  Vir 
ginia,  and  sent  out  from  England.     From  some  men  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  he  had  learned  that  Gates 
and    all    the  people  were    coming 
down.      He  sent  his  long  boat  to 
turn  them  back  again.     On  a  Sun 
day  morning  De  la  Warr  landed  in 
Jamestown    and    knelt    on   the 
ground    a    while    in    prayer. 
Then  he  went  to  the  little 
church,  where  he  took  pos 
session  of  the  government, 
and  rebuked  the  people  for 
the  idleness  that  had  brought 
them   into  such  suffering. 
During  this  summer  of  1610  a  hundred  and  fifty  of  the 
settlers  died,  and  Lord  De  la  Warr,  finding  himself  very 
ill,   left   the  colony.     The  next   year  Sir   Thomas    Dale 
took  charge,  and  Virginia  was  under  his  government  and 
that  of  Sir  Thomas  Gates  for  five  years  afterward. 

Dale  was  a  soldier,  and  ruled  with  extreme  severity. 
He  forced  the  idle  settlers  to  labor,  he  drove  away  some 
of  the  Indians,  settled  some  new  towns,  and  he  built 
fortifications.  But  he  was  so  harsh  that  the  people  hated 
him.  He  punished  men  by  flogging  and  by  setting  them 


THE    STARVING    TIME,    AND    WHAT    FOLLOWED. 


27 


to  work  in  irons  for  years.  Those  who  rebelled  or  ran 
away  were  put  to  death  in  cruel  ways ;  some  were 
burned  alive,  others  were  broken  on  the  wheel,  and  one 
man,  for  merely  stealing-  food,  was  starved  to  death. 

Powhatan,  the  head  chief  of  the  neighboring  tribes.   The  capture  of 

Pocahontas. 

gave  the  colony  a  great  deal  of  trouble  during  the  first  Her  marriage, 
part    of    Dale's   time.      His    daugh 
ter,  Pocahontas,  who,  as  a  child, 
had   often    played    with    the 
boys  within    the  palisades 
of  Jamestown,    and    had 
shown    herself    friendly 
to  Captain    Smith   and 
others    in    their    trips 
among     the     Indians, 
was     now     a    woman 
grown.    While  she  was 
visiting  a  chief  named 
Japazaws.    an    English 
captain    named    Argall 
hired    that   chief   with    a 
copper  kettle  to  betray  her 
into  his  hands.     Argall  took 
her    a    captive    to    Jamestown. 
Here    a    white    man   by    the    name 
of  John  Rolfe  married  her,  after  she  had  received  Chris 
tian    baptism.      This    marriage    brought   about   a    peace 
between  Powhatan  and  the  English  settlers  in  Virginia. 

When   Dale  went   back  to  England  in  1616  he  took  Pocahontas  in 

England. 

with  him  some  of  the  Indians.  Pocahontas,  who  was 
now  called  "the  Lady  Rebecca,"  and  her  husband  went 
to  England  with  Dale.  Pocahontas  was  called  a  "  prin- 


PORTRAIT   OF 
POCAHONTAS. 


28 


THE    STARVING    TIME,    AND    WHAT    FOLLOWED. 


Tobacco 
raised  in 
ginia. 


Vir 


Questions  for 
study. 


cess  "  in  England,  and  received  much  attention.  But  she 
died  when  about  to  start  back  to  the  colony,  leaving  a 
little  son. 

The  same  John  Rolfe  who  married  Pocahontas  was 
the  first  Englishman  to  raise  tobacco  in  Virginia.  This 
he  did  in  1612.  Tobacco  brought  a  large  price  in  that 
day,  and,  as  it  furnished  a  means  by  which  people  in  Vir 
ginia  could  make  a  living,  it  helped  to  make  the  colony 
successful.  But  in  1616  there  were  only  three  hundred 
and  fifty  English  people  in  all  North  America. 


GETTING    READY    TO    GO    TO    VIRGINIA  }     SHOWING    THE    DRESS    OF    PEOPLE    IN    THAT   TIME. 

How  many  people  were  left  in  the  colony  in  1609,  when  John  Smith 
went  back  to  England  ?  How  did  the  settlers  get  on  with  the  Indians 
at  this  time?  Why  could  they  not  get  corn?  Mention  some  of  the 
things  eaten  by  the  people  in  their  hunger.  What  was  this  time  called  ? 

What  had  become  of  the  ship  in  which  Sir  Thomas  Gates  had  sailed 
the  year  before  ?  What  did  Gates  and  his  people  find  to  eat  on  the  Ber 
muda  Islands?  How  did  they  get  away  from  Bermuda?  What  state 
did  they  find  the  Jamestown  colony  in  when  they  came  to  Virginia  ?  How 
many  days'  supply  of  food  for  all  the  people  did  Sir  Thomas  Gates  have? 


THE    STARVING    TIME,    AND    WHAT    FOLLOWED. 


29 


What  did  he  conclude  to  do  ?  What  happened  to  Gates  before 

he  got  out  of  the  river  ?  Who  had  sent  this  long  boat  ?  What  did 
Lord  De  la  Warr  do  first  when  he  landed  at  Jamestown  ?  What  took 
place  at  the  church  ?  How  many  of  the  people  died  in  the  sickness  of 
this  summer  ?  Why  did  Lord  De  la  Warr  leave  Virginia  ?  What 

was  Dale's  profession  ?  What  kind  of  a  person  was  he  ?  What  good 
effect  came  from  his  government  ?  But  the  people  hated  him  :  why  ? 
Mention  some  of  the  punishments  used  by  him.  How  did  Pow- 

hatan  and  the  Indians  behave  during  the  early  part  of  Dale's  time  ? 
What  was  the  name  of  Powhatan's  daughter  who  had  often  come  to 
Jamestown?  Where  was  she  staying?  How  did  Argall  get  her  on 
board  his  ship  ?  Where  did  he  take  her?  To  whom  was  she  married? 
What  effect  did  this  have?  When  Pocahontas  went  to  England,  how 
was  she  treated  ?  What  happened  to  her  when  she  was  about  to  sail  to 
America  ?  Who  first  raised  tobacco  in  Virginia  ?  What  effect 

did  this  have  on  the  colony  ?  How  many  people  were  there  in  Virginia 
in  1616?  The  colony  first  reached  Virginia  in  1607:  how  long  had  it 
been  settled  when  Dale  left  in  1616  ?  Subtract  1607  from  1616. 

Tell  about — 

1.  The  starving  time. 

2.  Sir  Thomas  Gates's  shipwreck. 

3.  Gates's  arrival  at  Jamestown  and  the  departure  of  the  colony. 

4.  Coming  of  Lord  De  la  Warr. 

Also — a.  Dale's  government,    b.  Pocahontas.    c.  Tobacco  in  Virginia. 


Study  by  topics. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

The   Great   Charter    of   Virginia,    and   the    First 
Massacre    by  the    Indians. 

DURING  all  the  early  years  of  the  Virginia  colony  the  Living  and  work 
ing  in  common. 

people  were  fed  and  clothed  out  of  a  common  stock  of 
provisions.  They  were  also  obliged  to  work  for  this 
stock.  No  division  was  made  of  the  land,  nor  could  the 
industrious  man  get  any  profit  by  his  hard  work.  The 
laziest  man  was  as  well  off  as  the  one  who  worked  hardest, 
and  under  this  arrangement  men  neglected  their  work, 
and  the  colony  was  always  poor.  The  men  had  been 


3° 


THE    GREAT    CHARTER    OF    VIRGINIA. 


i.-          & 


ENGLISH    COUNTRYMAN 
AT    THAT    TIME. 


The  Great  Char 
ter  of  1618. 


Features  of  the 
charter  govern 
ment  that  remain. 


promised  that  after  five  years  they  should  have  land  of 
their  own  and  be  free,  but  this  promise  was  not  kept.  In 
1614  Sir  Thomas  Dale  gave  to  some  who  had  been  long 
est  in  Virginia  three  acres  of  ground  apiece,  and  allowed 
them  one  month  in  the  year  to  work  on  their  little 
patches.  For  this  they  must  support  themselves  and 
give  the  rest  of  their  work  to  the  common  stock.  This 
arrangement  made  them  more  industrious.  But  the 
cruel  military  laws  put  in  force  by  the  governor  made 
Virginia  very  unpopular. 

Argall,  who  came  after  Dale,  governed  very  badly, 
and  the  colony  was  almost  ruined.  In  1618  many  new 
emigrants  were  sent,  and  Lord  De  la  Warr  was  again 
sent  as  governor,  but  he  died  on  the  way.  The  "  Vir 
ginia  Company,"  of  London,  which  had  the  government 
of  the  colony  in  November,  1618,  granted  to  Virginia  a 
"  Great  Charter,"  under  which  the  people  of  the  colony 
were  allowed  a  voice  in  making  their  own  laws.  This 
was  the  beginning  of  free  government  in  America. 
Under  this  charter  the  government  of  Virginia  was  put 
into  the  hands  of  a  governor,  a  "  council  of  estate,"  and  a 
"  general  assembly."  The  other  American  colonies  after 
ward  took  pattern  from  this  threefold  government. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  by  a  president, 
a  senate,  and  a  house  of  representatives  shows  that  the 
ideas  put  into  the  Great  Charter  have  left  their  mark  on 
the  constitution  of  our  country.  The  governments  of  all 
our  States  also  show  traces  of  the  same  idea.  Each  State 
has  a  governor,  a  senate,  and  a  house  of  representatives. 
So  that  the  plan  arranged  in  1618  for  a  few  hundred  peo 
ple  in  Virginia  was  a  tiny  stream  that  has  spread  out  into 
a  great  river. 


THE    GREAT    CHARTER    OF    VIRGINIA. 


COUNTRYWOMAN 
OF   THE    TIME. 


The  Great  Charter  also  gave  the  people  of  Virginia  Division  of  land 

in  Virginia. 

the  right  to  divide  the  land  into  farms,  and  to  own  and 
work  ground  each  for  himself.  When  the  new  governor, 
Sir  George  Yeardley,  got  to  Virginia  in  the  spring  of 
1619,  bringing  this  good  news  that  the  settlers  were  to 
live  under  laws  of  their  own  making,  and  were  to  enjoy 
the  fruits  of  their  own  labors,  they  thought  themselves 
the  happiest  people  in  the  world. 

About  this  time  it  was  thought  that  the  colony 
would  be  more  firmly  planted  if  the  colonists  had  wives. 
Young  women  were  therefore  sent  out  to  be  married 
to  the  settlers.  But,  before  any  man  could  marry  one 
of  these,  he  was  obliged  to  gain  her  consent,  and  to  pay 
the  cost  of  her  passage,  which  was  about  a  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  of  tobacco.  This  venture  proved  very  satis-  f0^rnggin°a  wives 
factory  to  the  Virginians,  and  women  were  therefore 
sent  for  wives  from  time  to  time  for  years  afterward. 
When  the  colonists  had  land  of  their  own,  they  felt 
themselves  at  home  in  America,  and  no  longer  thought 
of  going  back  to  England. 

Before  this  there  had  been  a  good  many  small  wars   "Jack  of  the 
and  troubles  of  one  kind  or  other  with  the  Indians.     But, 
as  the  Indians  had  few  fire-arms,  the  white  men  could 
easily  defend  themselves.     After  1619  many  efforts 
were   made   to   civilize   and    convert   the   savages. 
Money  was  given  to  educate  their  children,  and  a 
college  was  planned  for  them.     One  ambitious  In 
dian  brave,  whom  the  white  people 
called   "Jack  of   the  Feather,"  and 
who  was  believed  to  be  proof  against 
bullets,  was  suspected  of  wishing  war. 
At  length  he  killed  a  white  man,  and 


THE    GREAT    CHARTER    OF    VIRGINIA. 


The  first  massacre 
by  the  Indians. 


The  Virginia 
Company  dis 
solved. 


the  white  man's  servants,  in  trying  to  take  him  to  the 
governor,  shot  him.  The  Indians  did  not  show  any 
resentment  at  his  death  at  first,  and  O-pe-chan'-ka-no, 
who  had  become  head  chief  on  the  death  of  Powha- 

tan,  said  that  the  sky  might 
fall  sooner  than  he  would  break 
the  peace. 

But  on  the  22d  of  March, 
1622,  while  the  men  of  the  col 
ony  were  in  the  fields,  the  In 
dians  suddenly  fell  on  the  set 
tlements,  killing  the  white  peo 
ple  mostly  with  their  own  axes, 
hatchets,  and  hoes.  Three  hun 
dred  and  forty-seven  men,  wom 
en,  and  children  were  killed  in 
a  single  day.  One  Indian  lad, 
living  in  a  white  man's  house,  had 
given  warning  during  the  night  be 
fore,  and  some  of  the  settlements  had 
time  to  prepare  themselves  for  defense.  From  this 
time  on  there  was  almost  continual  war  with  the  In 
dians  for  many  years. 

In  1624  the  Virginia  Company,  of  London,  was  dis 
solved,  and  the  colony  was  put  under  the  government 
of  the  king.  But  the  king,  James  I,  when  he  put 
down  the  company,  promised  to  the  colony  all  the  lib 
erties  which  they  then  enjoyed.  This  promise  was  not 
well  kept  by  his  successors  in  after-years ;  the  Vir 
ginians  were  often  oppressed  by  the  governors  sent 
to  them,  but  the  right  to  pass  laws  in  the  General 
Assembly  was  never  taken  away. 


THE    GREAT    CHARTER    OF    VIRGINIA. 


33 


How  were  the  settlers  in  Virginia  clothed  and  fed  during  the  early    Questions  for 
years  of  the  colony?     What  was  clone  with  the  proceeds  of  their  work?    study. 
How  was  the  land  held  at  first  ?     What  was  the  result  of  this  system  ? 
What  encouragement  would  a  man  have  to  work  industriously?      Do 
you  think  such  a  system  fair?     What  promise  had  been  made  to  the 
colonists  ?     How  was  it  kept  ?  What  arrangement  did  Sir  Thomas 

Dale  make  in  1614?  What  effect  did  this  have  on  the  industry  of  the 
colonists  ?  What  made  Virginia  .unpopular  at  this  time  ?  What  kind 
of  laws  did  the  colony  have  ?  What  kind  of  a  governor  was  Argall  ? 

Who  was  sent  for  governor  in  1618  ?  What  happened  to  him  ?  What 
was  the  beginning  of  free  government  in  America  ?  Who  granted  the 
Great  Charter  of  1618  ?  It  established  three  branches  of  the  government 
in  Virginia:  what  were  they?  What  three  law-making  powers 

in  the  government  of  the  United  States  to-day  correspond  somewhat  to 
the  governor,  the  council  of  estate,  and  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia 
under  the  Great  Charter?  How  do  the  governments  of  our  States 
resemble  this  first  government  ?  What  other  rights  did  the  char 

ter  of  1618  give  to  Virginia?  When  Sir  George  Yeardley,  the  new 
governor,  got  to  Virginia  with  the  Great  Charter,  how  did  the  people 
feel  about  it  ?  In  what  year  did  Yeardley  reach  Virginia  ?  What 
measures  were  taken  in  1619  to  supply  the  Virginians  with  wives? 
What  did  a  man  have  to  pay  for  his  wife  ?  Had  there  been  any 

Indian  wars  before  this  time  ?  What  advantage  did  the  white  man 
have  over  the  Indians?  What  was  done  for  the  Indians  after  1619? 
What  is  said  of  "Jack  of  the  Feather"?  Why  and  how  was  he  killed  ? 
Who  was  chief  in  place  of  Powhatan  ?  What  did  Opechankano  say 
about  the  peace?  What  took  place  on  the  22d  of  March,  1622  ? 

How  were  the  white  people  killed  ?  Who  gave  warning  the  night 
before  ?  How  many  of  the  colonists  were  killed  ?  What  was  the  rela 
tion  between  the  white  people  and  the  Indians  after  this  ?  What 
change  took  place  in  the  government  of  Virginia  in  1624?  What  did 
the  king  promise  to  the  colonists  when  he  made  this  change  ?  Who 
was  king  of  England  at  this  time  ?  How  was  his  promise,  that  the 
Virginians  should  have  all  their  liberties,  kept  by  his  successors  ?  What 
right  was  never  taken  away  ? 

Tell  what  you  know  of —  Study  by  topics. 

1.  Common  land  and  common  living  in  Virginia. 

2.  The  division  of  the  land. 

3.  The  Great  Charter  and  the  three  branches  of  government. 
Also  tell  what  you  can — 

1.  Of  the  sending  of  wives  to  Virginia. 

2.  Of  the  Indian  massacre. 
4 


BlacKboard  illus 
tration. 


34 


THE    GREAT    CHARTER    OF    VIRGINIA. 
LAND 


Undivided. 


Separately  owned. 


LABOR 


For  a  common  stock. 


Each  for  himself. 


LIVING 
From  a  common  store.  From  one's  own  purse,  j   £ 


HISTORY   TEACHES. 

NOTE. — In  this  and  the  preceding  chapters  some  statements  are  made  which  will 
be  unfamiliar  even  to  those  well  acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  settlement  of 
Virginia.  These  are  founded,  however,  on  a  careful  study  of  the  oldest  existing 
manuscript  authorities,  preserved  in  the  Library  of  Congress,  in  the  British  Museum, 
and  in  the  British  Public  Record  Office. 


The  Separatists. 


The  Pilgrims  in 
Holland. 


CHAPTER    VII. 
The  Coming  of  the  Pilgrims. 

IN  the  seventeenth  century  (that 
is,  between  the  year  1600  and  the 
year  1700)  there  was  much  religious 
persecution.  In  some  countries  the  Catholics  persecuted 
the  Protestants,  in  other  countries  the  Protestants  perse 
cuted  the  Catholics,  and  sometimes  one  kind  of  Protest 
ants  persecuted  another.  There  were  people  in  England 
who  did  not  like  the  ceremonies  of  the  Church  of  Eng 
land,  as  established  by  law.  These  were  called  Puritans. 
Some  of  these  went  so  far  as  to  separate  themselves  from 
the  Established  Church,  and  thus  got  the  name  of  Sepa 
ratists.  They  were  persecuted  in  England,  and  many  of 
them  fled  to  Holland. 

Among  these  were  the  members  of  a  little  Separat 
ist  congregation  in  Scrooby,  in  the  north  of  England. 
Their  pastor's  name  was  John  Robinson.  In  1607,  the 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    PILGRIMS. 


year  in  which  Jamestown  was  settled,  these  persecuted 
people  left  England  and  settled  in  Holland,  where  they 
lived  about  thirteen  years,  most  of  the  time  in  the  city 
of  Leyden  [li'-den].  Then  they  thought  they  would  like 
to  plant  a  colony  in  America,  where  they  could  be  re 
ligious  in  their  own  way.  These  are  the  people  that  we 
call  "  The  Pilgrims,"  on  account  of  their  wanderings  for 
the  sake  of  their  religion. 

About  half  of  them  were  to  go  first.  The  rest  went 
down  to  the  sea  to  say  farewell  to  those  who  were  going. 
It  was  a  sad  parting,  as  they  all  knelt  down  on  the  shore 
and  prayed  together.  The  Pilgrims  came  to  America  in 
a  ship  called  the  Mayflower.  There  were  about  a  hun 
dred  of  them,  and  they  had  a  stormy  and  wretched  pas 
sage.  They  intended  to  go  to  the  Hudson  River,  but 
their  captain  took  them  to  Cape  Cod.  After  exploring 
the  coast  north  of  that  cape  for  some  distance,  they  se 
lected  as  a  place  to  land  a  harbor  which  had  been  called 
Plymouth  on  the  map  prepared  by  Captain  John  Smith, 
who  had  sailed  along  this  coast  in  an  open  boat  in  1614. 

All  the  Indians  who  had  lived  at  this  place  had  died 
a  few  years  before  of  a  pestilence,  and  the  Pilgrims  found 
the  Indian  fields  unoccupied.  They  first  landed  at  this 
place  on  the  nth  day  of  December,  1620,  as  the  days 
were  then  counted.  This  is  the  same  as  the  2ist  of  De 
cember  now,  the  mode  of  counting  having  changed  since 
that  time.  (Through  a  mistake,  the  22d  of  December  is 
generally  kept  in  New  England  as  "  Forefathers'  Day.") 
Before  landing,  the  Pilgrims  drew  up  an  agreement  by 
which  they  promised  to  be  governed. 

The  bad  voyage,  the  poor  food  with  which  they  were 
provided,  and  a  lack  of  good  shelter  in  a  climate  colder 


PURITAN    OF   THE 
MIDDLE    CLASS. 


The  voyage  to 
America  in  the 
Mayflower. 


The  landing  of 
the  Pilgrims. 


PURITAN    OF   THE 

MIDDLE  CLASS. 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    PILGRIMS. 


First  acquaint 
ance  with  the 
Indians. 


Half  of  the  pii-  than  that  from  which  they  came,  had  their  natural  effect. 
Like  the  first  settlers  at  Jamestown,  they  were  soon 
nearly  all  sick.  Forty-four  out  of  the  hundred  Pilgrims 
died  before  the  winter  was  ended,  and  by  the  time  the 
first  year  was  over  half  of  them  were  dead.  The  Pil 
grims  were  afraid  of  the  Indians,  some  of  whom  had 
attacked  the  first  exploring  party  that  had  landed.  To 
prevent  the  savages  from  finding  out  how  much  the 
party  had  been  weakened  by  disease,  they  leveled  all 
the  graves,  and  planted  Indian  corn  over  the  place  in 
which  the  dead  were  buried. 

One  day,  after  the  winter  was  over,  an  Indian 
walked    into    the    village    and    said    in    English, 
"  Welcome,     Englishmen."      He    was 
a  chief  named    Sam-o'-set,   who  had 
learned  a  little  English  from  the  fish 
ermen  on  the  coast  of  Maine.     Samoset 
afterward   brought  with   him  an  Indian 
named  Squanto,  who  had  been  carried  away 
to   England  by  a  cruel  captain  many  years 
before,   and    then    brought  back.     Squanto 
remained  with  the    Pilgrims,   and   taught   them   how  to 
plant  their  corn  as  the   Indians  did,  by  putting  one  or 
two  fish  into  every  hill  for  manure.      He  taught  them 
many  other  things,  and  acted  as  their  interpreter  in  their 
trading  with  the  Indians.     He  told  the  Indians  that  they 
must  keep  peace  with  the  white  men,  who  had  the  pes 
tilence  stored  in  their  cellar  along  with  the  gunpowder ! 
The   neighboring   chief,    Mas-sa-so'-it,   was   also   a  good 
friend  to  the  Pilgrims  as  long  as  he  lived. 

Captain  Myles  Standish  was  the  military  commander 
at  Plymouth.     He  dealt  severely  with  any  Indians  sup- 


Myles    Standish 
and  the  Indians. 


THE  COMING  OF  THE  PILGRIMS. 


37 


Pilgrims  at  Home. — The  Pilgrims 
held  their  meetings  in  a  square  house 
on  top  of  a  hill  at  Plymouth.  On  the 
flat  roof  of  this  house  were  six  small 
cannon.  The  people  were  called  to 
church  by  the  beating  of  a  drum.  The 
men  carried  loaded  fire-arms  with  them 
when  they  went  to  meeting  on  Sunday, 
and  put  them  where  they  could  reach 
them  easily.  The  town  was  surrounded 
by  a  stockade  and  had  three  gates. 
Elder  Brewster  was  the  religious  teacher 
of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  ;  their 
minister,  John  Robinson,  having  stayed 
with  those  who  waited  in  Holland,  and 
died  there.  It  is  said  that  Brewster, 
when  he  had  nothing  but  shell-fish  and 
water  for  dinner,  would  cheerfully  give 
thanks  that  they  were  "  permitted  to 
suck  of  the  abundance  of  the  seas  and 
of  the  treasures  hid  in  the  sand." 


posed  to  be  hostile.  Find 
ing-  that  certain  of  the 
Massachusetts  Indians  were 
planning  to  kill  all  the 
whites,  he  and  some  of  his 
men  seized  the  plotters  sud 
denly  and  killed  them  with 
the  knives 
which  the  In 
dians  wore 
suspended 
from  their 
own  necks. 


The  people  of  Plymouth  suffered  much 
from  scarcity  of  food  for  several  years.    They 
had  often  nothing  but  oysters  or  clams  to  eat  for 
a    long   time   together,    and    no   drink    but   water. 
Like   the   Jamestown   people   (see    page    29),  they 
tried  a  plan  of  living  out  of  a  common  stock,  but 
with  no  better  success.     In  1624  each 
family  received  a  small  allot 
ment  of  land  for  its  own,  and 
from   that   time   there    was 
always    plenty    to    eat    in 
Plymouth.       Others    of 
the     Pilgrims    came    to 
them    from   Holland,  as 
well     as     a     few     emi 
grants     from     England. 
Plymouth    Colony    was, 
next     to    Virginia,     the 
oldest     colony     of      all, 


PILGRIMS    ESCORTING   THE    GOVERNOR, 

ELDER    BREWSTER.    AND    MYLES    STANDISH    TO    MEETING. 


7 


38  THE    COMING    OF    THE    PILGRIMS. 

Plymouth  united   but  it  did  not  grow  very  fast,  and  in   1692,  by  a  charter 

with    Massachu 
setts  in  1692.         from    King    William    III,   it  was   united   with    Massachu 
setts,  of  which  its  territory  still  forms  a  part. 


Questions  for  When  we  say  "the  seventeenth  century,"  what  years  do  we  mean? 

study-  What  is  said  of  persecution  in  the  seventeenth  century  ?  What  cere 

monies  did  the  Puritans  dislike  ?  What  were  those  Puritans  called  who 
went  so  far  as  to  separate  from  the  Church  of  England  ?  WThat  hap 
pened  to  these  Separatists  ?  When  they  were  persecuted,  where  did 
they  go  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Separatists  of  Scrooby  ?  What 

was  their  pastor's  name  ?  Where  did  they  go  when  they  were  perse 
cuted  ?  To  what  city  in  Holland  ?  How  long  did  they  live  in  Holland  ? 
What  did  they  then  propose  to  do  ?  What  name  is  now  given  to  these 
people  ?  How  many  of  them  were  to  go  to  America  first  ?  How 

did  the  rest  say  farewell  to  them  ?  What  was  the  name  of  the  ship  in 
which  they  came  to  America  ?  What  kind  of  a  voyage  did  they  have  ? 
Where  did  they  select  a  place  to  land  ?  Who  had  called  this  Plymouth  ? 
(Who  was  this  Captain  John  Smith  ?)  What  had  become  of  the 

Indians  who  lived  at  Plymouth  ?  (What  is  a  pestilence  ?)  What  advan 
tage  did  the  Pilgrims  get  from  settling  where  there  had  been  an  Indian 
village?  In  what  year  did  the  Pilgrims  land  at  Plymouth?  In  what 
month?  On  what  day  of  December?  But  the  "old  style"  which 
they  used  then  has  been  changed  since  that  time  :  What  day  of  the 
month  now  is  the  same  as  the  nth  of  December,  1620?  How  did  the 
Pilgrims  arrange  about  their  government  ?  What  four  things 

helped  to  make  the  Pilgrims  suffer  with  illness  ?  How  many  died  dur 
ing  the  first  winter  ?  How  many  died  in  the  first  year  ?  How  did  the 
Pilgrims  feel  about  the  Indians  ?  Had  they  seen  any  of  them  ?  What 
did  they  do  to  hide  from  the  Indians  the  fact  that  so  many  of  them  had 
died  ?  What  did  the  first  Indian  say  who  came  into  Plymouth  ?  What 
was  his  name  ?  Where  had  he  learned  these  words  ?  What  was  the 
name  of  the  Indian  that  Samoset  brought  with  him  afterward  ?  How 
did  Squanto  get  to  England  ?  What  did  he  do  for  the  Pilgrims  ?  What 
story  did  he  tell  to  frighten  the  other  Indians  ?  What  is  said  of  Massa- 
soit  ?  Who  was  Captain  Myles  Standish  ?  How  did  he  deal  with 

hostile  Indians  ?  What  did  he  do  to  the  Indians  who  planned  to  put 
all  the  English  to  death  ?  What  kind  of  food  did  the  people  at 

Plymouth  have  to  eat  ?  What  plan  of  work  and  living  did  they  try  ? 
What  colony  had  tried  this  before  ?  How  did  it  work  in  Plymouth  ? 
What  change  was  made  in  1624?  Which  was  the  oldest  of  all 

the  American  colonies  ?  Which  was  next  ?  What  is  said  of  the  growrth 
of  Plymouth  colony?  What  happened  to  it  in  1692  ? 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    PILGRIMS. 


39 


1.  The  Separatists  in  England.  study  by  topics, 

2.  The  Pilgrims  in  Holland. 

3.  The  voyage  to  America. 

4.  The  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth. 

5.  The  Pilgrims  and  the  Indians. 

The  native  country  of  the  Pilgrims  was .    Skeleton  sum- 

They  first  settled  in .      In  the  year  —20    mary" 

they  settled  at ,  in  America.     The  captain 


3    in  their  wars  was 


Let  the  pupil  make  a  sketch-map  of  that  part  of  the  coast-line 
of  New  England  from  the  extreme  point  of  Cape  Cod  to  Plymouth. 
Mark  Plymouth,  and  put  the  date  1620  there.     Leave  room  on  the 
paper  to  extend  the  coast  of  New  England  in  both  direc 
tions  in  future  lessons.     The  relation  of  Jamestown  to 
Plymouth  should  be  studied.     Note  how  far  apart  were 
the  first  two  settlements  in  our  country. 

T 


Geography. 


^JJamestown 


CHAPTER    VIII. 
The  Coming  of  the  Puritans. 

BEFORE  the  Pilgrims  settlers  along 
had  become  comfortably  la 
settled  in  their  new  home, 
other  English  people  came 
to  various  parts  of  the 
New  England  coast  to  the 
northward  of  Plymouth. 
About  1623  a  few  scatter 
ing  immigrants,  mostly 
fishermen,  traders  with  the 
Indians,  and  timber-cut 
ters,  began  to  settle  here 
JOHN  WINTHROP.  anc[  there  along  the  sea 

about  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  in  what  afterward  came  to 

be  the  colonies  of  New  Hampshire  and  Maine. 


THE  COMING  OF  THE  PURITANS. 


The  English  \Ve    have    seen    in    the    preceding-    chapter    that   the 

Puritans. 

Pilgrims  belonged  to  that  party  which  had  separated 
itself  from  the  Church  of  England,  and  so  got  the 
name  of  Separatists.  But  there  were 
also  a  great  many  people  who  did  not 
like  the  ceremonies  of  the  Established 
Church,  but  who  w7ould  not  leave  it. 
These  were  called  Puritans,  because 
they  sought  to  purify  the  Church 
from  what  they  thought  to  be  wrong. 
They  formed  a  large  part  of  the  Eng 
lish  people,  and  at  a  later  time,  under  Oliver  Cromwell, 
they  got  control  of  England.  But  at  the  time  of  the 
settlement  of  New  England  the  party  opposed  to  the 
Puritans  was  in  power,  and  the  Puritans  were  perse 
cuted.  The  little  colony  of  Plymouth,  which  had  now 
got  through  its  sufferings,  showed  them  a  way  out  of 
their  troubles.  Many  of  the  Puritans  began  to  think 
of  emigration. 
The  Massachu-  In  1628,  when  Plymouth  had  been  settled  almost 

setts  Company 

sends  out  its  first  eight  years,  the  Massachusetts  Company  was  formed. 
This  was  a  company  like  the  Virginia  Company  that 
had  governed  Virginia  at  first.  The  Massachusetts 
Company  was  controlled  by  Puritans,  and  proposed 
to  make  settlements  within  the  territory  granted  to 
it  in  New  England.  The  first  party  sent  out  by 
this  company  settled  at  Salem  in  1628.  Others 
were  sent  the  next  year. 

But  in  1630  a  new  and  bold  move  was  made. 
The  Massachusetts  Company  resolved  to  change  the 
place  of  holding  its  meetings  from  London  to  its 
new  colony  in  America.  This  would  give  the  peo- 


PURITAN    GENTLEMAN. 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    PURITANS. 


John  Winthrop,  the  principal 
founder  of  Massachusetts,  was  born  in 
1588.  He  was  chosen  Governor  of  the 
Massachusetts  Company,  and  brought 
the  charter  and  all  the  machinery  of 
the  government  with  him  to  America  in 
1630.  He  was  almost  continually  gov 
ernor  until  he  died  in  1649.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  wisdom.  When  another 
of  the  leading  men  in  the  colony  wrote 
him  an  angry  letter,  he  sent  it  back,  say 
ing  that  "  he  was  not  willing  to  keep 
such  a  provocation  to  ill-feeling  by  him." 
The  writer  of  the  letter  answered,  "  Your 
overcoming  yourself  has  overcome  me." 
When  the  colony  had  little  food,  and 
Winthrop's  last  bread  was  in  the  oven,  he 
divided  the  small  remainder  of  his  flour 
among  the  poor.  That  very  day  a  shipload 
of  provisions  came.  He  dressed  plainly, 
drank  little  but  water,  and  labored  with 
his  hands  among  his  servants.  He  count 
ed  it  the  great  comfort  of  his  life  that  he 
had  a  "loving  and  dutiful  son."  This 
son  was  also  named  John.  He  was  a 
man  of  excellent  virtues,  and  was  the 
first  Governor  of  Connecticut. 


pie  in  the  colony,  as  mem 
bers  of  the  company,  a 
right  to  govern  themselves. 
When  this  proposed  change 
became  known  in  England, 
many  of  the  Puritans  de 
sired  to  go  to  America. 
John  Winthrop,  the  new 
governor,  set  sail  for  Mas 
sachusetts  in  1630,  with  the 
charter  and  about  a  thou 
sand  people.  Winthrop  and 
a  part  of  his  company  set 
tled  at  Boston,  and  that 
became  the  capital  of  the 
colony.  No  colony  was  set 
tled  more  rapidly  than  Mas 
sachusetts.  Twenty  thousand  people  came  between  1630 
and  1640,  though  the  colony  was  troubled  for  a  while 
by  bitter  disputes  among  its  people  about  matters  of 
religion  and  by  a  war  with  the  Pequot  Indians. 

Some  of  the  Puritans  in 
Massachusetts  were  dissatis 
fied  with  their  lands.  In  1635 
and  1636  these  people  crossed 
through  the  unbroken  woods 
to  the  Connecticut  River,  and 
settled  the  towns  of  Windsor, 
Wethersfield,  and  Hartford, 
though  there  were  already 
trading-posts  on  the  Connecti 
cut  River.  This  was  the  begin- 


The  great  migra 
tion  to  Massachu 
setts.  1630. 


PURITAN    LADY. 


Connecticut  set 
tled.     1636.      New 
Haven    Colony 
settled,  and  after 
ward  united  with 
Connecticut. 


REV.     JOHN    DAVENPORT. 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    PURITANS. 


Roger  Williams 
lays  the  founda 
tions  of  Rhode 
Island.     1636. 


New  Hampshire. 


MERCHANT'S    WIFE 
IN    1620. 


Maine. 


ning  of  the  Colony  of  Connecticut.  Another  colony  was 
planted  in  1638  in  the  region  about  New  Haven.  It 
was  made  up  of  Puritans  under  the  lead  of  the  Rev. 
John  Davenport.  In  1665  New  Haven  Colony  was 
united  with  Connecticut. 

In  1636  Roger  Williams,  a  minister  at  Salem,  in  Mas 
sachusetts,  was  banished  from  that  colony  on  account 
of  his  peculiar  views  on  several  subjects,  religious  and 
political.  One  of  these  was  the  doctrine  that  every 
man  had  a  right  to  worship  God  without  interference 
by  the  government.  Williams  went  to  the  head  of 
Narragansett  Bay  and  established  a  settlement  on  the 
principle  of  entire  religious  liberty.  The  disputes  in 
Massachusetts  resulted  in  other  settlements  of  banished 
people  on  Narragansett  Bay,  which  were  all  at  length 
united  in  one  colony,  from  which  came  the  present 
State  of  Rhode  Island. 

The  first  settlement  of  New  Hampshire  was  made  at 
Little  Harbor,  near  Portsmouth,  in  1623.  The  popula 
tion  of  New  Hampshire  was  increased  by  those  who  left 
the  Massachusetts  Colony  on  account  of  the  religious 
disputes  and  persecutions  there.  Other  settlers  came 
from  England.  But  there  was  much  confusion  and  dis 
pute  about  land-titles  and  about  government,  in  conse 
quence  of  which  the  colony  was  settled  slowly.  New 
Hampshire  was  several  times  joined  to  Massachusetts, 
but  it  was  finally  separated  from  it  in  1741. 

As  early  as  1607,  about  the  time  Virginia  was  set 
tled,  a  colony  was  planted  in  Maine  ;  but  this  attempt 
failed.  The  first  permanent  settlement  in  Maine  was 
made  at  Pemaquid  in  1625.  Maine  submitted  to  Mas 
sachusetts  in  1652,  but  it  afterward  suffered  disorders 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    PURITANS. 


43 


from  conflicting  governments  until  it  was  at  length  an 
nexed  to  Massachusetts  by  the  charter  given  to  that 
colony  in  1692.  It  remained  a  part  of  Massachusetts 
until  it  was  admitted  to  the  Union  as  a  separate  State, 
in  1820.  (See  Chapter  XLIII.) 

The    New    England    colonies    were    governed    under  Government  in 

the    New  Eng- 

charters,  which  left  them,  in  general,  free  from  inter-  iand  colonies. 
ference  from  England.  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  Con 
necticut,  New  Haven,  and  Rhode  Island  were  the  only 
colonies  on  the  continent  that  had  the  privilege  of  choos 
ing  their  own  governors.  In  1684  the  first  Massachu 
setts  charter  was  taken  away,  and  after  that  the  gov 
ernors  of  Massachusetts  were  appointed  by  the  king,  but 
under  a  new  charter  given  in  1692  the  colony  enjoyed 
the  greater  part  of  its  old  liberties. 


What  took  place  along  the  coast  to  the  northward  of  Plymouth  ?    Questions  for 
What  occupations  did   the  first    few  settlers   follow  ?  To  what 

religious  party  did  the  Pilgrims  belong  ?  There  were  people  who  disliked 
the  ceremonies  of  the  Church  of  England,  but  were  unwilling  to  sepa 
rate  from  it :  what  were  they  called  ?  How  strong  were  the  Puritans  ? 
Which  party  was  in  power  at  the  time  of  the  settlement  of  New  Eng 
land  ?  Who  were  suffering  persecution  at  this  time  ?  What  made  the 
Puritans  think  of  emigrating  to  New  Eng 
land  ?  In  what  year  was  the  Massa 
chusetts  Company  formed  ?  What  kind  of  a 
company  was  this  ?  By  whom  was  it  con 
trolled  ?  What  did  it  propose  to  do  ?  In 
what  year  did  it  send  out  its  first  party? 
Where  did  they  settle  ?  What  new 
bold  move  was  made  in  1630?  \\Thy  did 
the  leaders  of  the  company  wish  to  change 
their  government  to  America  ?  What  effect 
did  this  have  ?  Who  was  the  new  governor 
that  brought  over  the  charter  ?  In  what 
year  did  Winthrop  come  over  ?  How  many 
people  came  at  the  same  time  ?  Where  did 
Winthrop  make  his  home  ?  What  town  be- 


44 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    PURITANS. 


Study  by  topics. 


Composition. 
Geography. 

Books. 


came  the  capital  ?  How  many  people  came  in  the  next  ten  years  ? 
From  what  troubles  did  the  colony  suffer  in  that  time  ?  What 

cause  of  dissatisfaction  led  to  the  settlement  of  Connecticut  ?  In  what 
year  did  the  people  go  to  Connecticut  from  Massachusetts  ?  What 
towns  in  Connecticut  did  they  settle  first?  What  other  colony  was 
planted  within  what  is  now  Connecticut  ?  Who  was  the  leader  of  the 
New  Haven  Colony  ?  In  what  year  was  the  New  Haven  Colony  united 
with  Connecticut  ?  In  what  year  was  Roger  Williams  banished 

from  Massachusetts  ?  For  what  cause  was  he  banished  ?  What  was 
one  of  the  opinions  held  by  him  ?  Where  did  Williams  go  when  he 
was  banished  ?  What  town  did  he  establish  ?  On  what  principle  did 
he  found  his  colony  ?  What  caused  other  settlements  in  Narragansett 
Bay  ?  What  became  of  these  settlements  ?  By  what  were  the 

little  settlements  on  the  coast  of  New  Hampshire  increased  ?  But  what 
made  this  region  settle  slowly  ?  W7ith  what  colony  was  New  Hamp 
shire  sometimes  united  ?  In  what  year  was  the  first  attempt  made 
to  plant  a  colony  in  Maine  ?  How  did  the  real  settlement  begin  ?  What 
caused  disorders  in  the  Maine  settlements  ?  With  what  colony  was  Maine 
at  length  united  ?  How  was  it  at  last  separated  from  Massachusetts  in 
1820?  How  were  the  New  England  colonies  governed  ?  Which 
colonies  had  the  privilege  of  choosing  their  own  governors  ?  How  were 
the  Massachusetts  governors  appointed  after  1684?  But  what  is  said  of 
the  liberties  of  Massachusetts  under  its  new  charter  of  1692  ? 

Tell  about — I.  The  settlers  along  the  coast. 
II.  The  coming  of  the  Puritans. 

1.  The  Puritans  in  England. 

2.  The  Massachusetts  Company. 

3.  The  settlement  of  Massachusetts. 

III.  Other  New  England  colonies. 

1.  The  settlement  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven. 

2.  The  settlement  of  Rhode  Island. 

3.  The  development  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 

IV.  The  liberties  of  New  England. 

A  good  subject  will  be  "  The  Founding  of  New  England,"  as  told 
in  this  and  the  preceding  chapter. 

Let  the  pupil  extend  his  sketch-map  used  in  the  preceding  lesson  so  as  to  repre 
sent  the  whole  coast  of  New  England,  then  mark  the  sites  and  dates  given  in  the 
little  map  on  the  preceding  page.  If  preferred,  the  map  may  be  drawn  on  the 
blackboard. 

On  the  Pilgrims  and  Puritans,  besides  the  general  histories  before  referred  to, 
Palfrey's  "  History  of  New  England,"  a  large  work  of  great  learning.  Drake's 
"  The  Making  of  New  England,"  interesting  to  children. 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    DUTCH.  ^ 

CHAPTER    IX. 
The  Coming  of  the  Dutch. 

WHILE  Captain  John  Smith  CaPtain  J°hn 

Smith  sends  a 

was  in  Virginia  (see  Chapter  map  to  Hudson. 
IV),    he    had    a    notion    that 
there  was  a  passage  into  the 
Pacific  Ocean  somewhere  to 
the  north  of  the  Virginia  Col 
ony.     He  may  have  got  this  opin 
ion  from  some  old  maps,  or  from 
^_  misunderstanding  something  that  the 

Indians  told  him  while  he  was  exploring 


THE    HALF-MOON 


IN  HUDSON  RIVER,  the  Chesapeake  Bay.  He  sent  to  his  old 
friend  Henry  Hudson,  in  England,  a  letter  and  a  map, 
which  showed  a  way  to  go  by  sea  into  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
a  little  to  the  north  of  Virginia. 

Henry  Hudson  was  an  Englishman  already  known  as   Hudson  seeks 

a  new  route  to 

a  bold  explorer.  In  1609,  soon  after  getting  John  Smith  s  china, 
letter  and  map,  Hudson  went  to  Holland  and  hired  him 
self  to  the  Dutch  East  India  Company.  This  company 
sent  him  out  with  a  little  yacht,  called  the  Half-Moon, 
manned  by  twenty  sailors,  to  find  a  passage  to  China,  by 
going  around  the  north  coast  of  Europe.  But  he  found 
the  sea  in  that  direction  so  full  of  ice  that  he  was  obliged 
to  give  up  the  attempt  to  get  to  China  in  that  way.  So, 
remembering  John  Smith's  map,  he  set  sail  for  America. 

Hudson  sailed  as  far  to  the  south  as  the  entrance  to  Hudson  explores 

Hudson  River. 

the  Chesapeake,  and  then  explored  the  coast  to  the 
northward.  He  went  into  Delaware  Bay,  and  afterward 
into  New  York  Harbor.  In  hope  of  finding  a  way  to  the 


THE  COMING  OF  THE  DUTCH. 


The  Dutch  estab 
lish  a  fur-trade  on 
Hudson  River. 


East  Indies,  he  kept  on  up 
the  river,  which  we  now 
call  Hudson  River,  for  elev 
en  days.  But  when  he  had 
gone  nearly  as  far  as  to  the 
place  where  Albany  is  now, 
Hudson  became  satisfied 
that  the  road  to  China  did 
not  lie  there,  and  so  he 
sailed  down  and  returned 
to  Europe. 

Though  Hudson  was  an 
Englishman,  he  made  this 
voyage  for  the  Dutch,  and 
the  very  next  year  the  Dutch 
merchants  began  a  fur-trade 
with  the  Indians  on  this 
river  that  Hudson  had 


Henry  Hudson. — The  time  of 
Hudson's  birth  is  not  known.  Nor  is 
anything  known  of  the  early  voyages 
by  which  he  became  famous.  In  1607, 
in  the  employ  of  an  English  company, 
he  undertook  to  find  the  much-desired 
route  to  China  by  sailing  straight  across 
the  north  pole.  He  failed,  of  course, 
though  he  got  farther  north  than  any 
other  voyager  had  done.  In  the  next 
year,  1608,  for  the  same  company,  he 
tried  to  find  a  passage  to  the  East  In 
dies  by  sailing  to  the  northeast.  He 
did  not  succeed,  but  he  sets  down  in  his 
journal  that  some  of  his  company  saw 
one  day  a  mermaid,  with  a  body  like  a 
woman  and  a  tail  like  a  porpoise.  Intel 
ligent  people  believed  in  such  monsters  in 
that  day.  In  the  next  year  Holland  and 
France  both  tried  to  secure  Hudson's 
services.  It  is  told  in  the  text  how,  in 
this  voyage  in  the  Half-Moon,  he  discov 
ered  the  great  river  of  New  York  for  the 
Dutch.  In  the  year  following  he  tried 
to  find  a  way  to  China  by  the  northwest, 
but,  while  sailing  in  what  is  now  called 
Hudson  Bay,  part  of  his  crew  rose 
against  him,  and,  putting  Hudson  and 
some  of  his  men  into  an  open  boat, 
sailed  away,  leaving  them  to  perish. 


discovered.     In  the  year 

that  followed  (1611)  they  explored  the  coast  north 
eastward  beyond  Boston  Harbor,  and  to  the  south 
ward  they  sailed  into  the  Delaware  River,  claim 
ing  all  this  country,  which  was  then  without  any 
inhabitants  but  Indians.     They  called  this  terri 
tory    New    Netherland.      Netherland   is   another 
name  for  what  we  call  Holland. 

The  Dutch  had  built  a  trading-post,  called  a  "  fort," 
at  what  is  now  Albany,  arid  perhaps  others  like  it  else- 
Dutch  plant  where,  but  they  did  not  send  out  a  colony  until  1623. 
Then  two  principal  settlements  wrere  made,  the  one  at 
Albany,  the  other  at  Wallabout,  now  part  of  Brooklyn. 
But  the  island  of  Manhattan,  on  which  New  York  now 


DUTCH    WOMEN    OF   OLD    TIMES. 


a  colony  in   New 
Netherland. 


THE  COMING  OF  THE  DUTCH. 


47 


stands,  had  been  the  center  of  their  trade,  and  it  soon  be 
came  the  little  capital  of  the  colony.  The  town  which 
grew  about  the  fort  that  stood  at  the  south  end  of  what 
is  now  New  York  city,  was  called  by  the  Dutch  New 
Amsterdam,  after  the  principal  city  of  Holland,  their 
own  country. 

The  Dutch  also  had  settlements  on  the  Connecticut  Planting  of  New 

-r*  •  i  j  ^         i~\    ^  r^t  •  T->  i         ^  Sweden,     and    its 

River  and  on  the  Delaware  River.     But  on  the  Connecti-  conquest  by  the 
cut  River  they  got  into  trouble  with  the  English  settlers,   Dutch> 
who  claimed  the   whole  of   that  country.     On  the 
Delaware  River  the  Dutch  had  trouble  with  some 
Swedes,  who  had   planted  a  colony  there  in  1638. 
This  colony  the  Swedes  called  New  Sweden,  just 
as  the  Dutch  called  theirs  New  Netherland,  and 
as  the  English  called  their  northern  colonies  New 
England,    while    the    French    named    their   settle 
ments  in  Canada  New  France.     After  a  great  deal 
of  quarreling  between  the  Swedes  and  Dutch,  the  Dutch 
governor,   Peter    Stuyvesant,  in    1655,  mustered    a   little 
fleet  with  six  or  seven  hundred  men,  and,  sailing  to  the 
Delaware  River,  captured  New  Sweden. 

But   the    English    at   this   time    claimed   that   all   the  The  English  con- 

.     .  i     XT  T^iiii  T     Quer    New    Neth- 

terntory  between  Virginia  and  New  England  belonged 
to  England.  They  said  that  all  that 
coast  had  been  discovered  by  Cabot 
for  Henry  VII  more  than  a  century 
and  a  half  before.  In  1664,  in  time  of 
peace,  four  English  ships  appeared  in 
the  harbor  of  New  Amsterdam  and 
demanded  its  surrender.  Stout  old 
Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  lame  governor  who  had  ruled  in 
the  Dutch  colonies  for  many  years,  resolved  to  fight. 

5 


DUTCH    COUNTRY    PEOPLE 
OF    OLD    TIMES. 


THE  COMING  OF  THE  DUTCH. 


New 
dam 
New 


Amster- 
becomes 
York. 


But  the  city  was  weak  and  without  fortifications,  and 
the  people,  seeing  the  uselessness  of  contending  against 
the  ships,  persuaded  Stuyvesant  to  surrender.  The 
name  New  Amsterdam  was  immediately  changed  to 
New  York,  the  whole  province  having  been  granted  to 
the  Duke  of^York. 

At  the  time  of  the  surrender  New  York  city  had 
but  fifteen  hundred  people,  most  of  them  speaking 
the  Dutch  language.  To-day  there  are  nearly  a  thou 
sand  times  as  many  people  in  New  York  city.  Many 
thousands  of  the  people  of  New  York  and  many  in 
other  States  have  descended  from  the  first  Dutch 
settlers  and  bear  the  old  Dutch 
names.  The  Dutch  settlers 

. 

were  generally  industri 
ous,  frugal,  and  -.^\ 
religious.  T^-r 

^K        ,  P" 


STREET    IN 

NEW    AMSTERDAM. 


j?^y  *******•.•,...  •;#.    What  notion  about 

a   passage   into   the 
Pacific      Ocean      did 
"**  Captain  John  Smith  have  while 

Questions  for      he   was   in   Virginia "?     How  may  he   have   got   this   opinion   about   a 

Study.  water-way  to  the  north  of  Jamestown  ?     To  whom  did   he  send  word 

about   this  ?     Where   was   Henry   Hudson   when    Captain   Smith   sent 


THE  COMING  OF  THE  DUTCH. 


49 


him  this  letter  and  map  ?  Who  was  Hudson  ?     Where  did  he  go 

after  he  got  Smith's  letter  ?  In  what  year  did  he  hire  himself  to  the 
Dutch  East  India  Company  ?  What  did  they  wish  him  to  do  ?  What 
kind  of  a  ship  did  the  company  give  him  ?  What  was  her  name  ? 
How  many  seamen  did  she  have  ?  How  did  Hudson  first  try  to  sail  his 
ship  to  China  ?  What  stopped  him  ?  What  led  him  to  go  to  America 
at  this  time  ?  How  far  south  on  the  American  coast  did  Hudson 

go  ?  What  bay  to  the  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  did  he 
explore  ?  After  leaving  Delaware  Bay,  into  what  harbor  did  he  sail  ? 
Up  what  river  did  he  sail  ?  What  did  he  hope  to  find  by  sailing  up  the 
Hudson  River  ?  How  long  was  he  in  going  up  this  river?  How  far  up 
the  Hudson  River  did  he  go  ?  At  the  end  of  eleven  days  what  did  he 
think  of  the  chance  of  getting  to  China  by  this  route  ?  When  he  found 
that  there  was  no  way  to  sail  through  America  at  that  place,  what  did  he 
do  ?  For  whom  did  Hudson  make  this  voyage  ?  What  advantage 

did  the  Dutch  take  of  his  discoveries  ?  How  far  to  the  northeast  did 
they  explore  in  1611  ?  Were  there  any  settlements  in  New  England  in 
that  year?  (In  what  year  was  the  first  settlement  in  New  England 
made  by  the  Pilgrims  ?  See  page  35.)  How  far  to  the  south  did  the 
Dutch  explore  ?  How  much  country  did  they  claim  ?  What  did  they 
call  this  new  country  ?  Why  did  they  call  it  New  Netherland  ?  In 

what  year  did  the  Dutch  send  out  a  colony  ?  (How  long  was  this 
after  the  settlement  of  Virginia  ?  Subtract  1607  from  1623.  How  long 
was  this  Dutch  settlement  after  the  settlement  of  Plymouth  by  the  Pil 
grims  ?  Subtract  1620  from  1623.  How  long  was  the  settlement  of 
Salem  by  the  Massachusetts  Company  after  the  beginning  of  the  Dutch 
settlement  ?  Subtract  1623  from  1628.  How  long  was  the  Dutch  settle 
ment  before  the  beginning  of  Boston  ?  Subtract  1623  from  1630.) 
Where  were  the  two  principal  settlements  of  the  Dutch  located  at  first  ? 
Where  was  their  principal  trading-post  ?  What  was  the  village  that 
grew  about  the  fort  on  Manhattan  Island  called  ?  Why  was  it  called 
New  Amsterdam  ?  Where  else  did  the  Dutch  have  settlements? 

With  whom  did  they  have  trouble  on  the  Connecticut  River?  Who 
gave  them  trouble  on  the  Delaware  River?  In  what  year  was  the 
Swedish  colony  settled  on  the  Delaware  ?  What  was  it  called  ?  What 
Dutch  governor  conquered  New  Sweden  ?  In  what  year  ?  But 

who  claimed  the  whole  territory  of  New  Netherland  at  this  time  ?  On 
what  ground?  What  happened  at  New  Amsterdam  in  1664?  When 
the  English  ships  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  town,  how  did  the 
Dutch  governor  feel  ?  Who  was  this  Dutch  governor  ?  What  led  Stuy- 
vesant  to  surrender  after  a  while  ?  When  New  Amsterdam  became  Eng 
lish,  what  was  it  called  ?  How  many  people  were  there  in  New 
York  when  the  English  took  it  ?  About  how  many  times  as  many  are 


5° 


THE    COMING    OF    THE    DUTCH. 


there  now  ?  What  language  did  the  most  of  the  people  speak  when 
the  English  took  it  ?  What  kind  of  people  were  they  ?  What  is  said 
of  the  descendants  of  the  Dutch  in  New  York  to-day  ? 


Study  by  topics.  Tell  about — 

1.  John  Smith  and  his  notion  of  a  way  to 

the  Pacific  Ocean. 

2.  Henry  Hudson's  discoveries  in  1609. 

3.  The  Dutch  settlement  in  1623. 

4.  Conquest  of  New  Sweden  in  1655. 

5.  Conquest   of    New  Netherland    by   the 

English  in  1664. 


Blackboard  illus 
tration. 


Order  of  events  : 
Virginia,  1607. 

Hudson's  voyage,  1609. 
Plymouth  Pilgrims,  1620. 

Dutch  settlement,  1623. 
Massachusetts,  1628. 

Swedish  settlement,  1638. 

Geography.  Let  the  pupil  make  a  sketch-map  (or 

have  one  drawn  on  the  blackboard)  of  the 
coast  from  the  Connecticut  River  to  the 
Delaware.  Mark  the  sites  of  Brooklyn  and  Albany,  with  the  date  1623.  It  will  be 
enough  to  write  "Dutch  settlement"  and  "New  Sweden,  1638,"  in  the  region  of 
the  Delaware. 


DutchYFort,  1623. 
((Mbany) 


How  Virginia 
was  cut  down. 


CHAPTER    X. 
The  Settlement  of  Maryland  and  the  Carolinas. 

BY  the  second  charter  given  for  planting  the  "  First 
colony  of  Virginia,"  as  it  was  called,  its  breadth  was  cut 
down  to  four  hundred   miles  along  the  sea-coast.     Vir 
ginia  had  formerly  included  all  that  the  English  claimed 
in  America.     Part  of  the  four  hundred  miles  was  occu 
pied  by  the  Dutch  in  New  Jersey  and  Delaware.     And 
the    territory   of   Virginia   was,   at   length,   further  cut 
down   by  the    taking  of   another   part  of   it   to   form 
fj     Maryland  for  Lord  Baltimore. 


FIRST    LORD    BALTIMORE. 


SETTLEMENT    OF    MARYLAND    AND    THE    CAROLINAS. 


George    Calvert,    afterward    Lord    Baltimore,   was   a  L°rd  Baltimore's 

first  colony  fails. 

Secretary  of  State  to  James  I.  In  1621  he  planted  a 
colony  in  Newfoundland,  which  he  called  Avalon.  In 
1627  he  went  to  his  colony  in  Newfoundland,  but  the 
climate  was  so  cold  that  in  1629  he  went  to  Virginia. 
Before  going  to  Virginia  he  wrote  to  the  king,  begging 
for  territory  to  plant  a  colony  there.  Lord  Baltimore 
had  become  a  Catholic  at  a  time  when  there  were 
severe  laws  in  England  against  Catholics.  Even  in 
the  colonies  Catholics  were  not  allowed  ;  and  the  Vir 
ginians  took  advantage  of  the  orders  given  them  from 
England,  and  insisted  that  he  must  take  an  oath 
declaring  that  the  king  was  the  head  of  the 
Church.  As  a  Catholic,  he  could  not  do  this, 
and  the  Virginians  bade  him  leave  the  colony. 
Lord  Baltimore  returned  to  England,  and 
got  the  king,  Charles  I,  to  give  him  a  slice  of  CHARLES  i. 

Virginia    north    of    the    Potomac.     This    country    King 

'     Maryland  grant- 

Charles    named    Maryland,  in    honor   of    the  queen,   his  ed  to  Lord  Bal 
timore, 
wife.     For  this  Baltimore  was  to  pay  to  the  king  two 

Indian  arrows  every    year.     But,  before  Lord  Baltimore 
could  send  out  a  colony,  he  died. 

The  territory   was   then  granted  to  Maryland  planted 

by  the  second 

Lord  Baltimore  s  son,  the  second  Lord  Lord  Baltimore. 
Baltimore.  He  was  given  all  the  pow 
ers  of  a  monarch.  The  first  settlers 
were  sent  out  in  1633,  and  reached 
Maryland  in  1634.  This  company  was 
composed  of  twenty  gentlemen  and 
SECOND  LORD  BALTIMORE.  three  hundred  laboring-men,  and  the 
first  governor  was  Leonard  Calvert,  the  second  Lord 
Baltimore's  brother.  Roman  Catholic  priests  were  with 


SETTLEMENT    OF    MARYLAND    AND    THE    CAROLINAS. 


Early  years 
Maryland. 


of 


at  their  land 
ing  they  set  up 
a  cross.  But  there 
were  also  a  good  many  Prot 
estants  in  the  party,  and  Balti 
more  had  resolved  from  the  beginning  that  there  should 
be  no  persecution  of  any  Christians  on  account  of  re 
ligion  in  his  new  province.  In  almost  every  country  in 
the  world  at  that  time  the  established  religion,  of  what 
ever  sort  it  might  be,  was  enforced  by  law. 

The  colonists  came  in  two  ships  called  the  Ark 
and  the  Dove ;  they  settled  first  at  a  place  which  they 
called  St.  Mary's,  on  the  St.  Mary's  River,  not  far  from 
the  Potomac.  They  bought  from  the  Indians  living  on 
the  place  their  village  and  corn-ground,  and  for  the  rest 
of  that  season  they  lived  in  half  of  the  village  with  the 
Indians.  The  colony  had  many  troubles  and  several 


SETTLEMENT    OF    MARYLAND    AND    THE    CAROLINAS.  J^ 

little  civil  wars  in  its  first  years.  These  mostly  grew  out 
of  the  religious  differences  of  the  people.  But  after  a 
while  Maryland  prospered  and  grew  rich  by  raising  to 
bacco. 

After  the  settlement  of  New  England  by  Puritans,  NO  new  colonies 
and  Maryland  by  Catholics,  there  was  a  period  of  about 
thirty  years  in  which  no  new  colonies  were  planted. 
In  this  period  occurred  the  Great  Rebellion  in  England, 
in  which  Charles  I  was  beheaded,  and  his  son  Charles  II 
was  kept  out  of  England  by  the  Puritans  under  Oliver 
Cromwell.  But,  after  Cromwell's  death,  Charles  II  was 
brought  back  to  the  throne  of  England.  This  is  known 
as  the  Restoration.  It  took  place  in  1660. 

After   the    Restoration   there  was   a   new  interest   in   Carolina  granted 
colonies.     New   York  was   taken    from  the    Dutch,  and  tors!g 
new   colonies   were    planned.      King   Charles    II    was   a 
very  thoughtless,  self-indulgent  monarch,  who  freely 
granted  great  tracts  of  land  in  America  to  several 
of  his  favorites.     To  some  of  his  courtiers  he  gave, 
in    1663,  a  large  territory  cut  off  from  Virginia  on 
the  south,  which  had  been  known  before  this  time 
as    Carolana,    but    was    now7    called    Carolina,    from 
Carolus,  the    Latin    form    of    King   Charles's    name.         TT^llrf 
This   territory   included    what   we   call    North    and  Jlffi 

South  Carolina.     Those  to  whom  this  territory  was 
granted   were  called   "  The   Lords  Proprietors  of  Caro 
lina."     There  were  eight  of  them. 

In  the  northeastern  corner  of  this  territory,  on  the   Beginning  of  set- 

.  tlements  in  North 

Chowan  River,  a  settlement  had   been  made  by  people  Carolina  in  i6S3. 
from  Virginia,  under  the  lead  of  a  minister  named  Roger 
Green,  in   1653.     This  was  ten  years  before  the  country 
was   granted  to    these  lords    proprietors,   and    the    land 


54 


SETTLEMENT    OF    MARYLAND    AND    THE    CAROLINAS. 


HUGUENOT 
MERCHANT'S    WIFE. 


belonged  to  Virginia  when  they  settled  there.  A  settle 
ment  was  made  at  Port  Royal,  in  South  Carolina,  in 
1670,  but  the  people  afterward  moved  to  where  the  city 
of  Charleston  now  stands.  The  foundation  of  this  city 
was  laid  in  1680.  A  large  number  of  Huguenots,  or 
French  Protestants,  settled  in  South  Carolina  about 
this  time. 

The    lords-proprietors    tried    to    force    on    the    little 
settlements  in  the  woods  a  constitution  which  they  had 
prepared.      This  constitution  provided  for  three  orders 
Failure  of  the  con-  of    nobility,    to    be    called    palatines    [pal-a-teens'J,    land- 

stitution  prepared  .  i      /-i  r»  t    •  e 

for  Carolina.  graves,  and  caciques  [cas-seeks  ].  But  this  system  of 
government  worked  so  badly  that  it  was,  after  a  while, 
given  up. 

Growth  of  south         The  Carolina  colonies  grew  slowly.     But  after  the  in- 

Carolina,    and    its  .  . 

change  of  govern-  troduction  of  rice-culture,  in  1696,  South  Carolina  became 
prosperous.  The  proprietors,  living  in  England,  con 
ducted  the  government  of  the  colonies  in  a  selfish  spirit, 
and  the  people  disliked  their  management.  In  1719  the 
South  Carolina  people  rose  in  rebellion  and  threw  off  the 
yoke  of  the  lords  proprietors.  In  1729  the  king  bought 
out  the  interest  of  the  proprietors,  and  after  that  the 
governors  were  appointed  by  the  king.  They  had  al 
ready  an  Assembly  elected  by  the  people  to  pass  laws. 


HUGUENOT    MERCHANT. 


Questions  for 
study. 


How  large  was  the  territory  of  Virginia  at  first  ?  What  part  of 
this  territory  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  ?  How  was  the  territory  of  Vir 
ginia  next  cut  down  ?  Who  was  George  Calvert  ?  Where  did  he 
plant  his  first  colony  ?  What  did  he  call  it  ?  What  was  George  Calvert 
called  after  he  had  been  made  a  lord  ?  What  made  Lord  Baltimore  give 
up  the  colony  of  Avalon  in  Newfoundland  ?  In  what  year  did  he  go 
to  Virginia  ?  What  did  he  write  to  the  king  before  he  went  there  ? 

What  was  Lord  Baltimore's  religion  ?  How  were  Catholics  treated 
in  England  at  that  time  ?  Were  they  allowed  to  live  in  the  colonies  ? 
What  oath  did  the  Virginians  ask  Baltimore  to  take  ?  Why  could  he  not 


SETTLEMENT    OF    MARYLAND    AND    THE    CAROLINAS. 


55 


take  it  ?     When  he  refused,  what  did  they  do  ?  When  Lord  Bal 

timore  got  back  to  England  what  did  he  get  from  the  king  ?  What 
name  did  the  king  give  to  Baltimore's  new  province  ?  In  whose  honor 
was  it  named  ?  What  payment  did  Lord  Baltimore  have  to  make  to  the 
king  for  Maryland?  What  happened  to  the  first  Lord  Baltimore?  To 
whom  did  the  province  go  then  ?  What  powers  were  given  to  Lord  Bal 
timore  and  his  successors  ?  In  what  year  did  the  first  colony 
reach  Maryland  ?  Of  what  sort  of  men  was  it  composed  ?  (W7ho  are 
most  important  in  settling  a  new  colony,  gentlemen  or  laboring-men  ?) 
Who  was  governor  of  the  first  colony  ?  What  ministers  of  religion  were 
with  them  ?  What  did  they  set  up  at  their  first  landing  ?  Were  all  the 
people  who  came  Catholics  ?  What  plan  did  Lord  Baltimore  have 
about  persecution  for  religion  ?  Was  religious  liberty  common  at  that 
time  ?  Do  you  remember  the  names  of  the  two  ships  that 
brought  over  the  Maryland  people  ?  (Can  you  think  why  they  were  so 
named  ?)  Where  did  the  Maryland  people  settle  ?  How  did  they  get 
their  land  ?  What  was  the  cause  of  most  of  the  disturbances  in  the 
early  years  of  the  Maryland  colony  ?  What  crop  did  the  Maryland  colo 
nists  raise  ?  After  the  beginning  of  New  England  by  the  Puri 
tans,  and  of  Maryland  by  the  Catholics,  there  was  a  period  in  which  no 
new  colonies  were  planted  :  how  long  was  this  period  ?  What  took  place 
in  England  during  this  time  ?  What  king  was  beheaded  ?  Who  was 
the  leader  of  the  Puritans  in  this  rebellion  ?  What  king  was  kept  out  of 
England  while  Cromwell  lived  ?  In  what  year  was  Charles  II  brought 
back  ?  What  was  this  bringing  back  of  the  king  called  ?  After 
the  Restoration  what  plans  about  the  colonies  were  set  on  foot  ?  What 
kind  of  a  king  was  Charles  II  ?  What  tract  of  land  did  he  give  to 
certain  courtiers  ?  What  had  this  southern  territory  been  called  before 
this  time  ?  What  was  it  now  called  ?  Which  two  of  our  States  were 
included  in  this  Carolina  grant  ?  What  were  those  to  whom  this  grant 
was  made  called  ?  How  many  lords-proprietors  of  Carolina  were  there  ? 
Were  there  any  people  living  in  Carolina  when  this  gift  was  made  ? 
Where  were  they  settled  ?  In  what  year  did  they  gg  ^^_  ^ 
settle  on  the  Chowan  River?  Who  was  their 
leader?  Where  was  a  settlement  made  in  1670? 
Where  did  these  people  afterward  remove  to? 
In  what  year  was  Charleston  begun  ?  Who 
tried  to  arrange  a  constitution  for  the  Carolina 
settlements  ?  How  many  orders  of  no 
bility  did  this  provide  for  ?  What  were 
to  be  their  titles  ?  Why  was  this  consti 
tution  given  up  ?  Did  the  Caro 
lina  settlements  grow  rapidly  at  first? 
What  grain  was  introduced  in  1696?  ort  Royal,  1670 


•le  Sound 
-ROANOKE    I. 


SETTLEMENT    OF    MARYLAND    AND    THE    CAROLINA^. 


Also 


Study  by  topics. 


Skeleton  sum 
mary  of  Part  I. 


Skeleton  sum 
mary  of  Part  II. 


Geography. 


What  was  the  effect  of  rice-culture  in  South  Carolina  ?  In  what  spirit  did 
the  proprietors  conduct  their  government  ?  In  what  year  did  South  Caro 
lina  overthrow  the  government  of  the  proprietors  ?  What  took  place 
in  1729  ?  How  were  the  Carolina  colonies  governed  after  that  period  ? 

:    Maryland.     Tell  about— 
The    first   Lord    Baltimore  and    his  colony  in 
Newfoundland. 

2.  The  second  Lord  Baltimore  and  his  grant. 

3.  The  coming  of  the  colony. 

a.  What  king  made  the  grant  ? 

b.  What    was     the     religion     of    the     Balti- 

mores  ? 

c.  What  laws  did  they  make  about  religion  ? 

d.  Why  was  the  colony  called  Maryland  ? 
Part  II :    The  Carolinas.     Tell  about— 

1.  The  lords-proprietors. 

2.  The  first  settlement  of  North  Carolina. 

3.  The  first  settlement  of  South  Carolina. 

4.  The  constitution. 

5.  The  change  of  government. 
Also  :  a.  What  king  granted  Carolina  ? 

b.  Why  was  it  called  Carolina  ? 

c.  What  three  orders  of  nobility  were  established  ? 

George  Calvert,  afterward  Lord ,  planted  his  first  colony,  called 

Avalon,  in .     Finding  the  climate  too  cold,  he  went  to ,  in  1629. 

He  got  the  king  to  give  him  a  part  of  ,  north  of  the  —  —  river.     In 

the  year he  sent  a  colony  to  this  province,  which  he  called ,  in 

honor  of  the .     In  religion  Lord  Baltimore  was  a . 

The  king  gave  Carolina  to proprietors  in .  But  a  settle 
ment  had  been  made  in  North  Carolina,  in ,  under  the  lead  of . 

Another  settlement  was  made  at ,  in  South  Carolina,  in  1670,  but 

these  people  afterward  removed  and  settled  the  city  of ,  in  South 

Carolina.     This  city  was  begun  in .     The  cultivation  of ,  which 

was  introduced  in ,  made  South  Carolina  prosperous. 

The  sketch-map  prepared  for  the  chapters  on  the  settlement  of  Virginia  may  be 
used.  Extend  the  coast -lines,  if  not  previously  drawn,  to  include  Maryland.  Enter 
the  date  1634  at  St.  Mary's.  Then  put  the  initial  A  where  Annapolis  now  stands, 
and  B  where  Baltimore  is,  in  order  to  fix  relative  positions.  Draw  a  new  sketch-map 
of  the  coast  of  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  At  Chowan  River,  in  Albe- 
marle  Sound,  enter  the  date  1653.  At  Port  Royal,  S.  C.,  1670.  At  Charleston,  1680. 
Then  draw  a  line  through  the  figures  1670,  at  Port  Royal,  to  show  that  this  settle 
ment  was  given  up.  These  maps  may  be  made  on  the  blackboard. 


fC 
SCOTCH    WOMAN. 


QUAKERS    IN    THE    JERSEYS    AND    PENNSYLVANIA.  Cn 


CHAPTER     XI. 

The  Coming  of  the  Quakers  and  Others  to  the  Jer 
seys  and  Pennsylvania. 

BEFORE  the  Dutch  colony  of  New  Netherland  was 
conquered  by  the  English,  in  1664,  it  was  given  by 
Charles  II  to  his  brother,  the  Duke  of  York,  who  after 
ward  became  King  of  England  as  James  II.  James  conquest  of 
kept  that  portion  of  it  that  is  now  called  New  York  to  ^"iiLToT  *n 
himself.  What  we  call  New  Jersey  he  gave  to  Lord 
John  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret,  who,  after  a 
few  years,  sold  their  interest  to  others.  The  colony 
already  contained  several  settlements  of  Dutch  and 
Swedes.  In  1674  New  Jersey  was  divided  into  East 
Jersey  and  West  Jersey. 

It  was  a  time  of  religious  persecution.      Many  peo-  Persecuted  peo- 

.  pie    from    Scot- 

ple  emigrated  to  the  colonies  in  order  to  get  a  chance  land  come  to 

i  i>     •  •         .1       •  .  New  Jersey. 

to  be  religious  in  their  own  way,  and  the  proprietors 
of  the  New  Jersey  colonies  promised  to  all  who  came 
liberty  to  worship  in  their  own  way.  The  people  of 
Scotland,  who  were  Presbyterians,  suffered  horribly 
from  persecutions  after  the  restoration  of  Charles  II, 
and  East  Jersey  received  many  Scotch  emigrants,  driven 
out  of  their  own  country  by  the  cruelty  of  the  gov 
ernment.  Some  people  from  New  England  also  moved 
into  East  Jersey. 

The  religious  sect  most  severely  persecuted  in  Eng 
land  after  the  restoration  of  the  king  was  the  Soci 
ety  of  Friends,  whose  members  are  sometimes  called 
Quakers.  Some  of  these  came  to  East  Jersey.  West 
Jersey  was  bought  by  certain  leading  Friends,  and  a 


QUAKERS    IN    THE    JERSEYS    AND    PENNSYLVANIA. 


Quakers  come     great    many    members   of    that    society    flocked    to   this 
west*  jersey.      province,  where  they  established  a  popular  form  of  gov 
ernment. 

Just  across  the  Delaware  River  from  West  Jersey 
was  a  territory  not  then  occupied  except  by  a  few 
Swedes,  who  had  come  over  long  before  to  the  old 
colony  of  New  Sweden.  Among  those  who  had  to  do 
with  the  management  of  the  West  Jersey  colony  was  a 
famous  Quaker  minister  named  William  Penn.  His 
father  had  been  a  great  sea-commander,  and  William 
Penn  had  a  claim  against  the  King  of  England  for  a 
considerable  sum  of  money  due  to  his  father.  The  king 
was  in  debt,  and  found  it  hard  to  pay  what  he  owed. 
William  Penn  therefore 


Pennsylvania 
granted   to 
William   Penn. 


persuaded  Charles  II  to 
settle  the  debt  by  grant 
ing  him  a  territory  on  the 
west  side  of  the  river  Dela- 


William  Penn  was  born  in  Lon 
don  in  1644,  so  that  he  was  thirty-seven 
years  old  when  Pennsylvania  was  set 
tled.  He  was  the  son  of  Admiral  Will 
iam  Penn,  who  was  celebrated  for  the 
part  he  took  in  the  wars  between  the 
English  and  Dutch.  Penn  first  came 
under  the  influence  of  the  Friends  or 
Quakers  while  he  was  a  student  at  Ox 
ford,  and  he  was  expelled  from  the  uni 
versity,  with  others,  for  the  resistance 
they  made  to  certain  religious  ceremo 
nies  introduced  at  that  time.  His  father 
sent  him  to  Paris,  and  he  became  an 
accomplished  man  of  the  world.  He 
afterward  became  a  Friend,  which  so 
mortified  his  father  that  the  admiral 
turned  him  out  of  his  house,  but  later  he 
became  reconciled  to  him.  Penn  was 
repeatedly  imprisoned,  and  he  boldly  as 
serted  in  the  English  courts  the  great 
principle  of  religious  liberty.  He  trav 
eled  into  Wales,  Ireland,  Holland,  and 
Germany,  in  his  preaching  journeys,  and 
many  of  his  acquaintances  in  those  coun 
tries  afterward  came  to  Pennsylvania. 
Though  Penn  would  never  take  off  his 
hat  in  the  presence  of  the  king,  he  had 
considerable  influence  at  court,  which  he 
j  used  to  lessen  the  sufferings  of  the  Quak 
ers  and  others.  Penn  died  in  1718. 


QUAKERS    IN    THE    JERSEYS    AND    PENNSYLVANIA.  TO 

ware.  This  the  king  called  Pennsylvania,  which  means 
something  like  Penn's  Forest.  The  name  was  given  in 
honor  of  Penn's  father,  the  admiral. 

What  is  now  the  State  of  Delaware  was  also  put  Delaware  deiiv- 
imder  Penn's  government  by  the  Duke  of  York.  Every 
thing  was  done  with  ceremony  in  those  days.  When 
Penn  got  to  Newcastle,  in  Delaware,  its  government  was 
transferred  to  him  in  the  following  way :  The  key  to  the 
fort  at  Newcastle  was  delivered  to  him.  With  this  he 
locked  himself  into  the  fort  and  then  let  himself  out  in 
sign  that  the  government  was  his.  To  show  that  the 
land  with  the  trees  on  it  belonged  to  him,  a  piece  of  sod 
with  a  twig  in  it  was  given  to  him.  Then  a  porringer 
filled  with  water  from  the  river  was  given  to  him,  that 
he  might  be  lord  of  the  rivers  as  well  as  of  the  land. 

Penn  sent  his  first  emigrants  to  Pennsylvania  in  1681.   Penn  settles 

Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia,  where  they  landed,  was  yet  a  woods,  and 
the  people  had  to  dig  holes  in  the  river-banks  to  live  in 
through  the  winter.  Nearly  thirty  vessels  came  to  the 
new  colony  during  the  first  year. 

Although  Pennsylvania  was  the  last  colony  settled  ex-  Rapid  growth  of 

.  Pennsylvania. 

cept  Georgia,  it  soon  became  one  ol  the  most  populous 
and  one  of  the  richest.  Before  the  Revolution,  Philadel 
phia  had  become  the  largest  town  in  the  thirteen  colo 
nies.  This  was  chiefly  owing  to  the  very  free  govern 
ment  that  William  Penn  founded  in  his  colony.  Not  only 
English,  but  Welsh  and  Irish  people,  and  many  thousands 
of  industrious  Germans,  came  to  Pennsylvania.  People 
were  also  attracted  by  the  care  that  Penn  took  to  main 
tain  friendly  relations  with  the  Indians,  and  to  satisfy 
them  for  their  lands.  Another  thing  which  drew  peo 
ple  both  to  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  was  the  fact 


6o 


QUAKERS    IN    THE    JERSEYS    AND    PENNSYLVANIA. 


The   two 
Jerseys  united. 


that  the  land  was  not  taken  up  in  large  bodies,  as  it 
was  in  New  York  and  Virginia,  for  instance.  In  Penn 
sylvania  and  New  Jersey  the  poor  man  could  get  a  farm 
of  his  own. 

By  the  sale  and  division  of  shares,  the  proprietaries  of 
both  East  and  West  Jersey  became  too  numerous  to 
manage  their  governments  well,  and  at  length  disorders 
arose  which  they  were  not  able  to  suppress.  In  1702  the 
government  of  both  provinces  was  transferred  to  Queen 
Anne,  and  East  and  West  Jersey  were  again  united  into 
the  one  province  of  New  Jersey.  But  even  to  this  day, 
in  common  speech,  one  sometimes  hears  the  State  of 
New  Jersey  spoken  of  as  "  The  Jerseys  "  by  people  who 
do  not  know  that  two  hundred  years  ago  there  were  two 
colonies  of  that  name.  Pennsylvania  remained  in  the 
hands  of  the  Penn  family,  who  appointed  its  governors 
till  the  American  Revolution. 


TREATY-BELT    GIVEN    BY    THE    INDIANS    TO    PENN. 

Questions  for  To  whom  was  the  Dutch  colony  of  New  Netherland  given  before  it 

study-  was  conquered  by  the  English?     In  what  year  was  it  conquered  ?     How 

was  the  Duke  of  York  related  to  King  Charles  II  ?  What  part  of  New 
Netherland  did  the  Duke  of  York  keep  for  himself?  Having  retained 
New  York,  what  part  of  his  province  did  he  give  to  Berkeley  and  Car- 
teret  ?  Were  there  any  settlements  in  New  Jersey  at  this  time  ?  How 
did  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  come  to  be  there  before  the  English  ?  What 
did  Berkeley  and  Carteret  do  with  their  interest  in  New  Jersey?  In  what 
year  was  New  Jersey  divided  ?  When  it  was  divided  in  1674,  what  were 
the  two  parts  called  ?  What  caused  many  people  to  come  to  the 

colonies  at  this  time?  What  promise  did  the  proprietors  of  East  and 
West  Jersey  make  to  those  who  should  settle  in  their  colonies  ?  What 
took  place  in  Scotland  after  the  Restoration  ?  In  which  of  the  Jersey 


QUAKERS    IN    THE    JERSEYS    AND    PENNSYLVANIA. 


6i 


colonies  did  many  of  the  persecuted  Scotch  settle  ?  From  what  part  of 
America  did  settlers  emigrate  to  East  Jersey  ?  What  religious  sect 

was  most  severely  persecuted  at  this  time  ?  Where  did  some  of  these 
come  to  ?  Who  bought  West  Jersey  ?  When  West  Jersey  had  come 
into  the  control  of  some  leading  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  what 
took  place  ?  What  kind  of  a  government  did  the  Quakers  establish  in 
West  Jersey  ?  What  is  said  of  the  country  on  the  other  side  of 

the  Delaware  River  from  West  Jersey  ?  When  had  the  few  Swedes 
come  to  this  place  ?  What  famous  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends 
had  a  hand  in  the  management  of  West  Jersey  ?  Whose  son  was  Will 
iam  Penn  ?  What  claim  did  Penn  have  against  the  king  ?  What  did 
Charles  II  give  to  William  Penn  instead  of  the  money  due  to  him?  In 
what  year  was  this  territory  west  of  the  Delaware  given  to  Penn  ?  What 
did  the  king  name  the  new  province  ?  What  does  Pennsylvania  mean  ? 
In  whose  honor  was  it  named  ?  W7ho  put  the  country  which  we 

now  call  Delaware  unde»  Penn's  government  ?  Tell  by  what  ceremony 
Delaware  was  delivered  to  Penn.  In  what  year  did  William  Penn 

send  out  his  first  settlers?  In  what  kind  of  houses  did  the  settlers  of 
Philadelphia  live  at  first?  How  many  vessels  came  to  the  colony  the 
first  year  ?  What  is  said  of  the  growth  of  Pennsylvania  ?  What 

was  the  largest  town  in  the  thirteen  colonies  some  years  before  the 
Revolution  ?  What  was  there  about  the  government  of  Pennsylvania 
that  attracted  people  ?  What  people  besides  English  came  to  Penn 
sylvania  ?  What  was  there  in  the  relations  of  Pennsylvania  with  the 
Indians  that  made  people  like  to  live  there  ?  What  about  the  way 
the  land  was  taken  up  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  ?  How 

did  East  and  West  Jersey  come  to  be  managed  by  many  proprie 
tors  ?  What  happened  from  this  ?  When  the  disorders  became  so 
great  that  the  proprietors  could  not  put  them  down,  what  did  they 
do  ?  In  what  year  was  New  Jersey  transferred  to  the  queen  ?  Who 
was  Queen  of  England  in  1702?  Did  East  and  WTest  Jersey  remain 
apart  ?  Wrhat  phrase  do  we  sometimes  hear  now  that  reminds  us  of 
the  existence  of  two  Jerseys  two  hundred  years 
ago  ?  Until  what  period  did  the  Penn  family 
govern  Pennsylvania  ? 

Tell  about — 

1.  The    conquest    of    New   Jersey   and    its 

division. 

2.  The  settlement  of  East  Jersey  by  Scotch, 

New-Englanders,  and  Friends. 

3.  The  coming  of  Friends  to  West  Jersey. 

4.  William  Penn  and  his  colony. 

5.  The  reunion  of  New  Jersey. 


Study  by  topics. 


62 


QUAKERS    IN    THE    JERSEYS    AND    PENNSYLVANIA. 


Skeleton  sum 
mary. 


Geography. 


New  Netherland  was  taken  from  the in  1664.    The  part  of  it  now 

called  —   —  was  given  by  the  Duke  of  -     -  to  Lord  John  -    -  and  Sir 

George .    Berkeley  and  Carteret  afterward  sold  their  shares  to  others, 

and  New  Jersey  was  divided  into  two  colonies,  called .     Many  perse 
cuted  Presbyterians  from  -    -  settled  in  East  Jersey.     West  Jersey  was 

settled   mostly  by  members  of  the  Society  of ,  often  called . 

Among  those  who  managed  West  Jersey  was ,  the  son  of  Admiral 

Penn.     To  him  the  king  gave  a  province  called .     This  province  was 

mostly  settled  by .     Besides  English  settlers,  there  were ,  and 

— ,  and .     Its  chief  city,  called ,  was  first  settled  in . 

On  the  sketch-map  of  the  middle  colonies  let  a  line  be  drawn,  as  in  the  sub 
joined  map,  to  mark  the  division  between  East  and  West  Jersey.  Mark  the.  site  of 
New  Castle,  in  Delaware.  Mark  the  site  of  Philadelphia,  and  put  in  the  date,  1681. 


Georgia   pro 
jected. 


CHAPTER    XII. 

The  Settlement   of   Georgia,  and   the  Coming   of  the 
Germans,   Irish,  and  French. 

PENN'S  settlement  at  Philadelphia  was  made,  as  we 
have  seen,  in  1681.  This  was  seventy-four  years  after  the 
settlement  of  Jamestown.  In  seventy-four  years,  which  is 
less  than  a  long  lifetime,  all  the  colonies  were  begun  ex 
cept  one.  But  after  the  settlement  of  Pennsylvania  there 
passed  fifty-one  years  more  before 
another  colony  was  begun.  As  the 
borders  of  Carolina  were  supposed  to 
reach  to  the  Spanish  territory  in  Flor 
ida,  and  as  New  England  touched 
the  French  territory  in  Canada,  there 
appeared  to  be  no  room  for  any  more 
colonies,  until  it  was  suggested  to 
General  Oglethorpe  that  a  slice  might  be  taken  off  the 
south  side  of  South  Carolina,  and  a  new  colony  be  wedged 
in  between  Carolina  and  the  Spanish  colony  in  Florida. 


THE    SETTLEMENT    OF    GEORGIA. 


General  Oglethorpe  was  a  very  benevolent  man,  but  General  ogie- 

.  .,  .  .......  thorpe's  plans 

much  given  to  impossible  projects  of  different  sorts.     He  for  Georgia, 
did  not  propose  that  the  new  colony  of  Georgia  should  be 
a  source  of  profit  to  anybody.     He  put  on  its  seal  a  motto 
in  Latin,  which  meant  "  Not  for  ourselves,  but  for  others," 


with   a   device   of    silk-worms 

spinning.    He  wanted  to  provide  a 

home  for  ruined  debtors,  and  a  place        ~/p 

*>    .i*™*""       __   j?- 

of  refuge  for  persecuted  Protestants 
from  other  countries.  He  also  expected  to  make  Geor 
gia  a  military  barrier  against  the  encroachments  of  the 
Spaniards  from  Florida,  who  laid  claim  to  all  of  South 
Carolina.  Besides  this,  he  proposed  to  raise  silk-worms 
in  Georgia,  so  that  the  English  would  not  need  to  pay 
money  to  the  Italians  for  their  silk.  He  also  resolved  to 
keep  out  all  slaves,  and  to  forbid  the  bringing  in  of  rum, 
that  the  people  might  not  be  idle  or  intemperate.  Many 

6 


GEORGIA    ROAD. 


64 


THE    SETTLEMENT    OF    GEORGIA. 


First   settlement 
of  Georgia   at 
Savannah. 


thousands  of  pounds  were 
given  by  benevolent  people 
to  help  on  this  good  work. 
Parliament  also  voted  a  do 
nation  to  Georgia. 

In  1732  Oglethorpe  took 
out  his  first  company  of  a 
hundred    and    sixteen    peo 
ple,  with    whom    he    began 
the    town    of     Savannah. 
Many  others  were  add 
ed,  among  whom  Avere 


James  Edward  Oglethorpe  was 
born  in  London  in  1688.  He  was  in  the 
war  of  the  Austrians  against  the  Turks 
in  1716,  and  held  a  command  under 
Prince  Eugene  in  the  brilliant  and  des 
perate  campaign  of  1717,  which  ended 
in  the  surrender  of  Belgrade.  He  re 
turned  to  England  in  1722,  and  served  in 
Parliament  for  thirty-two  years  after 
ward.  He  was  opposed  to  imprisonment 
for  debt,  and  did  much  to  improve  the 
condition  of  poor  debtors.  He  was  also 
interested  in  the  efforts  then  made  to 
convert  the  black  slaves  in  the  colonies. 
In  planting  Georgia,  his  views  were  most 
benevolent,  but  the  broken-down  debtors 
that  he  took  over  at  first  were  not  the 
kind  of  men  to  begin  a  new  state  with. 
Oglethorpe  was  over  ninety-six  years  old 
when  he  died. 


PIPER    TO    A    HIGHLAND 
REGIMENT. 


Oglethorpe's 
plans  cause  dis 
satisfaction. 


The  government 
transferred  to 
the  king. 


a   regiment  of   Scotch 

Highlanders,  some  Hebrews,  and  some   persecuted 
Germans.     Oglethorpe  bore  hardship  with  the  rest, 
and  by  brilliant  management  defeated  the  Spaniards 
when  they  attacked  his  cplony. 

But  the  people,  after  a  while,  became  dissatisfied. 
They  were  not  allowed  any  hand  in  making  their  own 
laws.  No  man,  unless  he  brought  white  servants,  was 
permitted  to  own  more  than  fifty  acres  of  land,  and  this 
land  he  could  not  sell  or  rent  or  divide  among  his  chil 
dren.  His  oldest  son  took  it  at  his  death ;  if  he  had  no 
son,  it  went  back  to  the  trustees  of  the  colony.  It  was 
thought  that  by  this  means  the  evils  of  wealth  and  pov 
erty  would  be  prevented.  But,  like  all  such  attempts, 
this  proved  a  failure,  because  the  people  felt  that  such 
laws  interfered  with  their  just  liberties,  and  took  away 
all  inducements  to  the  improvement  of  their  property. 
The  complaints  of  the  settlers  became  very  bitter,  and 
many  of  them  left  the  colony.  In  1752,  twenty  years 
after  the  beginning  of  the  settlement,  the  trustees  sur- 


THE    SETTLEMENT    OF    GEORGIA, 


rendered  the  government  to  the  king-.  After  that,  Geor 
gia  was  not  different  from  the  other  colonies.  One 
might  own  as  much  land  as  one  could  get,  and  sell  or 
lease  it  at  one's  pleasure.  Rum  also  came  in,  which  cer 
tainly  was  no  advantage.  Slaves  were  bought,  and  rice 
and  indigo  plantations,  like  those  of  South  Carolina,  were 
established. 

The  Germans  that  came  to  Georgia  were  not  by  any  The  coming  of 

.  .  .  the  Germans. 

means  the  first  of  these  industrious  people  in  the  English 
colonies  in  America.  There  were  many  little  sects  in 
Germany  at  that  time,  and  these  suffered  much  persecu 
tion,  from  which  they  were  glad  to  flee.  The  laws  of 
Pennsylvania  promised  them  freedom.  Some  of  these 
sects  were  opposed  to  war,  and  their  members  emigrated 
to  Penn's  colony,  where  military  service  was  not  re 
quired,  because  the  Society  of  Friends  was  also  opposed 
to  war.  The  tide  of  German  emigration  became  greater 
and  greater  after  this ;  thousands  of  Germans  coming  to 
Pennsylvania  to  escape  the  miseries  brought  on  them  by 
persecution  and  the  wars  which  desolated  their  country. 

In  three  years,  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  there  The  arrival  of 
came  to  England  thirteen  thousand  poor  people  from 
that  part  of  Germany  called  the  Palatinate.  These  peo 
ple  were  called  Palatines  ;  they  were  seeking  to  be  sent 
to  America.  Some  of  these  were  dispatched  to  Virginia, 
some  to  the  Carolinas,  and  some  to  Maryland.  About 
four  thousand  were  sent  to  New  York  to  make  tar  and 
pitch.  So  wretchedly  were  they  cared  for  that  seventeen 
hundred  of  the  four  thousand  died  at  sea  or  soon  after 
landing.  The  rest  were  settled  on  the  Hudson  River, 
where  the  descendants  of  some  of  them  are  to-day. 
Some  went  to  the  wilderness  farther  west.  They  were 


GERMAN 
COUNTRY  MAN 
OF  THAT  TIME. 


GERMAN 

COUNTRY    WOMAN 
OF   THAT   TIME. 


66 


THE    SETTLEMENT    OF    GEORGIA. 


IRISH    MAN 
OF   THAT    TIME. 


Irish    immigrants 
to  the  colonies. 


The   migration  to 
the  southward. 


IRISH    WOMAN 
OF    THAT    TIME. 


The    coming  of 
the  Huguenots. 


badly  treated  in  New  York,  and  only  allowed  ten  acres 
of  land  apiece.     Three  hundred  of  them,  hearing  that 
Germans  were  well  received  in  Pennsylvania,  made  a 
bold  push  through  the  backwoods  of  New  York,  down 
the  rivers  that  flowed  into  Pennsylvania.     From  that 
time  Germans  avoided  New  York,  and  thronged  more 
than  ever  into  Pennsylvania. 

The  Irish  that  came  before  the  Revolution  were 
mostly  Presbyterians  in  belief.  They  had  been  perse 
cuted  in  order  to  force  them  into  the  Church  of  Eng 
land.  Some  of  them  came  to  New  England  about  1718, 
introducing  there  the  spinning  of  flax  and  the  planting 
of  potatoes.  There  was  not  a  colony  to  which  they 
did  not  go,  but  the  greatest  tide  of  Irish  immigration 
poured  into  Pennsylvania.  Five  thousand  Irish  immi 
grants  arrived  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  in  the  year 
1729.  Many  of  them  were  bold  and  enterprising  pio 
neers,  opening  the  way  into  unknown  regions,  and  show 
ing  great  courage  in  fighting  with  the  Indians. 

Pennsylvania  filled  up  with  great  rapidity,  and,  when 
the  later  Indian  wars  laid  waste  its  frontiers,  many  of  the 
German  and  Irish  settlers  moved  southward  into  the 
mountain-valleys  of  Virginia.  Then,  following  the  lines 
of  open  prairies  and  Indian  trails,  this  stream  of  people 
went  onward  into  the  Carolinas.  The  Irish,  indeed,  and 
their  children  born  in  America,  pushed  southward  until 
they  had  filled  whole  counties  in  North  and  South  Caro 
lina.  They  also  pushed  over  the  Alleghanies  into  the 
Western  country. 

The  Huguenots,  or  French  Protestants,  rendered  un 
happy  by  the  civil  wars  and  persecutions  of  the  time, 
came  to  the  colonies  in  large  numbers.  They  settled  in 


THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  GEORGIA. 


67 


most  numerous. 


almost  every  colony,  but  more  largely  in  South  Carolina 
than  elsewhere. 

Notwithstanding   the   multitudes  of    Germans,    Irish,  The  English  the 
French,  and  Scotch  that  came  to  the  colonies,  those  who 
came   from   England  formed    much   the    largest  part  of 
every  colony. 


From  the  beginning  of  the  first  colony  at  Jamestown  in  1607  to  the 
settlement  of  Pennsylvania  in  1681  was  how  many  years  ?  [Subtract  1607 
from  1 68 1.]  Was  Pennsylvania  the  last  colony?  From  the  beginning  of 
Pennsylvania — the  next  to  the  last  colony — to  the  beginning  of  Georgia, 
the  last  colony,  was  how  many  years  ?  [Subtract  1681  from  1732.]  What 
nation  had  a  colony  in  Florida?  What  nation  had  a  colony  in  Canada? 
Did  the  English  colonies,  as  marked  out,  occupy  all  the  space  between  ? 
Where  did  General  Oglethorpe  think  of  putting  in  a  new  colony  ? 

What  kind  of  a  man  was  Oglethorpe?  Did  he  propose  to  make  a 
profit  out  of  the  new  colony  of  Georgia?  What  motto  did  he  put  on  the 
seal  of  the  colony  ?  What  device  ?  What  two  classes  of  people  did  Ogle 
thorpe  expect  to  benefit  by  founding  this  colony  ?  What  military  purpose 
was  the  colony  to  serve  ?  What  did  he  propose  to  accomplish  with  silk 
worms  in  Georgia  ?  What  did  he  resolve  concerning  slaves  ?  What  do 
nations  did  the  new  colony  receive  ?  In  what  year  did  General 
Oglethorpe  take  out  his  first  company  ?  How  many  people  were  there 
in  it?  Where  did  he  settle  these  people?  Among  others  who  came 
afterward,  what  kind  of  people  are  mentioned  ?  What  is  said  of  Ogle- 
thorpe's  endurance  of  hardships  ?  With  what  result  did  he  fight  with 
the  Spaniards?  Were  the  people  contented?  What  share  did  they 
have  in  making  their  own  laws?  How  much  land  was  each  man 
allowed  to  own  ?  What  could  he  not  do  with  this  land  ?  What  be 
came  of  the  fifty  acres  when  the  man  died?  What  became  of  it  if  he 
had  no  son  ?  What  did  Oglethorpe  and  the  other  trustees  hope  to  do 
by  tying  the  land  up  in  this  way  ?  How  did  the  people  feel  about  it  ? 
What  resulted  from  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  settlers?  \Vhat  dispo 
sition  did  the  trustees  make  of  the  colony  of  Georgia  in  1752?  What  is 
said  of  the  land  system  after  that  ?  What  of  rum  ?  What  of  slaves  ? 

Were  the  Germans  that  came  to  Georgia  the  first  of  their  people  to 
settle  in  America  ?  What  is  said  of  the  numerous  sects  in  Germany  at 
this  time  ?  What  did  the  laws  of  Pennsylvania  promise  to  these  perse 
cuted  people  ?  W7hat  is  said  about  those  sects  that  disliked  war  ?  What 
miseries  did  thousands  of  Germans  flee  from  ?  What  people  were 

those  that  came  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  ?  Why  were 


FRENCH 
COUNTRY    MAN 
OF    THAT    DAY. 


Questions  for 
study. 


FRENCH 

COUNTRY    WOMAN 
OF    THAT    DAY. 


68 


THE   SETTLEMENT   OF   GEORGIA. 


they  called  Palatines?  What  were  they  seeking  for ?  To  what  colonies 
were  they  sent  ?  How  many  were  sent  to  New  York  ?  How  were  they 
treated  in  New  York  Colony?  Where  did  some  of  them  go  to?  How 
did  these  three  hundred  get  to  Pennsylvania?  What  effect  did  this  have 
on  Gentians  coming  afterward  ?  What  was  the  religion  of  most 

of  the  Irish  who  came  before  the  Revolution  ?  Why  did  they  leave  Ire 
land  ?  In  what  year  did  the  Irish  come  into  New  England  ?  What  did 
they  introduce  to  New  England  in  1718  ?  To  how  many  of  the  colonies 
did  they  go  ?  To  which  colony  did  the  greatest  tide  of  Irish  immigration 
go?  How  many  arrived  at  Philadelphia  in  1729?  What  was  their  char 
acter?  Where  did  the  Germans  and  Irish  go  from  Pennsylvania 
when  the  Indian  wars  broke  out  ?  How  did  the  Irish  settlers  get  through 
the  wilderness  into  North  and  South  Carolina?  What  mountains  did 
they  cross  into  the  Western  country  ?  Who  were  the  people 
called  Huguenots?  What  made  them  leave  France?  In  what  colonies 
did  they  settle  ?  What  colony  had  the  largest  number  of  these  settlers  ? 
From  what  country  did  the  largest  number  of  settlers  in  every  colony 
come  ?  (What  language  do  we  speak  in  the  United  States  ?  Why  do 
we  speak  English?) 

Study  by  topics.  Tell  .'ll)OUt — 

Part  I.   i.  Oglethorpe. 

2.  ( Jeorgia — its  location  and  settlement. 

3.  Georgia — the  objects  for  which  it  was  settled. 

4.  Georgia— its  peculiar  laws  at  first. 
Part  II.   i.  The  Germans — why  they  came. 

2.  The  Germans— those  called  Palatines. 

3.  The  Irish  in  New  England. 

4.  The  Irish  in  Pennsylvania 

5.  The    Southern   migratiot 

of  Irish  ;UK]  Germans. 

6.  The  Huguenots. 

Geography.  I-'1  '1|"  I'"!''1  tnu.e  the  coast  line 

and  mark  the  site  of  Sa 
vannah,  putting  down  tin- 
date,  1732.    Either  on  the  '., 
.sketch-map  or  some  other,     t 
the    relative    position    of    \ 
Pennsylvania,    Maryland,    j 
Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
and  South  Carolina  should 
be  pointed   out,  to  illus 
trate  the  migration  south 
ward  from  Pennsylvania. 


harleston,  1680. 
ort  Royal,  1670. 
annah,  1732, 


REVIEW    OF    DISCOVERY    AND    SETTLEMENT. 


69 


FIRST  REVIEW.— DISCOVERY  AND   SETTLEMENT. 


(May  be  used  on  the  blackboard} 


Discovery  by 
Columbus. 


Other  Discov 
eries. 


Ralegh's  Ex 
peditions. 


Pilgrims    and 
Puritans. 


The       Dutch 
and  Swedes. 


f  What  was  he  looking  for  ? 


Beginnings  of 
Virginia. 


Objections  offered  to  his  plan. 
His  first  voyage  and  return.     1492. 
His  other  voyages. 

f  North  America  by  Cabot.     1497. 
To  India  by  Good  Hope,  by  Gama. 
South  America  by  Columbus.     1498 
Pacific  Ocean  by  Balboa.     1513. 
Round  the  world  by  Magellan.     1 520 

Under  Amidas  and  Barlowe.     1584. 
Under  Grenville  and  Lane.     1585. 
Under  John  White.     1 587. 

Arrival  and  sickness.     1607. 

John  Smith  and  his  adventures. 

The  starving-time. 

Shipwreck  of  Gates  and  his  arrival. 

Arrival  of  De  la  Warr. 

Dale's  government. 

Pocahontas. 

The  great  charter.     1618. 

Division  of  land. 

Sending  of  wives. 

Indian  massacre.     1622. 

Pilgrims  in  England  and  Holland. 
The  Voyage  in  the  Mayflower.     1620. 
The  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth. 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine.     1623. 
Coming  of  first  Puritans  to  Salem.     1628. 
The  bringing  of  the  charter.     1630. 
•Settlement  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven. 
L  Settlement  of  Rhode  Island. 

f  Hudson's  voyage.     1609. 

I    Dutch  settlement.     1623. 

•J    Swedish  settlement.     1638. 

|    Conquest  of  New  Sweden  by  the  Dutch.     1655. 

L  Conquest  of  New  Netherland  by  the  English.     1664. 


7° 


REVIEW    OF    DISCOVERY    AND    SETTLEMENT. 


Settlement     of 
Maryland. 


The    Carolinas 
settled. 


Settlement    of 
New  Jersey. 


Settlement      of 
Pennsylvania. 

Settlement      of 
Georgia. 


Race    Elements. 


f  Lord  Baltimore  and  his  colony  in  Newfoundland. 
^    Maryland  granted. 
(    Colony  begun  at  St.  Mary's.     1634. 


1653. 


1670. 


Pilgrims  or 

Separatists 
Puritans 


Huguenots 


Presbyterians 


f  North  Carolina  settled  as  part  of  Virginia. 
|    Charter  to  eight  proprietors.     1663. 
j    Beginning  of  settlements  in  South  Carolina. 
L  Change  of  government.     1719  and  1729. 

Its  conquest  from  the  Dutch.     1664. 
The  Jerseys  divided.     1674. 
The  Scotch  come  to  East  Jersey. 
New-Englanders  and  Friends  in  East  Jersey. 
The  coming  of  Quakers  to  West  Jersey. 
L  The  Jerseys  united  again.     1702. 

j   William  Penn  and  the  king. 
|  William  Penn's  colony.     1681. 

f  General  Oglethorpe's  colony.     1732. 
j    What  Oglethorpe  proposed  to  do. 
I    Dissatisfaction  of  the  people. 
[_  Change  of  government. 

The  Germans — why  they  came,  how,  and  where. 

The  Irish — why  and  where. 

Southward  movement  of  Irish  and  Germans. 

French  Huguenots. 

English  the  most  numerous. 


Diagram  of  Emigrations  on  account  of  Persecution. 

(For  the  blackboard^) 

England  by  w; 

of  Holland 
England 

Massachusetts 

England 

France 


from 


from 


from 


Dissenting 
Puritans 
Roman  Catholics  from 


to 


to 


Plymouth  Colony. 
Massachusetts. 
Rhode  Island. 


from 


from  |  Scotland 
(       Ireland 


to     Maryland. 

(  New   York,  South  Caro- 


and 


Lutherans  and    £  ^         (  Germany    and 
other  sects      )  (      Switzerland 


to 


to 


to 


(      lina,  and  other  colonies. 

New  Jersey,  Pennsylva 
nia,  the  Southern  colo 
nies,  and  elsewhere. 

Pennsylvania,  and  thence 
southward. 


HOW    THE    INDIANS    LIVED. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 
How  the  Indians  Lived. 

BEFORE   the    white    people    settled  The  Indians. 
America    it    was    inhabited    by    many 
tribes  of  the  people  we  call    Indians. 
They  were  called  Indians  because  the 
first  discoverers   believed  America  to 
be  a  part  of  India.     The  Indian  is  of 
a  brown  or  copper  color,  with  black 
eyes  and  straight  hair. 
In  what  is  now  the  United  States  the  clothing  of  the  The  dress  of  the 
Indians  was  mostly  made  of  deer-skin.    A  whole  deer-skin 
was  thrown  about  the  shoulders,  a  strip 
of  the  same  material  was  hung  about  the 
loins,  and  the  leggins  worn  in  winter 
were  also  of  deer-skin.     Some  of 
the  Southern  Indians  wore  man 
tles  woven   from  the 
fiber  of  a  plant 

which     now      /jfo    JB  | 
grows 


-,  YI 

pfe*...^      in     gardens     un-      DEER 

der  the  name  of 
"  Spanish   bayonet,"   but 
which  in  that  day  was  called 
"  silk-grass."     The  women  wore 
deer-skin    aprons.      Women    of 
the    Northern   tribes  wore  mantles  of   bea 
ver-skins.     Shoes,  or  moccasins,  were  of  deer-skin,  some 
times  embroidered  with  porcupine-quills  or  shell  beads. 


CHILDREN 
THE    GAME   OF 
AND    WOLF. 


HOW    THE    INDIANS    LIVED. 


STRINGS    OF 
WAMPUM. 


Indian  houses. 


The  Indian  warriors  were  fond  of  staining  their 
faces  in  stripes,  spots,  and  splashes  of  red,  yellow,  and 
blue.  Some  of  the  Virginia  Indians  wore  bears'  or 
hawks'  claws,  and  even  living  snakes,  dangling  from 
their  ears ;  and  sometimes,  also,  the  savage  Indian  war 
rior  would  wear  the  dried  hand  of  his  dead  enemy  in 
the  same  way.  The  use  of  such  ugly  adornment  was 
to  make  the  savages  seem  as  fierce  and  terrible  as 
possible.  Both  men  and  women  decorated  themselves 
with  beads,  which  they  made  from  sea-shells.  These 
were  called  "  wampum,"  and  were  worn  in  strings,  or 
wrought  into  belts,  necklaces,  and  bracelets.  Wampum 
was  also  used  among  them  as  money,  and  as  presents 

in    making   treaties 
j";;|     between  the  tribes. 


ZUNI    INDIAN    WOMAN    MAKING    POTTERY. 


Indian  houses,  or  wigwams,  were  mere  tents  of  bark 
or  of  mats,  supported  by  poles.  Among  the  Indians  of 
the  Western  prairies,  skins  of  animals  were  used  to  cover 
the  Indian  houses.  Indian  wigwams  were  not  divided  into 
rooms.  The  inmates  slept  on  the  ground,  or  sometimes 


HOW    THE    INDIANS    LIVED. 


73 


on  raised  platforms.     The  fire  was  built  in  the  middle  ot 
the  wigwam,  and  the  smoke  found  its  way  out  through 

an  opening  at  the  top.  In 
some  tribes  long  arbor -like 
houses  were  built  of  bark.  In 
these  there  were  fires  at  reg 
ular  intervals.  Two  families 
lived  by  each  fire. 

The  Indians  had  very  little 
furniture.  There  were  a  few  of  cookery- 
mats  and  skins  for  bedding. 
Some  tribes  had  for  house 
hold  use  wooden  vessels,  which 
they  made  by  burning  and 


INDIAN    BOTTLE    OF 

POTTERY    FROM 

ARKANSAS. 


MANNER    OF    BOILING    IN    AN    EARTHEN    POT. 


scraping  out  blocks  of  wood, 
little  by  little,  with  no  other  tools  than  shells  or  sharp 
stones.  These  Indians  cooked  their  food  by  putting 
water  into  their  wooden  kettles  and  then  throwing  in 
heated  stones.  When  the  stones  had  made  the  water 
hot,  they  put  in  it  whatever  they  wished  to  cook.  Other 
tribes  knew  how  to  make  pots  of  earthenware  ;  and 
yet  others  cut  them  out 
of  soap  -  stone.  Vessels 
of  pottery  and  soap-stone 
could  be  set  over  the 
fire.  Often  fish  and  meat 
were  broiled  on  sticks 
laid  across  above  the  fire  ; 
green  corn  was  roasted 
under  the  ashes,  as  were 
also  squashes,  and  vari 
ous  roots.  Indian  corn, 


INDIAN    MANNER    OF    BROILING    IN    1585. 


74 


HOW    THE    INDIANS    LIVED. 


Indian   agricult 
ure. 


put  into  a  mortar  and 
pounded  into  meal,  was 
mixed  with  water  and 
baked  in  the  ashes,  or 
boiled  in  a  pot.  Some 
times  the  meal  was  parched 
and  carried  in  a  little  bag, 
to  be  eaten  on  a  journey. 
A  few  tribes  near  to  salt 
springs  had  salt,  the  rest 
used  leaves  of  several  sorts 
for  seasoning. 

For  tilling  the  ground 
the  Indians  had  rude  tools ; 
their  hoe  was  made  by  at 
taching  to  a  stick  a  piece 
of  deer's  horn,  or  the  shoul 
der-blade  bone  of  an  ani 
mal,  or  the  shell  of  a  turtle, 
a  bit  of  wood,  or  a  flat 
stone.  They  raised  Indian 
corn,  beans,  squashes,  and 
tobacco.  They  prepared 
the  ground  by  girdling 
the  trees  so  as  to  kill 
them  ;  sometimes  they 
burned  the  trees  down. 
Some  tribes  had  rude 
axes  for  cutting  small  trees ; 
The  handle  of 
by  tying  a  stick 
withe  about  it. 


The  coming  of  the  white  people  made 
great  changes  in  the  Indian  life.  The 
furs  and  skins,  which  the  Indians  did  not 
value  except  for  necessary  clothing,  were 
articles  of  luxury  and  ornament  of  great 
value  in  Europe.  Many  a  half-starved 
Indian  was  clothed  in  furs  that  a  Euro 
pean  prince  would  have  prized.  The 
savage  readily  exchanged  his  beautiful 
beaver  coat  for  a  bright-colored  blanket 
and  thought  he  had  made  a  good  bar 
gain,  though  his  furs  were  worth  to  the 
white  man  the  price  of  many  blankets. 
The  cheap  glass  beads  and  tiny  bells, 
such  as  the  people  of  old  time  hung  about 
the  necks  of  the  hawks  with  which  they 
hunted  birds,  were  greatly  prized  by  sav 
ages.  Jews-harps  were  also  much  liked 
by  them,  and  were  sometimes  used  in 
paying  them  for  land.  The  Indian  who 
could  possess  himself  of  a  copper  kettle 
was  a  rich  man  in  his  tribe.  The  cheap 
iron  hatchets  of  the  trader  drove  out  the 
stone  axes,  and  knives  were  eagerly 
bought,  but  guns  were  more  sought  after 
than  anything  else  ;  and,  though  there 
were  many  laws  against  selling  fire-arms 
to  the  Indians,  there  were  always  men 
who  were  glad  to  enrich  themselves  by 
this  lawless  trade.  The  passion  of  the 
savage  for  intoxicating  drinks  was  so 
great  that  evil  men  among  the  traders 
were  often  able  to  strip  them  of  all  their 
goods  by  selling  them  strong  liquors. 
The  white  settlers  generally  bought  the 
land  they  occupied  from  the  Indians. 
As  land  was  not  worth  much,  the  price 
paid  was  trifling.  Manhattan  Island,  on 
which  New  York  now  stands,  was  sold 
to  the  Dutch,  by  the  Indians,  for  about 
twenty -four  dollars.  The  land -sales 
made  trouble,  for  the  lines  were  not  well 
defined,  and  were  often  matters  of  dis 
pute.  The  Indians  did  not  understand 
business,  and  they  sometimes  had  to  be 
paid  over  and  over  again  for  a  piece  of 
land. 


these  were  made  of  stone, 
the  stone  axe  was  formed 
to  it,  or  by  twisting  a  green 
Sometimes  an  Indian  would 


INDIAN    GIRL   WITH    BASKETS. 


HOW    THE    INDIANS    LIVED. 


75 


INDIAN    KINDLING    FIRE. 


split  open  a  growing  young  cutting-tools, 
tree  and  put  the  axe  into 
the  cleft ;  when  the  tree 
had  grown  fast  around  the 
axe  he  would  cut  it  down 
and  shorten  it  to  the  prop 
er  length  for  a  handle. 
The  Indians  had  no  iron. 
For  knives  they  had  pieces 
of  bone,  sharp  stones,  and 
shells. 

The     Indian    procured    fire   Making  fire. 
by    twirling   the    end   of   a  stick 
against  another  piece  of  wood.    To  give 

this  twirling  stick  a  quick  motion,  he  wrapped  a  bow 
string  about  it,  and  then  drew  the  bow  swiftly  to  and  fro. 
The    most   remarkable    product    of 

Indian  skill  was  the  canoe  ;   this  was 

made  in  some  tribes  by  burning 

out   a   log,    little    by    little,    and 

scraping  the  charred  parts  with 

shells,  until  the  "  dug-out  "  canoe 

was  sufficiently  deep  and    rightly 

shaped.      Many    canoes    made 

in   this   way,  without   any 

other  tools   than   shells        ..-...£ 

and  sharp  stones,  would 

carry    from    twenty    to 

forty    men.     The    North 
ern  tribes  constructed   a 

more    beautiful    canoe,    of 

white -birch    bark,    stretched 


Canoes. 


T 


PIUTE    INDIAN    GIRLS   WITH    WATER-JARS. 


76 


HOW    THE    INDIANS    LIVED. 


on  slender  wooden  ribs,  and  sewed  together  with  roots 
and  fibers.  Such  canoes  were  made  water-tight  by  the 
use  of  gums. 


One  Indian  is  seen  scraping  out  the 
charred  wood,  another  is  fanning  the 
fire,  while  a  third  is  burning  down  a 
tree  to  begin  a  new  canoe. 


Division  of  labor. 


Wars  between 
the  tribes. 


MAKING    A    CANOE. 


Among  the  Indians,  the  hardest  work  fell  to  the 
women.  Hunting,  gambling,  and  making  war,  were  the 
occupations  of  the  men.  The  male  Indian  was  from 
childhood  trained  to  war  and  the  chase.  Game  and  fish, 
with  such  fruits,  nuts,  and  roots  as  grew  wild  in  the 
woods  and  swamps,  were  the  principal  dependence  of 
the  Indians  for  food.  As  they  suffered  much  from 
hunger  and  misery,  the  population  of  the  country  was 
always  thin. 

Moreover,  the  continual  wars  waged  between  the 
various  tribes,  in  which  women  and  children  as  well 
as  men  were  slain,  kept  the  red-men  from  increasing 
in  numbers.  Large  tracts  of  country  were  left  un 
inhabited,  because  tribes  at  war  dared  not  live  near 
to  one  another,  for  fear  of  surprise.  In  all  the  coun 
try  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  there  were  but  a 
few  hundred  thousand  people ;  hardly  more  than  there 
are  in  one  of  our  smallest  States,  and  not  enough, 
if  they  had  all  been  brought  together,  to  make  a 
large  city. 


HOW    THE    INDIANS    LIVED. 


77 


What  were  the  people  called  who  lived  in  America  before  white 
men  came?  Why  were  they  called  Indians?  (Are  there  any  of  them 
remaining  yet  ?)  What  is  the  color  of  their  skin  ?  What  kind  of  eyes 
have  they  ?  What  sort  of  hair  ?  What  material  was  mostly 

in  use  among  them  for  clothing  ?  What  garments  did  they  wear  ?  Of 
what  plant  did  the  Southern  Indians  make  mantles  ?  What  sort  of  man 
tles  were  used  by  women  in  the  Northern  tribes  ?  How  were  their  shoes 
made  ?  With  what  were  their  shoes  embroidered  ?  How  did  the 

Indian  "braves,"  or  warriors,  stain  their  faces?  What  did  they  some 
times  wear  hanging  to  their  ears  ?  What  kind  of  beads  did  the  Indians 
wear  ?  For  what  other  purpose  was  wampum  used  ?  What  was 

the  Indian  house,  or  wigwam,  made  of  ?     How  did  the  Indians  sleep  ? 
Where  was  the  fire  made  ?     How  did  the  smoke  get  out  ?     Some  tribes 
built  long  houses :  what  is  said  of 
these?  What  did  the  In 

dians  have  for  bedding  ?     What 


Questions  for 
study. 


POTTERY 
FROM    MISSOURI. 


kinds  of  vessels  for  household  use  ?      How  did  they  hollow  out  their 
wooden  vessels?     How  did  those  tribes  that  had  only  wooden  vessels 
cook  food  in  them  ?    How  did  those  that  had  pottery  and  soap-stone  ket 
tles  use  them  for  cooking  ?    How  were  fish  and  meat  sometimes  broiled  ? 
How  were  green  corn  and  other  vegetables  roasted  ?     How  was 
corn  made  into  meal?   How  was  bread  baked  ?    What  did  the 
Indians  do  for  salt  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  the  va 

rious  sorts  of  hoes  made  by  the  Indians  ?     What  plants 
did  they  cultivate  ?      How  did  they  clear  the  ground  ? 

Some  tribes  had  axes  :   what  were  these  made  of  ? 
How  did  they  put  handles  to  them  ?     Had  the  In- 


NAVAJO    INDIAN    WOMAN    WEAVING   A    BELT. 


HOW    THE    INDIANS    LIVED. 


Study 
by  topics. 


Blackboard 
illustration. 


dians  any  iron?     How  did  they  commonly  make  knives?  How 

did  they  produce  fire?  What  was  the  most  remarkable  product  of 
Indian  industry  ?  How  was  the  dug-out  canoe  made  without  metal 
tools?  How  many  men  would  the  larger  of  these  carry?  Of  what  did 
the  Northern  tribes  make  their  canoes  ?  How  did  they  sew  them  ? 
How  did  they  make  them  tight  ?  What  was  the  difference 

between  the  work  of  the  women  and  the  occupations  of  the  men  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  education  of  Indian  boys?  On  what  did  the 
Indians  mainly  depend  for  food  ?  What  effect  did  their  pov 
erty  have  on  the  population  ?  What  other  cause  kept 
the  Indians  from  increasing  in  numbers  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  Indian  population  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  ? 

Tell  what  you  know  about — 

I.  The  appearance  of  the  Indian. 

1.  Complexion,  hair,  eyes. 

2.  Articles  of  dress. 

3.  Things  worn  for  ornament. 
II.  The  Indians'  mode  of  living. 

1.  Houses:  their  construction. 

2.  Houses  :  their  inside  arrangements. 

3.  Furniture. 

4.  Cookery. 

III.  The  Indian  at  work. 

1.  Tools. 

2.  Plants  cultivated. 

3.  Canoes. 

IV.  Men's  and  women's  work. 

V.  Effect  of  poverty  and  war  on  the  Indian  popu 
lation. 

Divide  the  board  horizontally  into  three  parts. 
Then  write,  from  suggestions  made  by  the  pupils, 
in  the  topmost  division,  the  various  items  of  dress 
and  ornaments  belonging  to  an  Indian's  head  ;  in 
the  second,  those  worn  on  the  body ;  in  the  third, 
those  used  on  the  feet. 


MEDICINE-MAN,    WITH    A    MANTLE    OF 
SILK-GRASS.        DRAWN    IN    1585. 


Composition. 


Books. 


Let  the  pupil  suppose  himself  to  be  a  settler  in  America  in  the  early 
colonial  times.  Let  him  write  a  letter  to  a  supposed  friend  in  England, 
telling  in  his  own  words  what  is  told  in  this  and  the  two  following  chap 
ters,  especially  about  Indian  customs  and  the  trade  between  them  and 
the  white  people. 

Major  Powell's  Reports  of  the  Ethnological  Bureau.  Century  Magazine,  May, 
1883,  "The  Aborigines  and  the  Colonists." 


EARLY    INDIAN    WARS. 


79 


CHAPTER    XIV. 
Early  Indian  Wars. 

THERE  were,  between  the  two  races,  occasions 
enough  for  quarreling.  Dishonest  white  men  were  sure 
to  cheat  the  ignorant  Indians,  and  the  violent  among 
the  Indians  were  as  sure  to  revenge  themselves.  If  an 
Indian  suffered  wrong  from  one  white  man,  he  thought 
he  had  a  right  to  take  vengeance  on  any  man,  woman, 
or  child  of  the  white  race  when  he  found  opportunity. 

We  have  seen  how  suddenly  the  In 
dians  massacred   the  Virginians  in   1622 
(page  32).     This  led  to  a  long  war,  with 
many  treacheries  and   cruel  sur 
prises  on  both  sides.     After  some 
years  the  Indians  were  sub 
dued  by  the  Virginians,  un 
der  the  lead  of  William  Clai- 
borne.     But  in   1644  the  old 
chief  Opechankano,  who  had 
led     in    the     first    massacre, 
planned    a    second.      He 
was  so  old  that  he  could 
not    walk    without   assist 
ance,  and   could    not  see, 
except   when    his   eyelids 
were  held  open.     He  was 
carried    to    the    scene    of 
bloodshed.      The    Indians 
had  by  this  time  secured 
guns.     By  a  sudden  sur- 


Dishonest  traders 
and  the  Indians. 


Early  Indian 
massacres  in 
Virginia. 


FLORIDA    WARRIOR,     1565. 


8o 


EARLY    INDIAN    WARS. 


INDIAN    MASK. 


in  1637. 


prise  they  killed  about  five  hundred  white  people  in  a 
single  day.  But  they  paid  dearly  for  their  victory,  for 
the  colony  had  grown  strong  enough  to  defeat  and  pun 
ish  them.  They  were  driven  away  from  their  villages. 
Opechankano  was  taken  prisoner,  and,  while  a  captive, 
was  suddenly  killed  by  an  infuriated  soldier. 

The  Pe'-quot  war  in  Connecticut  grew  out  of  the 
differences  between  the  Dutch  and  the  English  settlers. 

The  Pequot  war 

The  English  brought  back  the  Indians  whom  the  Pequot 
tribe  had  just  driven  away.  The  Pequots  began  the  war 
by  killing  some  English  traders.  The  attempts  of  the 
English  colonists  to  conquer  the  Pequots  were  at  first  of 
no  avail.  The  Indians  were  light  of  foot,  and  got  away 
from  men  in  armor.  They  continued  to  seize  and  torture 
to  death  such  English  as  they  could  catch.  In  1637, 
John  Mason,  a  trained  soldier,  at  the  head  of  a  company 
of  Connecticut  men,  with  some  from  Massachusetts, 
marched  into  the  Pequot  country.  At  Mystic,  Con 
necticut,  just  before  daybreak,  the  Connecticut  men 
surrounded  the  palisaded  village  of  Sassacus,  the  dread 
ed  Pequot  chief.  In  the  first  onset  Mason  set  the  vil 
lage  on  fire.  A  horrible  slaughter  followed.  Indian 
men,  women,  and  children,  to  the  number  of  five  or  six 
hundred,  were  shot  down  or  burned  in  the  village,  or  in 
trying  to  escape.  In  the  war  which  followed  this  attack, 
the  whole  Pequot  tribe  was  broken  up,  and  the  other 
Indians  were  so  terrified  that  New  England  had  peace 
for  many  years  after. 

About  the  same  time  cruel  Indian  wars  raged  be 
tween  the  Dutch  of  New  Netherland  (now  New  York) 
and  the  Indians  in  their  neighborhood.  At  one  time 
the  Dutch  colony  was  almost  overthrown.  There  was 


SHELL   AXE. 


Indian  wars  in 
New  York,  Mary 
land,    and    Vir 
ginia. 


EARLY    INDIAN    WARS. 


8i 


Many  of  the  white  people  sincerely 
desired  to  do  the  Indians  good.  Schools 
for  the  education  of  Indian  children  were 
set  up  in  Virginia  and  in  New  England. 
Catholic  missionaries  labored  among  the 
Indians  of  Maryland.  John  Eliot,  of 
Massachusetts,  preached  to  thousands  of 
Indians,  and  translated  the  whole  Bible 
into  their  language.  He  is  called  the 
"  Apostle  to  the  Indians."  But,  even  in 
trying  to  do  the  Indians  good,  the  white 
men  offended  them.  The  chiefs  and 
"  medicine-men  "  of  the  Indians  did  not 
like  to  see  their  ancient  customs  treated 
with  contempt,  and  their  own  influence 
destroyed  by  the  new  religion. 


also  a  war  between  the  Marylanders  and  the  Sus-que- 
han'-nah  tribe.  In  1656  the  Virginians  suffered  a  bitter 
defeat  in  a  battle  with  the  Indians  at  the  place  where 
Richmond  now  stands.  The  brook  at  this  place  got  the 
name  of  Bloody  Run. 

In  1675  there  broke  out  in  New  England  the  terrible 
Indian  war  known  ever  since  as  King  Philip's  War. 
Philip  was  the  son  of  Massasoit,  the  Indian  chief  who 
had  been  long  a  friend  to  the  Plymouth  settlers.  Philip 

was  a  proud  man,  and 
thought  that  he  was  not 
treated  with  enough  re 
spect  by  the  rulers  of 
Plymouth  Colony,  who  act 
ed  with  imprudent  bold 
ness  in  their  dealings  with 
him.  He  was  also  irritated 
because  large  numbers  of 
his  people  were  converted 
to  the  Christian  religion, 
through  the  labors  of  John  Eliot.  These  converted 
people,  or  "  praying  Indians,"  formed  themselves  into 
villages,  and  lived  under  the  government  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  colony. 

Philip   won   some   successes   at   first,  and   Indians   of 

.  .  . 

other  tribes  came  to  his  assistance.  Many  New  Eng- 
land  towns  were  laid  in  ashes,  and  hundreds  of  peo 
ple  were  killed  or  carried  away  into  captivity.  The 
powerful  tribe  of  Narragansetts  gave  Philip  secret  aid, 
and  in  the  winter  the  white  men  boldly  attacked  their 
stronghold.  This  was  always  known  as  the  "  Swamp 
Fight."  Hundreds  of  Indians  were  slain,  and  their 


BELT    OF    WAMPUM. 


King 
War. 


Philip's 
1675- 


The  ' 

Fight 


fort. 


'  Swamp 
"  at  the 
gansett 


MASK    MADE    BY 
IROQUOIS    INDIANS. 


82 


EARLY    INDIAN    WARS. 


Captain   Church 
and  the  death  of 
Philip. 


village  burned.  The  colo 
nists  also  lost  two  hundred 
men  in  this  battle,  and  the 
Narragansetts  took  a  ter 
rible  revenge  by  burning 
houses  and  killing  people 
in  every  direction. 

But  after  a  while  the 
white  men  learned  how  to 
fight  the  Indians.  By  de 
grees  Philip's  power  was 
broken,  as  his  men  were 
most  of  them  killed  or  capt 
ured.  Captain  Benjamin 
Church  was  the  most  fa 
mous  fighter  against  the  In 
dians  in  this  war.  Church's 
men  surrounded  Philip  in 
a  swamp  and  killed  him. 
The  rest  of  the  Indians  were  soon  subdued.  Most 
of  the  captive  Indians  were  cruelly  sold  into  slavery 
in  Barbadoes. 
Bacon's  war  with  About  the  time  of  Philip's  war  the  Doegs  and  Sus- 

the  Virginia  >          r 

Indians.  1676.  quehaniiahs  were  ravaging  the  Virginia  frontier,  while 
the  governor  of  that  colony  refused  to  allow  any  one  to 
march  against  them.  But  Nathaniel  Bacon,  a  young  man 
of  great  spirit,  was  chosen  by  the  people  to  lead  them, 
which  he  did  in  opposition  to  the  governor's  orders. 
This  disobedience  led  to  "  Bacon's  Rebellion,"  as  it  is 
called,  the  story  of  which  is  told  in  Chapter  XXVI. 

The  westoes  All  the  colonies  suffered  from  Indian  wars.     The  in- 

and  Tuscaroras 

defeated.  fant  settlement  in  South  Carolina  was  almost  ruined  by 


Benjamin  Church  was  one  of  the 
first  of  the  Indian  fighters.  He  knew 
how  to  manage  men,  and  had  great  influ 
ence  over  them.  He  would  even  persuade 
captive  Indians  to  join  his  band  and  lead 
him  to  the  haunts  of  their  friends.  It 
was  one  of  these  Indians  who  shot  Philip. 
Church  let  him  take  Philip's  scarred 
hand  for  a  trophy.  This  he  carried  about 
the  country,  making  money  by  showing 
it.  Captain  Church  was  tireless,  fearless, 
and  full  of  expedients.  He  first  taught 
the  Englishmen  to  practice  the  arts  of  the 
Indian  in  war.  When  Philip  was  dead, 
only  old  Annawon,  Philip's  head-man, 
remained  in  the  field  with  a  party.  When 
Church  at  last  found  him,  he  was  shel 
tered  under  some  cliffs.  Church  had  but 
half  a  dozen  men  with  him  ;  Annawon 
ten  times  that  number  of  resolute  braves. 
But  by  creeping  down  the  cliffs,  while  an 
Indian  woman  was  making  a  noise  by 
pounding  corn  in  a  mortar,  Church  suc 
ceeded  in  capturing  the  guns  of  the  In 
dians,  which  were  stacked  at  Annawori's 
feet.  Seeing  his  boldness,  the  Indians 
thought  that  Church  had  surrounded 
them  with  a  great  many  men,  and  they 
therefore  surrendered.  Church  also  per 
formed  many  famous  exploits  in  the  war 
with  the  Indians  of  Maine. 


EARLY    INDIAN    WARS. 


go 


a  war  with  the  Indians  called  Wes'-toes,  ten  years  after 

the   arrival    of    the    first    white    men,    and    in    the    very 

year  that  Charleston  was  settled  ;    that  is,  in   1680.      In 

1711  the  warlike  Tuscaroras  [tus-ca-ro'-rahs]  ravaged  the 

scattered  settlements  of  North 

Carolina,     putting     people     to 

death  by  horrible  tortures.     It 

was   only   by   the    help    of   the 

Virginians    and     South     Caro 

linians,  and  the  Yam-as-see'  In 

dians,    that   the   settlers,    after 

two  years,  finally  defeated  the 

Tuscaroras,  capturing  and  send 

ing  many  hundreds  of  them  to 

be  sold  as  slaves  in  the  West 

India  Islands. 

But  in  1/15,  two  years  after 
the  close  of  this  war,  the  Yam- 
assees,  who  had  helped  the 
white  people  to  put  down  the 
Tuscaroras,  joined  with  the 
Spaniards  in  Florida,  and  with 
all  the  other  Indians  from  Flor 
ida  to  Cape  Fear,  in  an  attempt  to  destroy  the  colony 
of  South  Carolina.  There  were  six  or  seven  thousand 
Indian  warriors  in  this  league,  while  South  Carolina 
could  only  muster  fifteen  hundred  white  men  and  two 
hundred  trusty  negroes.  Governor  Craven  knew  that 
a  single  defeat  would  ruin  the  colony,  so  he  marched 
with  the  utmost  caution  until  he  brought  on  a  great 
battle,  and  overthrew  the  Indians.  The  war  lasted 
about  three  years. 


NORTH    CAROLINA    WARRIOR    IN     1585. 


The  Yamassee 
war  in  South 
Carolina.  1715. 


84 


EARLY    INDIAN    WARS. 


Questions 
study. 


for 


CALUMET,    OR 
PEACE-PIPE. 


What  followed  the  Indian  massacre  in  Virginia  in  1622?  What  was 
the  nature  of  that  war?  Who  led  the  settlers  when  the  Indians  were  at 
length  subdued?  What  Indian  chief  conducted  the  massacre  in  1644? 
What  was  the  condition  of  Opechankano  in  1644?  What  kind  of  arms 
did  the  Indians  have  by  this  time?  How  many  white  people  did  they 
kill  in  the  first  attack  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  war  to  the  Indians  ? 
What  happened  to  the  old  chief  Opechankano?  What  was  the 

cause  of  the  Pequot  war  in  Connecticut  ?  How  did  the  Pequots  begin 
it  ?  How  did  the  colonists  succeed  in  their  first  attempts  to  subdue  the 
Pequots?  Why  did  they  not  succeed?  What  did  the  Pequots  continue 
to  do  ?  Who  was  put  in  command  of  the  Connecticut  troops  in  1637? 
Where  did  he  lead  his  men  ?  At  what  point  did  he  attack  the  Indians  ? 
Whose  village  did  he  surround?  WThat  kind  of  a  village  was  this? 
(What  is  a  palisaded  village  ?  Answer :  A  village  surrounded  with  up 
right  posts  or  palisades  for  defense.)  How  was  the  village  destroyed  ? 
What  became  of  the  people  in  it  ?  What  do  you  think  of  this  way  of 
carrying  on  war  ?  What  is  said  of  the  wars  of  that  day  ?  What  became 
of  the  Pequots?  What  other  Indian  wars  were  waged  at  this 

time?  Where  did  the  Virginians  suffer  defeat  in  1656?  What  is  the 
brook  called  where  the  battle  was  fought  ?  What  war  broke  out 

in  New  England  in  1675?  WTho  was  Philip?  What  feelings  inclined 
him  to  make  war  ?  What  is  said  of  the  converted,  or  praying,  Indians  ? 
What  effect  did  Philip's  successes  have  on  other  Indians  ?  What  took 
place  in  the  attack  on  the  Narragansetts  ?  What  did  the  white  men 
learn  ?  Who  was  especially  famous  in  this  war  with  the  Indians  ?  How 
did  Philip  lose  his  life  ?  What  became  of  the  remainder  of  King  Philip's 
Indians  ?  What  colony  was  ravaged  by  the  Doegs  and  Susque- 

hannahs  ?  What  did  the  governor  of  the  colony  do  ?  Who  was  chosen 
to  lead  the  people  ?  By  whom  was  he  chosen  ?  To  what  did  this  lead  ? 

How  long  after  the  arrival  of  settlers  in  South  Carolina  was  it  when 
the  war  with  the  Westoes  broke  out  ?  What  effect  did  this  first  war  have 
on  the  feeble  settlements?  In  what  year  did  the  Tuscarora  war  break 
out  in  North  Carolina  ?  What  did  the  Tuscaroras  do  with  the  people 
they  captured  ?  What  colonies  helped  to  put  down  the  Tuscaroras  ? 
What  Indians  helped  to  conquer  them  ?  How  long  did  the  Tuscarora 
war  last?  What  was  done  with  the  captured  Indians?  Did  the 

Yamassees  keep  their  peace  with  South  Carolina  ?  With  whom  did  they 
join?  How  many  Indians  were  against  South  Carolina?  How  many 
white  soldiers  were  there  ?  What  would  have  been  the  result  of  a  single 
defeat  ?  What  was  the  result  of  Governor  Craven's  fight  with  the  In 
dians?  How  long  did  the  Yamassee  war  last? 


MATCHLOCK-GUN. 


EARLY    INDIAN    WARS. 


Tell  about — I.  The  principal  Indian  war  in  Virginia. 

2.  The  Pequot  and  Philip's  war  in  New  England. 

3.  The  Indian  wars  in  South  and  North  Carolina. 


Study  by  topics. 


The  three  topics  above  may  be  set  down  and  the  brief  mention  of   Blackboard  nius- 
particulars,    as   drawn    from    the   answers   of  the   pupils,  added.      For   tratlon- 
example:    "Pequot   war:    English    brought    back    the    expelled   tribe. 
Pequots  killed  traders.      English  failed  at  first.     Cap 
tain    Mason.      Attacked   Sassacus's   fort.      Palisaded. 
Set    fire.      Six    hundred    men,   women,    and   children 
killed."      Let  the  other  prominent  wars  be  treated 
in  the  same  way. 


MATCHLOCK. 


CHAPTER    XV. 
Traits  of  War  with  the  Indians. 

THE  most  important  weapon  of  the  Indian,  when  the  Indian  weapons. 
white  men  came,  was  the  bow  and  arrow.  The  arrow 
was  headed  with  a  sharpened  flint  or  a  bit  of  horn. 
Sometimes  the  spur  of  a  wild-turkey  or  the  claw  of  an 
eagle  was  used  to  point  the  arrow.  Next  to  the  bow 
and  arrow  the  Indian  warrior  depended  on  a  war-club, 
which  had  a  handle  at  one  end  and  a  heavy  knob  at  the 
other,  or  upon  a  tomahawk,  made  by  fastening  a  wooden 
handle  to  a  round  stone,  or  a  stone  axe.  But  all  their 
rude  weapons  were  given  up  as  soon  as  the  Indians 
could  get  knives,  hatchets,  and  guns  from  the  white 
men.  In  some  cases,  it  is  said,  they  were  so  eager  for 
gunpowder  that  they  sowed  what  they  got  at  first,  sup 
posing  it  to  be  the  seed  of  a  plant.  The  Pequots  com 
manded  two  white  girls,  whom  they  had  captured,  to 
make  some  gunpowder,  supposing  that  all  white  people 
knew  how  to  make  it. 

At    the    first   arrival   of    white    men,    they  protected 
themselves    by   wearing  armor,  and    the    Indian  arrows 


MATCHLOCK-GUN. 


86 


TRAITS    OF    WAR    WITH    THE    INDIANS. 


Armor  and  arms    could   not  do  them   much   hurt.     But  as  soldiers   could 

of  the  white  men. 

not  get  about  very  fast  in  heavy  armor  and  with  clumsy 
guns,  they  could  not  do  much  hurt  to  the  Indians. 
Some  of  the  guns  used  were  matchlocks.     In 
order  to   shoot,  the  soldier  had  to   place  in 
front  of  him  a  "  rest " — a  kind  of  forked  stick 
or   staff — and    lay  his    heavy  gun  across  it.      In 
firing,  the  powder  on  the  lock  of  his  gun  was  set 
off  with  a  lighted  fuse  or  match  ;    and  the  soldier 
had  to  carry  a  burning  fuse  in  his  hand.      If  he  let 
his  fuse  go  out,  he  could  not  use  his  gun  until  he 
got  fire  again,  for  friction-matches  were  unknown. 
But   the    Indians   would    not   stand    still  while   the 
white  men  got  ready  to  shoot.     This  awkward  match 
lock-gun  was  sometimes  used  as  late  as  1675,  the  time  of 
Philip's  war.     The  snaphance,  or  flint-lock,  was  already 
coming  into  use  when  the    colonies  were  settled.     The 
flint-lock  was  set  off  by  the  striking  of  the  flint  against 
a  piece  of  steel,   when  the  trigger  was   pulled.     (Guns 
with    percussion  -  caps     are    a    much    later    invention.) 
Some  of  the  white  men  at  first  were 
armed  with  pikes  or  spears  ;  but  it 
was  found  to  be    a  very  dangerous 
business  to  poke  an  Indian  out  of  the 
brush  with  a  pike.     During  Philip's 
war  the  pike  began  to  go  out  of  use 
in  America. 

When  the  Indians  had  procured 
which    the  sol 
diers  wore,  being  of  little  use  against 
bullets,  was  rather  a  burden  than  an 
advantage.     Long  after  the  first  set- 


The  Indians  get 
fire-arms.    White 

men  change  their   fire-arms,  the  armor 

mode  of  fighting. 


PIKEMAN    OF    THAT    TIME. 


TRAITS  OF  WAR  WITH  THE  INDIANS. 


SNOW-SHOES. 


tlements  were  made,  white  men  ceased  by  degrees  to 
wear  the  head,  and  breast,  and  back  pieces  of  metal,  and 
they  laid  aside  also  the  heavy  buff-coats,  which  were  made 
of  leather  and  stuffed,  to  resist  bullets.  The  colonists  also 
learned  to  march  in  scattering  parties,  as  the  Indians  did, 
in  order  to  avoid  surprise,  and  to  lie  in  ambush,  and  to 
load  their  guns  while  lying  down.  For  a  long  time  the 
savages  made  attacks  on  the  Northern  settlements  in  the 
winter,  when  the  snow  was  so  deep  that  the  soldiers 
could  not  move  about ;  but,  after  stupidly  suffering  this 
for  many  years,  the  Northern  colonies  at  length  put  their 
soldiers  on  snow-shoes  too,  and  then  all  was  changed. 

The  Indian  did  not  hesitate  to  resort  to  treachery  to  Indian  strata- 
entrap  his  foes.  He  would  profess  friendship  in  order 
to  disarm  an  enemy.  He  gloried  in  ingenious  tricks, 
such  as  the  wearing  of  snow-shoes  with  the  hind  part 
before,  so  as  to  make  an  enemy  believe  that  he  had  gone 
in  an  opposite  direction.  He  would  sometimes  imitate 
the  cry  of  the  wild-turkey,  and  so  tempt  a  white  hunter 
into  the  woods,  that  he  might  destroy  him.  An  Indian 
scout  would  dress  himself  up  with  twigs,  so  as  to  look 
like  a  bush.  Many  of  these  things  the  white  people 
learned  to  practice  also. 

The  Indians  were  very  cruel ;    it  was  part  of  their  Treatment  of 

.  r^,    -        .  prisoners  by  the 

plan  to  strike  terror  by  their  severity.  1  his  is  why  Indians. 
they  tortured  their  prisoners  to  death  and  disfigured 
the  dead,  and  why  they  slew  women  and  children  as 
well  as  men.  They  not  only  put  their  prisoners  to 
death  in  the  most  cruel  way  their  ingenuity  could  de 
vise,  but,  in  some  tribes,  they  even  devoured  them  after 
ward.  Sometimes,  however,  a  prisoner  was  adopted  into 
an  Indian  family,  and  kindly  treated.  Many  hundreds 


TRAITS    OF    WAR    WITH    THE    INDIANS. 


Defense  of  the 
settlements. 


BLOCK-HOUSE. 


of  white  children  were  thus  adopted,  and  forgot  their 
own  language.  Some  of  them  afterward  engaged  in 
war  against  their  own  people.  One  boy,  named  Thomas 
Rice,  was  carried  off  from  Massachusetts  in  childhood, 
and  became  a  chief  of  the  tribe  which  had  captured  him. 

The  settlers  learned  after  a  while  many  ways  of  de 
fending  themselves.  They  built  block-houses  in  every 
exposed  settlement,  for  refuge  in  case  of  attack.  When 
Indians  were  discovered  lurking  about  in  the  night,  a 
messenger  would  be  sent  from  the  block-house  to  warn 
the  sleeping  settlers.  This  messenger  would  creep  up 
to  a  window  and  tap  on  it,  whispering,  "  Indians ! " 
Then  the  family  within  would  get  up,  and,  without 
speaking  or  making  a  light,  gather  the  most  neces 
sary  things  and  hurry  away 
along  dark  paths  through 
the  woods  to  the  block 
house.  In  some  of  the 
more  exposed  regions  the 
dogs  were  even  trained  not 
to  bark  unless  command 
ed  to. 

In  some,  if  not  all,  of  the 
colonies,  the  firing  of  three 
shots  in  succession  was 
the  sign  of  danger.  Every 
man  who  heard  it  was  re 
quired  to  pass  the  alarm  to 
those  farther  away,  by  firing 
three  times,  and  then  to  go 
in  the  direction  in  which  the 
shots  had  been  heard.  In 


Stories  of  Defense. — A  town  in 
Maine  was  attacked  and  almost  destroyed 
by  Indians,  when  one  man  sent  his  fami 
ly  by  boat  out  of  the  back  door  of  his 
fortified  house,  remaining  there  alone. 
By  frequently  changing  his  hat  and  coat, 
and  then  appearing  without  a  hat  and 
then  without  a  coat,  and  by  giving  orders 
in  a  loud  voice,  he  made  the  Indians  be 
lieve  that  his  house  was  too  full  of  men 
for  them  to  attack  it.  Some  Swedish 
women,  near  where  Philadelphia  now 
stands,  saw  Indians  coming,  and  took  ref 
uge  in  their  fortified  church,  carrying 
with  them  a  kettle  of  hot  soap.  They 
defended  themselves  until  their  husbands 
came  by  throwing  the  boiling  soap,  with 
a  ladle,  at  every  Indian  who  approached 
the  church.  A  maid-servant  in  Massa 
chusetts,  left  alone  with  little  children, 
drove  away  an  Indian,  who  tried  to  enter 
the  house,  by  firing  a  musket  at  him  and 
throwing  a  shovelful  of  live  coals  on 
his  head.  A  young  girl  in  Maine  held 
a  door  shut  until  thirteen  women  and 
children  had  time  to  escape  by  a  back 
door  into  a  block-house.  The  Indians, 
when  they  got  in,  knocked  the  girl  down, 
but  did  not  kill  her. 


TRAITS    OF    WAR    WITH    THE    INDIANS. 


many  places  large  dogs  were 
kept  and  trained  to  hunt  for 
Indians,  as  highway  robbers 
were  hunted  down  in  that 
day  in  England.  In  all  ex 
posed  places,  a  part  or  all 
of  the  men  took  their  arms 
to  church  with  them. 

The  people  became  very 
brave,  and  were  fierce  and 
even  cruel  during  these 
long-continued  Indian  wars. 
A  wounded  soldier  would 
beg  to  have  a  loaded  gun 
put  into  his  hands  that  he 
might,  before  he  died,  kill 
one  more  Indian.  Captives  often  escaped  from  the 
Indians  by  ingenious  devices,  and  sometimes  suffered 
dreadful  hardships  in  getting  back  to  the  settlements. 


Escape  of  Prisoners.— A  young  girl 
in  New  England,  after  three  weeks  of 
captivity,  made  a  bridle  out  of  bark, 
caught  a  horse  running  in  the  woods, 
and,  by  riding  all  night,  reached  the  set 
tlement.  Two  little  lads  named  Bradley 
got  away,  but  they  were  tracked  by  the 
Indian  dogs,  who  came  up  with  them 
while  they  were  hidden  in  a  hollow  log. 
They  fed  the  dogs  part  of  their  provisions 
to  make  them  friendly.  After  traveling 
nine  days  the  elder  fell  down  with  ex 
haustion,  but  the  younger,  who  was  the 
more  resolute,  dragged  himself  starving  j 
into  a  settlement  in  Maine,  and  sent  j 
help  to  his  brother.  Hannah  Dustin, 
Mary  Neff,  and  a  boy  were  carried 
off  from  Haverhill,  Massachusetts.  At 
midnight,  while  encamped  on  an  island, 
they  got  hatchets  and  killed  ten  In 
dians,  and  then  escaped  in  a  canoe  down 
the  river.  This  bold  escape  soon  be 
came  famous  in  the  colonies,  and  the 
Governor  of  Maryland,  heaiing  of  it, 
sent  to  the  returned  captives  a  present 
for  their  courage. 


Courage  of  the 
people. 


What  was  the  Indians'  chief  weapon  when  the  white  men  came  to    Questions  for 
America  ?     How  was  the  head  or  point  of  the  arrow  made  ?     What  kind    study- 
of  a  war-club  was  used  ?     What  sort  of  a  weapon  was  the  tomahawk  ? 
Why  were  these  weapons  abandoned  ?     What  stories  are  told  of  the 
Indians'  eagerness  to  get  gunpowder?  How  were  the  white  sol 

diers  protected  from  the  Indian  arrows  at  first  ?  Why  could  not  the 
white  men  in  armor  do  much  harm  to  the  Indians  ?  What  kind  of  guns 
were  some  of  those  in  use  ?  How  did  the  soldier  arrange  his  gun  in 
order  to  shoot  ?  How  did  he  fire  his  gun  ?  If  his  fuse  went  out,  what 


9° 


TRAITS    OF    WAR    WITH    THE    INDIANS. 


Ill 


Study  by  topics. 


was  the  result  ?  How  late  was  the  matchlock-gun  used  ?  What  newer 
gun  was  coming  into  use  when  the  colonies  were  settled  ?  How  was 
the  flint-lock  fired  off?  How  are  guns  made  to  go  off  in  our  time? 
How  were  some  of  the  white  men  armed  at  the  time  of  the  settlement 
of  the  colonies  ?  Was  the  pike  good  for  Indian  war?  When  did  it  go 
out  of  use  in  America?  When  the  Indians  had  procured  guns, 

what  difference  did  this  make  in  the  value  of  the  armor  that  the  soldiers 
wore  ?  What  pieces  of  the  armor  used  in  this  country  were  of  metal  ? 
What  sort  of  a  coat  was  worn  for  defense  ?  What  did  the  colonists  learn 
from  the  Indians  about  marching?  What  about  ambush  and  the  method 
of  loading  their  guns  ?  What  change  took  place  in  the  mode  of  making 
war  in  winter?  What  is  a  snow-shoe?  What  is  said  of  Indian 

treachery?  Tell  some  of  the  ingenious  tricks  to  which  Indians  re 
sorted.  Why  were  the  Indians  cruel  to  their  prisoners,  and  given 
to  disfiguring  the  dead  ?  Why  did  they  kill  women  and  children  ?  What 
did  some  tribes  do  with  prisoners  after  they  had  put  them  to  death? 
When  they  spared  a  prisoner's  life,  what  did  they  do  with  him  ?  What 
is  said  of  white  children  adopted  by  the  Indians  ?  What  kind  of 
buildings  were  constructed  for  the  defense  of  the  settlements?  How 
were  the  people  warned  that  Indians  were  about?  What  precautions 
were  taken  against  discovery  by  the  Indians  ?  What  was  a  com 
mon  mode  of  giving  alarm  in  some  of  the  colonies  ?  What  must  a  man 
do  who  heard  three  shots  ?  What  were  dogs  trained  to  do  ?  What  pre 
cautions  against  surprise  at  church  were  taken  ?  What  effect  did 
the  Indian  wars  have  on  the  people  ?  What  is  said  of  wounded  soldiers  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  escape  of  captives  ? 

I.  Indian  weapons.      i.    Their  first  weapons.      2.   The   change  to 

those  of  the  white  men. 

II.  Arms  of  the  white  men.     i.    Their  defensive   armor.     2.    Their 
fire-arms,     a.  Matchlocks.      b.  Flint-locks.     3.  Pikes. 

III.  Change  of  armor  and  tactics.      i.  Defensive  armor  abandoned. 

2.  Indian  tactics  adopted. 

IV.  Character   of   Indian   war.      i.    Indian    strategy.      2.    Cruelty  of 

Indian  war.      3.  Treatment  of  prisoners  by  the  Indians. 
V.  Defense   of    the    settlements.      i.    Block -houses.      2.    Alarms. 

3.  Keeping  dogs  and  carrying  arms. 
VI.  Courage  of  the  people. 


Blackboard  iiius-    Indians  change  from 

tration. 


j  bow  and  arrow 
(  stone  war-club 
(  heavy  armor 

White  men  change  from   •<  matchlock-guns 
(  pikes 


to 


to 


fire-arms. 

hatchet. 

no  defensive  armor. 

flint-locks. 

no  pikes. 


LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIAL    TIME.  Q} 

CHAPTER    XVI. 
Life   in   the    Colonial   Time. 

WHEN  people  first  came  to  this  country,  they  had  to  First  houses  of 

the  colonists. 

take  up  with  such  houses  as  they  could  get.  In  Vir 
ginia  and  New  England,  as  in  New  York  and  Philadel 
phia,  holes  were  dug  in  the  ground  for  dwelling-places 
by  some  of  the  first  settlers.  In  some  places  bark  wig 
wams  were  made,  like  those  of  the  Indians.  Sometimes 
a  rude  cabin  was  built  of  round  logs,  and  without  a  floor. 
As  time  advanced,  better  houses  were  built.  Some  of 
these  were  of  hewed  logs,  some  of  planks,  split,  or  sawed 
out  by  hand. 
The  richer  peo 
ple  built  good 
houses  soon  after 
they  came.  Most 
of  these  had  in 
the  middle  a 
large  room,  called 

"  the    hall."  CABIN  OF  ROUND  LOGS. 

The  chimneys  were  generally  very  large,  with  wide  chimneys  and 

windows. 

fireplaces.  Sometimes  there  were  seats  inside  the  fire 
place,  and  children,  sitting  on  these  seats  in  the  evening, 
amused  themselves  by  watching  the  stars  through  the 
top  of  the  chimney.  In  the  early  houses  most  of  the 
windows  had  paper  instead  of  glass.  This  paper  was 
oiled,  so  as  to  let  light  come  through. 

Except  in  the   houses   of    rich    people    the    furniture   Furniture  and 
was  scant  and  rough.     Benches,  stools,  and  tables  were 
home-made.     Beds  were  often  filled  with  mistletoe,  the 


LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIAL    TIME. 


How  the  colo 
nists  cooked 
their  food. 


What  they  ate. 


down  from  cat-tail  flags,  or  the  feathers  of  wild-pigeons. 
People  who  were  not  rich  brought  their  food  to  the 
table  in  wooden  trenchers,  or  trays,  and  ate  off  wooden 
plates.  Some  used  square  blocks  of  wood  instead  of 
plates.  Neither  rich  nor  poor,  in  England  or  America, 
had  forks  when  the  first  colonies  were  settled.  Meat 
was  cut  with  a  knife  and  eaten  from  the  ringers.  On 

o 

the  tables  of  well-to-do  people  pewter  dishes  were  much 
used,  and  a  row  of  shining  pewter  in  an  open  cupboard, 
called  a  dresser,  was  a  sign  of  good  housekeeping.  The 
richest  people  had  silver-ware  for  use  on  great  occasions. 
They  also  had  stately  furniture  brought  from  England. 
But  carpets  were  hardly  ever  seen.  The  floor  of  the 
best  room  was  strewed  with  sand,  which  was  marked  off 
in  ornamental  figures.  There  was  no  wall-paper  until 
long  after  1700,  but  rich  cloths  and  tapestry  hung  on 
the  walls  of  the  finest  houses. 

Cooking  was  done  in  front  of  fireplaces  in  skillets 
and  on  griddles  that  stood  upon  legs,  so  that  coals 
could  be  put  under  them,  and  in  pots  and  kettles  that 
hung  over  the  fire  on  a  swinging  crane,  so  that  they 
could  be  drawn  out  or  pushed  back.  Sometimes  there 
was  an  oven,  for  baking,  built  in  the  side  of  the  chimney. 
Meat  was  roasted  on  a  spit  in  front  of  the  fire.  The  spit 
was  an  iron  rod  thrust  through  the  piece  to  be  roasted, 
and  turned  by  a  crank.  A  whole  pig  or  fowl  was  some 
times  hung  up  before  the  fire  and  turned  about  while  it 
roasted.  Often  pieces  of  meat  were  broiled  by  throw 
ing  them  on  the  live  coals. 

A  mug  of  home-brewed  beer,  with  bread  and  cheese, 
or  a  porridge  of  peas  or  beans,  boiled  with  a  little  meat, 
constituted  the  breakfast  of  the  early  colonists.  Neither 


LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIAL    TIME. 


tea  nor  coffee  was  known  in  England  or  this  country 
until  long  after  the  first  colonies  were  settled.  When 
tea  came  in,  it  became  a  fashionable  drink,  and  was 


A   WEDDING    IN    NEW    AMSTERDAM. 


served  to  company  from  pretty  little  china  cups,  set  on 
lacquered  tables.  Mush,  made  of  Indian-corn  meal,  was 
eaten  for  supper. 

In    proportion    to    the    population,    more    wine    and   what  they 
spirits    were    consumed    at   that   time   than    now.      The 
very  strong  Madeira  wine  was  drunk  at  genteel  tables. 


94 


LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIAL    TIME. 


What   they 
wore. 


How  they  trav 
eled. 


BIRCH 
CANOES. 


Rum,  which  from  its  destructive  effects  was  known 
everywhere  by  the  nickname  of  "  kill-devil,"  was  much 
used  then.  At  every  social  gathering-  rum  was  pro 
vided.  Hard  cider  was  a  common  drink.  There  was 
much  shameful  drunkenness.  Peach-brandy  was  used 
in  the  Middle  and  Southern  colonies,  and  was  very  ruin 
ous  to  health  and  morals. 

People  of  wealth  made  great  display  in  their  dress. 
Much  lace  and  many  silver  buckles  and  buttons  were 
worn.  Workingmen  of  all  sorts  wore  leather,  deer 
skin,  or  coarse  canvas  breeches.  The  stockings  worn 
by  men  were  long,  the  breeches  were  short,  and 
buckled,  or  otherwise  fastened,  at  the  knees. 

Our  forefathers  traveled  about  in  canoes  and  little 
sailing -boats  called  shallops. 
Most  of  the  canoes  would 
hold  about  six  men,  but 
some  were  large  enough  to 
hold  forty  or  more.  For  a 
long  time  there  were  no 
roads  except  Indian  trails 
and  bridle-paths,  which  could 


LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIAL    TIME.  Q^ 

only  be  traveled  on  foot  or  on  horseback.  Goods  were 
carried  on  pack-horses.  When  roads  were  made,  wagons 
came  into  use. 

In  a  life  so  hard  and  busy  as  that  of  the  early  set-  Their  education, 
tiers,  there  was  little  time  for  education.  The  schools 
were  few  and  generally  poor.  Boys,  when  taught  at 
all,  learned  to  read,  write,  and  "  cast  accounts."  Girls 
were  taught  even  less.  Many  of  the  children  born 
when  the  colonies  were  new  grew  up  unable  to  write 
their  names.  There  were  few  books  at  first,  and  no 
newspapers  until  after  1700.  There  was  little  to  oc 
cupy  the  mind  except  the  Sunday  sermon. 

In  all  the  colonies  people  were  very  fond  of  dancing-  Their 
parties.     Weddings  were  times  of  great  excitement  and 
often  of  much  drinking.     In  some  of  the  colonies  wed 
ding    festivities    were    continued    for    several    days. 
Even  funerals  were  occasions  of  feasting,  and  some 
times    of    excessive    drinking.      In    the    Middle    and 
Southern    colonies  the   people  were   fond   of   horse- 
racing,  cock-fighting,   and    many  other   rude    sports 
brought  from  England.     New  England  people  made 
their  militia-trainings  the  occasions   for  feasting  and 
amusement,  fighting  sham  battles,  and  playing  many 
rough,  old-fashioned  games.     Coasting  on  the  snow, 
skating,    and    sleighing    were    first    brought    into 
America  from   Holland   by  the   Dutch  settlers  in 

DUTCH    WOMAN    OF    THE    TIME, 

New  York.     In  all  the  colonies  there  was  a  great  SKATING. 

deal  of  hunting  and  fishing.  The  woods  were  full 
of  deer  and  wild-turkeys.  Flocks  of  pigeons  often 
darkened  the  sky,  and  the  rivers  were  alive  with  water 
fowl  and  fish. 

8 


QO  LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIAL    TIME. 

Questions  for  Mention  some  of  the  houses,  or  other  shelters,  used  when  people  first 
came  to  this  country.  How  were  planks  for  houses  made  in  the  early 
times  ?  What  kind  of  houses  did  the  richer  people  build  ?  What 

sort  of  chimneys  did  they  have  in  that  time  ?  What  is  said  of  the  seats 
in  the  fireplace?  How  did  the  windows  of  the  early  settlers  differ  from 
ours  ?  What  sort  of  furniture  was  there  in  the  houses  ?  What  is 

said  of  benches,  stools,  and  tables  ?     How  were  beds  often  filled  ?     In 

what  kind  of  dishes  was 
meat  served  ?  From  what 
kind  of  plates  did  they  eat  ? 
What  about  forks?  How 


PACK-HORSES. 


did  they  eat  meat  in  that  day  ?  What  kind  of  dishes  were  on  the 
tables  of  people  better  off?  How  was  the  pewter  kept?  What  kind 
of  ware  did  the  richest  people  have?  What  kind  of  furniture?  What 
is  said  of  carpets  ?  How  was  the  floor  of  the  best  room  orna 
mented  ?  WThat  was  used  in  fine  houses  in  place  of  our  wall 
paper  ?  How  was  the  cooking  done  ?  Where  was  there  some 
times  an  oven  ?  What  was  it  used  for  ?  How  was  meat  roasted  ? 
What  was  a  spit  ?  How  were  pigs  and  fowls  roasted  ?  How  was 
meat  sometimes  broiled  ?  What  kind  of  a  breakfast  was  eaten 
by  the  early  colonists  ?  What  is  said  of  tea  and  coffee  ?  How  was  tea 
served  ?  What  was  much  used  for  supper  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  use  of  wine  and  spirits  then,  as  compared  with  the  use  of  those 
drinks  now  ?  What  kind  of  wine  was  drunk  ?  What  is  said  of  the  use 
of  rum  then  ?  What  of  hard  cider  ?  What  of  drunkenness  ?  What 


LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIAL    TIME. 


97 


kind  of  brandy  was  used  ?  With  what  results  ?  How  did  rich 

people  dress  ?  What  sort  of  breeches  did  workingmen  wear  ?  What 
sort  of  stockings  ?  How  were  the  breeches  fastened  at  the  knees  ? 

How  did  our  forefathers  travel  about  ?  How  large  were  the  largest 
canoes  ?  What  was  the  common  size  of  the  canoe  ?  What  kind  of 
roads  did  they  have  at  first  ?  How  did  they  travel  overland  ?  How 
were  goods  carried  ?  What  change  took  place  when  roads  were  made  ? 

Why  was  there  not  much  education  given  to  children  born  in  the 
colonies  at  first  ?  What  kind  of  schools  did  they  have  ?  What  were 
boys  taught  ?  How  were  girls  taught  ?  Did  all  the  children  get  some 
education  ?  What  is  said  of  books  and  newspapers  ?  What  was  there 
to  occupy  the  mind  ?  Of  what  kind  of  parties  were  people  fond 

in  all  the  colonies  ?  What  is  said  of  weddings  ?  Of  funerals  ?  \Vhat 
amusements  were  people  fond  of  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  colonies  ? 
What  was  made  a  time  for  amusement  in  New  England  ?  What  kind  of 
games  were  played  on  training-days  ?  From  what  country  were  coasting, 
skating,  and  sleighing  brought  to  America  ?  What  is  said  ot  hunting 
and  fishing  ?  What  of  the  abundance  of  game  and  fish  ? 

1.  Houses. 

a.  Various  kinds  of  dwellings,     b.  Chimneys,     c.  Windows. 

2.  Furniture. 

a.  Seats,  tables,  and  beds.     b.  Table-ware,     c.  Floor  and  wall 
coverings. 

3.  Food. 

a.  How  cooked,     b.  Kinds  of  food.     c.   Drinks. 

4.  Dress. 

5.  Travel. 

6.  Education. 

7.  Amusements. 


Study  by  topics. 


A    SCHOOL-SCENE    IN    1740.         THE    MASTER    AND    HIS    ASSISTANT    WEAR    HAT£ 


FARMING    AND    SHIPPING    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


Early  experi 
ments  in  silk- 
raising,  vine- 
growing,  etc. 


Tobacco-grow 
ing  in  Virginia 
and  Maryland. 


Rice  produced   in 
South  Carolina. 


CHAPTER    XVII. 
Farming  and  Shipping  in  the  Colonies. 

WE  have  seen  how  the  people  who  came  first  to 
North  America  expected  to  find  either  a  way  to  India, 
or  mines  like  those  discovered  farther  southward.  But 
when  they  found  that  they  could  not  secure  either  the 
spices  of  India  or  the  gold  and  silver  of  Peru,  they 
turned  their  attention  to  the  soil,  to  see  what  could  be 
got  by  farming.  But  at  first  their  plans  for  farming  in 
America  were  as  wild  as  their  plans  for  getting  to  India. 
They  spent  much  time  in  trying  to  produce  silk  and 
wine,  two  things  which  can  be  raised  with  profit  only 
in  old  and  well-settled  countries.  They  also  tried  to 
raise  madder,  coffee,  tea,  olives,  and  the  cacaonut,  from 
which  chocolate  is  made. 

John  Rolfe,  the  husband  of  Pocahontas,  in  1612  took  a 
lesson  from  the  Indian  fields  about  him,  and  succeeded 
in  growing  tobacco  for  the  English  market.  Before  this 
time,  English  smokers  and  snuff-takers  got  their  tobacco 
from  the  Spaniards.  The  plant  was  well  suited  to  the 
Virginia  climate,  and  it  was  easy  to  ship  tobacco  from 
the  farms,  which  were  all  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers. 
Gold  and  silver  coins  were  scarce  in  those  days,  and,  in 
half  a  dozen  years  after  John  Rolfe  planted  the  first  to 
bacco,  it  had  become  the  only  money  of  Virginia.  Al 
most  everything  bought  and  sold  in  Virginia  and  Mary 
land,  before  the  Revolution,  was  paid  for  in  tobacco. 

The  colony  of  South  Carolina  maintained  itself  in  a 
rather  poor  way,  during  the  first  twenty-six  years  of 
its  existence,  chiefly  by  shipping  lumber  to  the  West 


FARMING    AND    SHIPPING    IN    THE    COLONIES.  QQ 

Indies,  and  by  making  tar  and  pitch.  But  there  was 
living  in  Charleston,  in  1696,  a  gentleman  named  Thomas 
Smith,  who  had  seen  rice  cultivated  in  Madagascar. 
One  day  when  a  sea-captain,  an  old  friend  of  Smith's, 
sailed  into  Charleston  Harbor  from  Madagascar,  Thomas 
Smith  got  from  him  a  bag  of  seed-rice.  This  was  care 
fully  sown  in  a  wet  place  in  Smith's  garden  in  Charles 
ton.  It  grew,  and  soon  Carolina  was  changed  into  a 
land  of  great  rice-plantations.  The  raising  of  rice  spread 
into  Georgia  when  that  colony  was  settled. 

In  1741  an  energetic  young  lady,  Miss  Eliza  Lucas,   Eiiza  Lucas  in- 

.",.,.  .        troduces   indigo- 

began  to  try  experiments  in  growing  the  indigo-plant  in  culture. 
South  Carolina.  A  frost  destroyed  the  first  crop  that 
she  planted,  and  a  worm  cut  down  the  next.  The 
indigo-maker  brought  from  the  West  Indies  tried  to  de 
ceive  her  afterward,  but  by  1745  this  persevering  young 
lady  had  proved  that  indigo  could  be  grown  in  South 
Carolina,  and  in  two  years  more  two  hundred  thousand 
pounds  of  it  were  exported.  It  was  a  leading  crop  for 
about  fifty  years,  but,  when  the  growing  of  cotton  was 
made  profitable  by  the  invention  of  the  cotton-gin,  that 
crop  took  the  place  of  indigo.  (See  Chapter  LX.) 

Indian  corn  the  settlers  got  from  the  Indians.     It  was  Indian  com, 
unknown  in  Europe.     From  it  was  made  the  most  of  the 
bread  eaten  by  Americans  before  the  Revolution.     It  was 
also  shipped  to  the  West  Indies  from  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina.     New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Penn 
sylvania  formed  the  great  wheat  region  of  the  colo 
nial   time.      These    colonies    sent    wheat,    flour,   and 
"  hard-tack "   bread   in  large  quantities  to  the   West 
Indies  and  the  countries  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
Many  thousands  of  great  country  wagons  were  em- 


*" 


FLAG    OF    NEW    YORK 
MERCHANT    SHIPS. 


1OO 


FARMING    AND    SHIPPING    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


ployed  in  bringing  grain  to  Philadelphia.  Potatoes  had 
been  brought  to  Europe  probably  from  South  America  ; 
but  they  were  unknown  to  the  Indians  in  what  is  now 
the  United  States.  They  were  taken  to  Virginia  at  the 
first  settlement  of  Jamestown.  Potatoes  were  not  plant 
ed  in  New  England  fields  until  1718. 

Cattle  and  hogs  were  brought  from  England  very 
early,  and  were  grown  by  thousands  in  the  colonies. 
For  the  most  part  they  ran  in  the  woods,  having  marks 
on  them  to  show  to  whom  they  belonged.  Many  cattle 
grew  up  without  marks  of  ownership,  and  were  hunted 
as  wild.  There  were  "  cow-pens  "  established  for  raising 
cattle  in  the  wilderness,  something  like  the  "  ranches  "  in 
the  Western  country  to-day.  The  horses  of  that  day 
were  small  and  hardy.  When  not  in  use  they  ran  at 
large  in  the  woods,  and  some  of  them  quite  escaped  from 
their  owners,  so  that  after  a  while  there  came  to  be  a 
race  of  wild  horses.  It  was  accounted  rare  sport  to 
ride  after  a  wild  horse  until  he  was  tired  out,  and  so 
to  capture  him. 

The  English  plow  of  that  time  was  very  heavy,  and 
drawn  by  six  horses  or  as  many  oxen.  Efforts  were 
made  to  introduce  this  to  the  colonies,  but 
it  was  not  suited  to  a 
new  country.  The  plow 
most  used  in  the  colo 
nies  was  a  clumsy  thing,  with  thin 
plates  of  iron  nailed  over  the  rude 
wooden  plowshares.  There  were  many  stumps  and  few 
plows.  All  the  tools  were  heavy  and  awkward. 

The  middle  colonies  raised  wheat,  the  colonies  on 
Chesapeake  Bay  tobacco,  and  the  Southern  colonies  rice 


FARMING    AND    SHIPPING    IN    THE    COL'ONJES. 


sea 


and  indigo  ;    but  the  soil  and   climate  of   New  England 
were  not  suited  to  any  agricultural  staple  of  great  value. 
So  the  New-Englanders  were  driven  to  follow  the 
They    built   immense   numbers    of   ships,  some   of 
which  they  sold   to    English    merchants ;    others 
they  used   in  fishing    for  codfish    and    mackerel. 
These  fisheries  became  very  profitable  to  them. 
When  the    Long-Islanders  discovered    the   art  of 

taking    whales    along 
the  coast,  the  New  England 
people   learned    it,   and    be 
came  the   most   prosperous 
whalers  in  the  world.     The 


The  Pirates.— Captain  William  Kidd, 
of  New  York,  was  sent  out  in  1695  to 
put  down  the  pirates  that  infested  the 
Indian  Ocean.  The  expense  of  his  outfit 
was  borne  by  certain  gentlemen  in  Amer 
ica  and  England,  who  were  to  share  his 
spoils.  Not  falling  in  with  any  pirates, 
he  took  to  piratical  ways  himself.  When 
he  came  back  to  America  he  was  arrested 
by  Lord  Bellemont,  Governor  of  New 
York  and  New  England,  and  sent  to 
London  for  trial  and  execution.  In  1717, 
Steed  Bonnet  and  Richard  Worley,  two 
pirates  with  their  crews,  had  taken  pos 
session  of  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River 
in  North  Carolina,  whence  they  commit 
ted  great  depredations  on  the  commerce 
of  South  Carolina.  Colonel  Rhett,  of 
South  Carolina,  pursued  Bonnet  into 
Cape  Fear  River,  and,  after  a  fight,  capt 
ured  him  and  thirty  of  his  men.  They 
were  tried  and  hanged  at  Charleston. 
Governor  Johnson,  of  South  Carolina, 
took  another  vessel  and  attacked  Richard 
Worley  and  his  pirates,  who  fought  until 
all  were  dead  but  Worley  and  one  man, 
and  these  were  taken,  desperately  wound 
ed,  and  hanged.  Blackbeard,  whose  real 
name  was  Teach,  had  his  refuge  also  in 
the  shallow  waters  of  the  North  Carolina 
coast.  A  little  more  than  a  year  after  the 
overthrow  of  Bonnet,  Lieutenant  May- 
nard  sailed  from  Virginia  and  fought 
Blackbeard  in  Ocracoke  Inlet.  After  a 
hand-to-hand  battle  all  the  pirates  were 
killed  or  wounded,  and  Maynard  sailed 
back  with  Blackbeard's  head  hanging  at 
his  bowsprit.  So  many  of  the  pirates  were 
captured  in  the  next  half-dozen  years 
that  they  gave  little  trouble  afterward. 


ENSIGN    CARRIED    BY 
NEW   ENGLAND  SHIPS. 


Fishing,   whal 
ing,    and    sea- 
F  r    ,  going  in  New 

products  of  their  fisheries  England. 
were  sent  to  many  coun 
tries,  and  New  England 
ships  were  seen  almost  all 
over  the  world.  Boston 
and  Newport  were  the  chief 
New  England  seaports. 

The  people  of  New  York  Trade  of  New 

.   .  ...       York  and  Phila- 

also  built  many  ships  which 
were  remarkable  for  their 
great  size  and  the  long  voy 
ages  they  made.  But  before 
the  Revolution  New  York 
was  not  so  large  a  town  as 
Boston.  Philadelphia,  which 
was  started  later  than  the 
other  leading  cities,  grew 
fast  and  became  the  greatest 
of  all  the  cities  in  the  colo- 


1O2 


'FARMING 'AND    SHIPPING    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


Pirates. 


PIRATE    BLACKBEARD, 

AS    SHOWN    IN    A 
>ICTURE    OF   THE    TIME. 


Questions    for 
study. 


nies.  But  Philadelphia  contained  only  about  thirty 
thousand  people  when  the  Revolution  broke  out. 

There  were  many  pirates  on  the  coast,  who  sometimes 
grew  so  numerous  and  bold  as  to  interrupt  trade.  Some 
of  them  were  caught  and  hanged.  Captain  Kidd,  of 
New  York,  who  was  sent  to  put  down  pirates,  became  a 

pirate  himself,  and  was  taken  to  London  and  there 
hanged.  The  most  noted  of  the  pirates  was  a  cruel 
desperado  called  Blackbeard,  who  was  killed  after  a 
bloody  fight  in  Ocracoke  Inlet  in  North  Carolina.  Steed 
Bonnet,  another  famous  pirate,  was  captured  about  the 
same  time  and  executed  at  Charleston. 


What  did  those  who  came  first  to  North  America  expect  to  find  ? 
When  they  failed  to  find  a  way  to  India,  or  gold-mines,  to  what  did  they 
look  for  profit  ?  What  was  the  character  of  their  first  plans  for  farming? 
In  what  kind  of  countries  is  the  raising  of  wine  and  silk  profitable  ? 
What  mistake  did  the  colonists  make  about  these  things  ?  Mention  some 
of  the  things  which  they  tried  to  cultivate.  What  is  the  name  of 

the  man  who  first  raised  tobacco  in  Virginia  to  send  to  England  ?  What 
was  the  name  of  Rolfe's  wife  ?  What  advantages  did  Virginia  have  for 
raising  and  shipping  this  plant  ?  What  was  the  principal  money  of  the 
Virginians  and  Marylanders  ?  How  did  the  colony  of  South  Caro 

lina  maintain  itself  at  first  ?  Where  had  Thomas  Smith  seen  rice 
growing  ?  How  did  he  get  his  seed-rice  ?  Where  did  he  sow  it  first  ? 
What  was  the  result  ?  Who  first  introduced  the  indigo-plant  into 

South  Carolina  ?  What  discouragements  did  she  meet  with  ?  What 
had  she  proved  by  1745?  What  was  the  result  ?  What  at  last  drove 
indigo  out  of  cultivation  ?  What  was  the  chief  bread  of  the 

colonists  ?  Where  did  the  colonists  get  the  Indian-corn  plant  ?  Had 
it  been  known  in  Europe  ?  From  what  colonies  was  Indian  corn  sent 
to  the  West  Indies  ?  What  three  colonies  constituted  the  great 

wheat  region  ?  Where  were  wheat  and  flour  sent  to  in  that  time  ? 

From  what  part  of  the  world  were  potatoes  taken  to  Europe  ?  Were 
they  known  to  the  natives  in  what  is  now  the  United  States?  How 
early  were  potatoes  first  planted  in  Virginia  ?  In  what  year  were  they 
first  planted  in  New  England?  Where  were  the  first  cattle  and 

hogs  in  this  country  brought  from  ?  How  were  they  raised  ?  Were  they 


FARMING    AND    SHIPPING    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


103 


numerous  ?  What  is  said  of  wild  cattle  ?  How  were  cattle  sometimes 
raised  away  from  settlements  in  the  wilderness  ?  What  were  these  ranches 
called  at  that  time  ?  What  was  the  character  of  the  horses  of  the 
time  ?  What  kind  of  a  plow  was  used  in  England  when  America 

was  first  settled  ?  What  kind  of  plow  was  commonly  used  in  America  ? 
What  was  the  general  character  of  the  tools  used  ?  What  drove 

the  New  England  people  to  follow  the  sea  for  a  living  ?  What  did  they 
do  with  the  great  numbers  of  ships  built  in  New  England  ?  What  kinds 
of  fish  did  they  catch  ?  Who  in  America  first  learned  to  take  whales  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  whale-fisheries  of  New  England  ?  What  of  the  trade 
of  New  England  ?  Which  were  the  chief  seaports  of  New  England  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  trade  of  New  York  in  colony  times  ?  What  of 
Philadelphia  ?  How  many  people  were  there  in  Philadelphia  before  the 
Revolution  ?  What  is  said  of  pirates  before  the  Revolution  ?  Where 
was  Captain  Kidd  executed  ?  Where  was  Blackbeard  killed  ?  Where 
was  the  pirate  Steed  Bonnet  executed  ? 

1.  Products.  Study  by  topics, 

a.  The  attempts  to  raise  silk,  wine,  etc.     b.  Tobacco,     c.  Rice. 
d.  Indigo,     e.  Indian  corn.    /.  Wheat,    g.  Potatoes, 

2.  Animals. 

a.  Cattle  and  hogs.     b.  Horses. 

3.  Implements. 

a.  Plows,     b.  Other  tools. 

4.  Commerce. 

a.  New  England  fisheries  and  commerce,     b.  Trade  of  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,     c.  The  pirates. 


Chief  wheat  region. 


New  York.  Blackboard. 

New  Jersey. 


Pennsylvania. 
(  Maryland. 
Chief  tobacco   region.    •<  Virginia. 

(  Northern  part  of  North  Carolina. 

(  South  Carolina. 

)  Southern  part  of  North  Carolina. 

Ship-building,  fisheries,  ) 

>•  New  England  colonies. 
and  trade.  } 

Point  out   on  a  map  the  location  of   Madagascar  and  Ocracoke   Inlet.      Point 
out  the  chief  wheat  region  in  colony  times.     The  chief  tobacco  region.     The  land    Geography. 
of  rice  and  indigo. 


104 


BOND-SERVANTS    AND    SLAVES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


Tenants. 


Bond-servants. 


ENGLISH  FARM  LABORER, 

SEVENTEENTH 

CENTURY. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 
Bond-Servants  and  Slaves  in  the  Colonies. 

WHEN  the  English  people  came  to  this  country  they 
brought  English  ways  with  them.  In  England  at  that 
time  the  lands  of  rich  men  were  cultivated  by  tenants, 
who  not  only  paid  rent,  but  owed  much  respect  and 
service  to  their  "  lord,"  as  they  called  the  owner  of 
their  lands.  If  these  tenants  did  not  pay  their  rent 
faithfully,  they  could  be  punished.  Many  of  the  peo 
ple  sent  to  Virginia  at  first  were  tenants,  who  were 
expected  to  work  on  other  people's  land  in  a  sort  of 
subjection.  They  were  to  pay  half  of  all  they  produced 
to  the  land-owner,  and  they  were  bound  to  stay  on  the 
land  for  seven  years.  Tenants  were  also  sent  to  Mary 
land,  and  the  Dutch  established  the  same  system  in 
New  York, 

Besides  tenants,  there  were  sent  to  Virginia  people  of 
a  poorer  class,  who  were  called  "indentured  servants." 
Those  sent  at  first  were  poor  boys  and   girls,  bound  to 
serve  until  they  were  of  age.     After  a  while  there  were 
sent  to  Virginia  and   to   New   England  adult  servants, 
bound   to  serve  for  seven  or  ten  years,  but  afterward 
they   were  only   required    to  serve   four   years   to    pay 
their  passage.      This   way   of    getting  laborers  became 
very  common,  and  many  thousands  were  sent  over  in 
this    temporary    bondage.      During    the    time    of    their 
bondage    they    could    be    bought   and    sold    like    slaves. 
They  were  often  whipped   and    otherwise  cruelly  treat 
ed  when  they  chanced   to  fall   into  the   hands  of   hard 
hearted  masters. 


BOND-SERVANTS    AND    SLAVES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


105 


There   were    people  in   England   at  that  time  called   "Spirits -and 

"crimps." 

"  spirits  "  and  "  crimps."  By  many  false  stories  they  per 
suaded  poor  men  to  go  to  the  colonies  as  servants. 
Sometimes  the  crimps  entrapped  a  man  aboard  ship, 
where  he  was  detained  and  carried  off  to  the  colonies 


KIDNAPPING    A    MAN    FOR    THE    COLONIES. 


against  his  will.  This  was  called  "  trapanning  "  a  man. 
Sometimes  they  kidnapped  or  "  spirited  "  away  children, 
and  sold  them  into  service  in  the  colonies.  Sometimes 
people  who  wished  to  inherit  an  estate  sent  away  the 
true  heir  and  had  him  sold  in  America.  One  lad,  who 


io6 


BOND-SERVANTS    AND    SLAVES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


Great  number  of 
bond-servants  or 
"redemptioners." 


Convict-servants. 


Introduction  of 
slaves. 


would  have  been  Lord  Annesley,  was  entrapped  on  ship 
board  by  his  uncle  and  sold  into  Pennsylvania.  He  was 
twelve  years  in  bondage,  after  which  he  returned  to 
England  and  proved  his  right  to  the  lordship,  though  he 
died  before  he  came  into  possession  of  it. 

Bond-servants  \vere  in  some  places  called  "  redemp 
tioners."  About  1670  fifteen  hundred  of  them  were  sold 
in  Virginia  every  year.  In  Pennsylvania  the  men  who 
took  'droves  of  redemptioners  about  the  country  and 
peddled  them  to  the  farmers  were  called  "soul-drivers." 
Many  of  the  bond-servants,  when  their  time  was  out,  got 
land  and  grew  rich.  But  the  lot  of  the  poor  man  was 
much  harder  in  that  time  than  in  our  day. 

The  English  laws  in  old  times  were  very  severe 
against  small  crimes.  A  man  could  be  hanged  for  steal 
ing  bread  to  satisfy  his  hunger.  Many  people  sentenced 
to  death  for  small  offenses  were  pardoned  on  condition  of 
their  going  to  the  colonies.  In  America  convicts  were 
sold  for  seven  years.  The  Americans  complained  bit 
terly  that  such  bad  people  were  forced  on  them. 

In  1619,  the  year  that  the  Great  Charter  reached  Vir 
ginia,  there  came  a  Dutch  ship  into  James  River,  which 
sold  nineteen  negroes  to  the  planters.  They  were  the 
first  slaves  in  America.  In  that  day  it  was  thought  right 
to  make  slaves  of  negroes  because  they  were  heathens; 
but  for  a  long  time  the  number  of  slaves  that  came  into 
the  colonies  was  small.  White  bond-servants  did  the  most 
of  the  work  in  Maryland  and  Virginia  until  about  the 
close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when  the  high  price  of 
tobacco  caused  a  great  many  negroes  to  be  brought. 
About  the  same  time  the  introduction  of  rice  into  South 
Carolina  created  a  great  demand  for  slaves. 


BOND-SERVANTS    AND    SLAVES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


icy 


SIR    JOHN    HAWKINS, 
THE  FIRST  ENGLISH  SLAVE-TRADER. 


There  were  slaves  in  all  the  colonies.  But  in  the  Distribution  of 
colonies  far  to  the  north  there  was  no  crop  that  would 
make  their  labor  profitable.  Negroes  in  New  Eng 
land  were  mostly  kept  for  house-servants.  In  New 
York  city  and  in  Philadelphia  there  were  a  great 
many,  but  not  many  in  the  country  regions  about 
these  cities,  where  wheat  was  the  chief  crop,  for 
wheat  did  not  require  much  hard  labor.  The 
larger  number  of  negroes  were  taken  to  the  colo 
nies  which  raised  tobacco,  rice,  and  indigo.  Ne 
groes  were  especially  fitted  to  endure  a  hot  and 
malarial  climate.  After  the  Revolution,  slavery 
was  abolished  in  the  colonies  that  had  few  ne 
groes.  But,  where  almost  all  the  labor  was  done  by 
slaves,  it  was  much  harder  to  get  rid  of  slavery.  This 
led  to  the  difference  between  free  and  slave  States,  and 
at  last  to  our  civil  war. 

The  slaves  at  first  did   not  speak   English,  and  they  character  of 

the  slaves.     In- 

practiced  many  wild  African  customs.  Some  of  them  surrections. 
were  fierce,  and  the  white  people  were  afraid  of  them. 
Great  harshness  was  used  to  subdue  them.  The  negroes 
often  made  bloody  insurrections,  which  were  put  down 
with  great  harshness.  One  of  these  was  in  New  York 
city  in  1712.  Twenty-four  negroes  were  put  to  death  on 
this  occasion,  some  of  them  in  the  cruel  ways  used  in  that 
time.  In  1740  there  was  an  uprising  of  slaves  in  South 
Carolina,  and  a  battle  between  them  and  the  white  peo 
ple,  in  which  the  negroes  were  routed.  In  1741,  on  a 
bare  alarm  of  intended  insurrection,  thirty-three  slaves 
were  executed  in  New  York,  thirteen  of  them  by  fire. 
Like  severity  was  shown  in  other  colonies,  for  people 
were  more  cruel  in  that  day  than  in  later  times. 


1O8  BOND-SERVANTS    AND    SLAVES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 

Questions  for  What  English  system  of  cultivating  land  was  brought  to  Virginia  at 

study-  the  first  ?     What  could  be  done  with  a  tenant  if  he  did  not  pay  his  rent? 

What  share  of  the  produce  of  the  land  did  the  tenant  pay  to  his  lord  ? 
How  long  was  the  tenant  bound  to  stay  on  the  land  ?  To  what  other 
English  colony  were  tenants  sent  ?  Where  did  the  Dutch  establish  the 
same  system  ?  What  other  class  besides  tenants  were  sent  to 

Virginia  ?  What  were  most  of  these  at  first  ?  What  other  servants 
were  after  a  while  sent  to  Virginia  and  New  England  ?  (What  is  the 
meaning  of  "  adult  "?)  How  long  \vere  these  adult  servants  bound  to 
serve  ?  Were  there  many  or  few  of  this  sort  ?  In  what  respect  were 
these  servants  like  slaves  ?  How  were  they  often  treated  ?  What 

was  the  business  of  the  people  called  "  spirits  "  or  "  crimps  "  ?  How 
did  they  sometimes  send  men  against  their  will  ?  What  was  this  called  ? 
How  did  they  procure  children  to  sell  to  the  colonists?  How  were  the 
heirs  to  estates  treated  in  some  cases  ?  Tell  what  happened  to  little 
Lord  Annesley.  What  were  white  bond-servants  called  ?  How 

many  of  these  were  yearly  sold  into  Virginia  about  1670?  What  were 
the  men  called  who  took  droves  of  redemptioners  through  Pennsylvania 
to  sell  ?  What  happened  to  many  of  these  servants?  What  was 

the  character  of  the  English  laws  against  small  crimes  at  this  time  ?  What 
was  done  with  some  of  the  people  who  were  sentenced  to  death  for  petty 
offenses?  How  long  a  time  were  the  convicts  sold  for?  What  did 
the  Americans  think  of  this  plan  of  sending  convicts  to  this  country  ? 
In  what  year  were  negroes  first  brought  to  Virginia  ?  By  what  kind 
of  a  ship  ?  What  other  notable  event  happened  in  Virginia  in  this  year? 
Why  was  it  thought  right  to  make  slaves  of  negroes  ?  Were  many 
negroes  brought  at  first  ?  Who  did  most  of  the  labor  ?  What  caused 
a  great  many  negroes  to  be  brought  to  Virginia  and  Maryland  about  the 
close  of  the  seventeenth  century  ?  What  caused  many  slaves  to  be 
brought  to  South  Carolina  near  the  same  time  ?  Why  were  there 

fewer  slaves  in  the  Northern  colonies  than  in  those  farther  south  ?  For 
what  were  slaves  mostly  kept  in  New  England  ?  In  what  two  cities  of 
the  middle  colonies  were  there  a  great  many  negro  slaves  ?  Were  there 
many  slaves  in  the  country  regions  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania? 
Why  not  ?  To  what  colonies  were  the  larger  number  of  negroes  taken  ? 
Why  was  it  easier  to  abolish  slavery  in  the  Northern  colonies  than  the 
Southern  ?  What  caused  the  difference  between  free  and  slave  States  ? 
What  war  grew  out  of  this  difference?  What  peculiarities  had 

the  negroes  when  they  first  came  ?  What  was  the  character  of  some  of 
them?  What  took  place  among  the  negroes  in  New  York  in  1712? 
How  many  negroes  were  put  to  death  ?  What  happened  in  South  Caro 
lina  in  1740?  What  took  place  in  New  York  in  1741?  How  many 
were  put  to  death  ?  How  were  some  of  these  executed  ?  In  what  way 
did  the  people  of  that  time  differ  from  people  in  our  day  ? 


BOND-SERVANTS    AND    SLAVES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


IOC) 


I.  White  tenants  and  servants. 

1.  Tenants. 

2.  Indentured  servants. 

3.  Trapanning  and  kidnapping. 

4.  Redemptioners  and  soul-drivers. 

5.  Convict-servants. 
II.  Negro  slaves. 

1.  The  first  slaves  in  1619. 

2.  Increase  of  slaves  after  1700. 

3.  Negro  slaves  at  the  North  and  at  the  South. 

4.  Character  of  the  negroes  and  their  treatment, 

5.  Negro  insurrections. 


Study  by  topics. 


CHAPTER    XIX. 


Laws   and  Usages  in  the  Colonies. 


OUR  forefathers  brought   many  curious  old   customs  Laws  against 
and   laws  from   England.      The  laws  of  that  time  were  and  sabbath- 
very  meddlesome.     Men  were  punished  for  lying,  which 
nowadays  we  think  is  only  to  be  cured  by  good  exam 
ple  and  good  teaching.     A  fine  was  imposed  on  profane 
swearing  by  the  laws  of  nearly  all  the  colonies ;  in  New 
England  the    tongue  of   the    swearer   was  sometimes 
pinched  in  the  opening  of   a  split  stick.      In  all  the 
colonies  there  were  laws  about  keeping  the  Sabbath  ; 
in    many  of   them    there   were    punishments    for  not 
going  to  church.     In  New  England  the  Sunday  laws 
were  rigorously  enforced,  and  the  Sabbath  was  made 
to  begin  at  sunset  on  Saturday  evening.     The  people 
were  at  first  called  to  church  by  beating  a  drum   in 
the  streets.     For  more  than  a  hundred  years  after  the 
settlement  of  Massachusetts,  people  were  not  allowed 
to  sit  in  Boston  Common  on  Sunday,  or  to  walk  in  the 
streets  except  to  church,  or  to  take  a  breath  of  air  on 


110 


LAWS    AND    USAGES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


a  hot  Sunday  by  the  sea-shore  directly  in  front  of  their 
own  doors.      Two  young  people  were  arrested  in  Con 
necticut   for  sitting   together  on    Sunday   under   a   tree 
in  an  orchard. 
Laws  against          jf    men    were    punished    for   swearing,   women    were 

scolding  and 

drunkenness,    also  forbidden    to    be    too  free   with    their   tongues.     In 

Virginia   and  -some   other  colo 
nies    women,    for    scolding    or 
slander,  were  put  upon  a  duck- 
ing-stool     and    dipped     in 
the  water.     In 
New    England 
they         were 
gagged      and 
set    by    their 
own     doors, 
?..    "for  all 


THE    DUCKING-STOO 


Other  curious 
punishments. 


comers 
and  go 
ers  to  gaze  at."  Drunkards  were  sometimes  obliged  to 
wear  a  red  letter  D  about  their  necks,  and  other 
offenses  were  punished  by  suspending  a  letter,  or  a 
picture,  or  a  halter  about  the  neck. 

Standing  with  the  head  and  hands  fast  in  the  pil 
lory,  to  be  pelted  with  eggs  by  the  crowd,  and  sitting 
with  the  feet  fast  in  the  stocks,  were  forms  of  pun 
ishment.  In  some  places  there  were  cages,  in  which 
criminals  were  confined  in  sight  of  the  people.  Pun- 


LAWS    AND    USAGES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


Ill 


ishments  in  the  pillory  and  stocks,  or  in  a  cage,  were  in 
flicted  on  some  occasion  of  public  concourse — a  lecture- 
day    or    a    market-day 
—to    make    the    shame 
greater.      More    severe 
than   stocks    or   pillory 
were  the    customary 
punishments  of  whip 
ping     on    the     bare 
back,    cropping    or 
boring      the      ears, 
and     branding    the 
hand  with    a    hot 
iron.    There  were 
also  sometimes,  for 
great    crimes,    cruel    pun 
ishments  of   burning   alive,  or 
hanging  alive  in  chains,   but  these   were  very   rare. 

Our  forefathers  were  more  superstitious  than  people  charms  against 

witches. 

are  now,  and  they  were  very  much  afraid  of  witches. 
This  foolish  belief  in  witchcraft  prevailed  both  in  Eng 
land  and  America.  People  sometimes  nailed  up  horse 
shoes,  or  hung  up  laurel-boughs  in  their  houses,  to 
protect  themselves  from  magic  charms.  When  but 
ter  would  not  come  for  churning,  red-hot  horseshoes 
were  dropped  into  the  milk  to  "  burn  the  witch  out." 
When  pigs  were  sick  and  thought  to  be  bewitched, 
their  ears  and  tails  were  cut  off  and  burned.  There 
were  people  tried  in  almost  every  colony  for  witch 
craft.  In  England  and  in  many  other  countries,  exe 
cutions  for  witchcraft  were  more  common  than  in  any 
of  the  colonies. 


THE    STOCKS. 


1  12 


LAWS    AND    USAGES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


The  Salem  witch 
craft  excitement. 


Religious  per 
secution  in  the 
colonies. 


Of  the  many  excitements  about  witchcraft  in  the 
colonies,  the  one  that  went  to  the  greatest  extreme  was 
that  in  Salem,  Massachusetts,  in  1692.  So  great  was 
the  agitation  that  the  most  serious  people  lost  their 
self-possession,  and  some  poor  people  even  believed 
themselves  to  be  witches,  and  confessed  it.  In  the 
fright  and  indignation  that  prevailed,  twenty  people 
were  executed,  and  the  jails  were  crowded  with  the 
accused.  One  fourth  of  the  inhabitants  of  Salem  moved 
away,  afraid  either  of  the  witches  or  of  being  charged 
with  witchcraft.  At  length  reason  returned  to  the 
people,  the  prisoners  were  released,  and  there  was 

the  deepest  grief 
that  the  fanati 
cism  had  gone  so 
far.  There  has 
never  been  an  ex 
ecution  for  witch 
craft  in  this  coun 
try  from  that  day 
to  this,  though 
there  are  still 
some  ignorant 
people  who  be 
lieve  in  such 
things. 

In  most  of  the 
colonies  there  was, 
at  some  time,  per 
secution  for  religious  opinions.  In  Virginia,  only  the 
Church  of  England  form  of  worship  was  allowed  at 
first,  and  Catholics,  Puritans,  Quakers,  Presbyterians, 


PUNISHMENT    OF    A    DRUNKARD. 


LAWS    AND    USAGES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


"3 


and  Baptists  were  persecuted.  In  Massachusetts,  for 
a  long  time,  only  the  Puritan  or  Congregational  wor 
ship,  as  set  up  by  law,  was  allowed.  Those  who 
advocated  other  doctrines  were  punished,  and  many 
Quakers  were  whipped,  and  some  of  them  even  put 
to  death  for  coming  back  after  they  had  been  ban 
ished.  Lord  Baltimore  wished  to  give  toleration  in 
Maryland  to  all  who  believed  in  Christ,  but  the  law 
makers  of  Maryland  afterward  made  laws  to  annoy 
those  who  were  of  Lord  Baltimore's  own  religion — the 
Roman  Catholic.  Roger  Williams,  who  was  banished 
from  Massachusetts  for  his  opinions,  founded  what  is 
now  called  Rhode  Island,  on  the  plan  of  entire  lib 
erty  in  religious  matters.  He  went  further  than  Lord 
Baltimore,  and  gave  to  Hebrews  and  to  unbelievers 
the  same  liberty  with  Christians.  In  Pennsylvania, 
where  the  Friends  or  Quakers  were  in  the  majority, 
there  was  toleration  ;  and  persecution  ceased  in  all 
the  colonies  before  the  Revolution. 


What  did  our  forefathers  bring  from  England  ?     What  difference  was    Questions  for 
there  between  their  treatment  of  lying  and  ours  ?     How  was  profane   study- 
swearing  treated  ?     What  kind  of  laws  were  there  in  all  the  colonies 
about  the  Sabbath  ?     And  in  nearly  all  about  church-going  ?     At  what 
time  did  the  New  England  Sabbath  begin  ?     What  examples  are  given 
of  the  strictness  of  the  Sabbath  law  in  Boston  for  more  than  a  hundred 
years  ?     What  example  is  given  of  the  law  in  Connecticut  ?  How 

were  women  punished  in  some  of  the  colonies  for  scolding  and  slander  ? 
How  were  they  punished  in  New  England  ?  How  were  drunkards  pun 
ished  sometimes  ?  How  was  a  man  punished  in  the  pillory  ?  In 
cages  ?  What  punishments  are  mentioned  as  more  severe  than  the  pil 
lory  or  the  cage  ?  What  very  cruel  punishments  were  sometimes  visited 
on  great  crimes  ?  What  is  said  of  the  superstitiousness  of  our 
forefathers  ?  What  did  people  do  in  former  times  to  keep  off  the  evil 
charms  of  witches?  When  they  thought  that  the  churning  of  milk  was 
bewitched,  what  did  they  do  ?  What  did  they  do  in  the  case  of  bewitched 


114  LAWS    AND    USAGES    IN    THE    COLONIES. 

pigs  ?  What  is  said  of  witchcraft  trials  in  nearly  all  the  colonies  ?  In 
England  ?  Where  was  the  worst  of  all  the  witchcraft  excitements  in 
America  ?  In  what  year  ?  What  was  the  effect  of  the  agitation  ?  How 
many  people  were  executed  ?  Were  these  all  who  were  accused  ?  What 
was  the  effect  on  the  population  of  Salem  ?  When  reason  returned  to 
the  people,  what  was  done  ?  How  did  they  feel  about  it  ?  Has  there 
ever  been  an  execution  for  witchcraft  in  this  country  since  ?  Was  relig 
ious  persecution  common  in  the  colonies  ?  What  form  of  religion  was 
established  in  Virginia?  What  denominations  were  persecuted  there? 
What  was  the  established  religion  in  Massachusetts  ?  What  was  done 
to  the  advocates  of  other  doctrines  ?  What  happened  to  Quakers  in 
Massachusetts  ?  What  did  Lord  Baltimore  wish  to  do  in  the  matter  of 
religious  toleration  ?  What  did  the  law-makers  of  Maryland  afterward 
do  ?  From  what  colony  was  Roger  Williams  banished  ?  What  colony 
did  he  found  ?  On  what  plan  did  he  establish  it  ?  How  did  he  go  fur 
ther  than  Lord  Baltimore  ?  Was  there  persecution  in  Pennsylvania  ? 
What  religious  denomination  held  control  there  ?  How  had  they  been 
treated  in  the  other  colonies  ?  What  change  took  place  in  the  matter  of 
persecution,  before  the  Revolution  ? 

Study  by  topics.  I.  Laws   against   lying,   swearing,   Sabbath-breaking,   scolding,  and 

drunkenness. 
II.  Old-fashioned  punishments. 

III.  Superstitions. 

1.  The  fear  of  witches. 

2.  The  Salem  witchcraft  delusion. 

IV.  Religious  persecution. 

1.  Persecution  in  Virginia. 

2.  Persecution  in  Massachusetts. 

3.  Lord  Baltimore's  plan  for  Maryland. 

4.  Roger  Williams  and  Rhode  Island. 

5.  Toleration  in  Pennsylvania. 


SECOND    REVIEW.— LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIES. 

First  Division  :  The  Indians  and  the  White  People. 

Indian  life.     (Chapter  XIII.) 

1.  Appearance  and  dress  of  the  Indians. 

2.  Their  houses,  furniture,  and  food. 

3.  Their  occupations  and  tools. 

4.  Their  trade  with  white  men. 


REVIEW    OF    LIFE    IN    THE    COLONIES.  11 J 

II.  Their  wars  with  the  white  people.     (Chapter  XIV.) 

1.  The  first  massacre  and  war  in  Virginia. 

2.  The  Pequot  war. 

3.  King  Philip's  war. 

4.  Bacon's  war  in  Virginia. 

5.  Wars  in  South  and  North  Carolina. 

III.  Methods  of  early  Indian  war.     (Chapter  XV.) 

1.  The  primitive  weapons  of  the  Indians. 

2.  Pikes,  matchlock-guns,  and  armor  of  the  white  man. 

3.  Change  of  arms  by  Indians  and  white  men. 

4.  Indian  modes  of  fighting. 

5.  Captives  among  the  Indians. 

6.  How  settlers  defended  themselves. 

Second  Division :   Life  and  Labor  among  the  Colonists. 

I.  Home-life  in  the  colonies.     (Chapter  XVI.) 

1.  Various  sorts  of  houses. 

2.  Furniture. 

3.  Food  and  drinks. 

4.  Dress. 

5.  Modes  of  travel  and  of  carrying  freight. 

6.  Education. 

7.  Amusements. 

II.  Farming  and  commerce  in  the  colonies.     (Chapter  XVII.) 

1.  Silk,  wine,  and  other  experiments. 

2.  Tobacco-raising. 

3.  Rice  and  indigo. 

4.  Corn,  wheat,  and  potatoes. 

5.  Cattle,  hogs,  horses. 

6.  Farming-utensils. 

7.  Commerce  and  fisheries. 

8.  Pirates. 

III.  Bond-servants  and  slaves.     (Chapter  XVIII.) 

1.  Tenants. 

2.  Bond-servants,  crimps,  etc. 

3.  Convict-servants. 

4.  Slaves,      a.   Introduction   of  them,    1619.      b.    Distribution    of 

slaves,     c.  Insurrections  and  punishments. 

IV.  Laws  and  customs.     (Chapter  XIX.) 

1.  Sabbath  laws. 

2.  Curious  punishments. 

3.  Laws  about  witchcraft.     The  Salem  excitement. 

4.  Persecutions  for  religion. 


n6 


THE    SPANISH    IN    FLORIDA. 


The  Spanish  col 
ony  in  Florida. 


Founding  of  Que 
bec  by  Champlain. 


CHAPTER    XX. 
The  Spanish  in   Florida  and  the  French  in  Canada. 

THE  English  were  not  the  only  people  who  had  colo 
nies  in  North  America.  The  Spaniards,  who  claimed 
the  whole  continent,  had  planted  a  colony  at  Saint 
Au'-gus-tine,  in  Florida,  in 
1565,  forty-two  years  be 
fore  the  first  permanent 
English  colony  landed  at 
Jamestown.  Saint  Augus 
tine  is  thus  the  oldest  city 
in  the  United  States.  But 
the  Spaniards  were  too 
busy  in  Mexico  and  in  Cen 
tral  and  South  America  to 
push  their  settlements  far 
ther  to  the  north,  though 
they  were  very  jealous  of 
the  English  colonies,  and 
especially  of  South  Caro 
lina  and  Georgia. 

The    French    laid    claim 
also    to    a     large     part    of 

North    America.      They 

tried   to  plant  a  colony 

in  Canada  in  1549,  and 
afterward  made  some 
other  attempts  that 
failed.  Quebec  [kwe- 
bec']  was  founded  by 


Spanish  Discoveries  in  Florida. — 
Ponce  de  Leon  [pon'-thay  day  lay-on ; 
commonly  in  English,  ponss  deh  lee'-on], 
an  old  Spanish  explorer,  set  sail  in  1513 
from  the  island  of  Porto  Rico,  to  discover 
a  land  reported  to  lie  to  the  northward  of 
Cuba,  and  which  had  somehow  come  to 
be  called  Bimini  [bee-mee-nee].  It  was 
said  to  contain  a  fountain,  by  bathing  in 
which  an  old  man  would  be  made  young 
again.  On  Easter  Sunday  Ponce  discov 
ered  the  mainland,  which  he  called  Flori 
da,  from  Pascua  Florida  [pas'-kwah  flor- 
ee'-dah],  the  Spanish  name  for  Easter 
Sunday.  In  1521  Ponce  tried  to  settle 
Florida,  but  his  party  was  attacked  and 
he  was  mortally  wounded  by  the  Indians. 
Florida  was  then  believed  to  be  an  island. 
After  his  death,  other  Spanish  adventur 
ers  explored  the  coast  from  Labrador 
southward,  and  even  tried  to  find  gold 
mines,  and  plant  colonies  in  the  interior 
of  the  country.  The  most  famous  of 
these  expeditions  was  that  of  Hernando 
de  Soto  [aer-nan'-do  day  so'-to],  a  Span 
ish  explorer,  who  reached  Florida  in 
1539.  He  marched  through  Georgia, 
Alabama,  and  Mississippi.  He  was  de 
termined  to  find  some  land  yielding  gold, 
like  Mexico  and  Peru.  But  he  treated 
the  Indians  cruelly,  killing  some  of  them 
wantonly,  and  forcing  others  to  serve  him 
as  slaves.  The  savages,  in  turn,  attacked 
him  again  and  again,  until  his  party  was 
sadly  reduced.  De  Soto  tried  to  descend 
the  Mississippi  River  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex 
ico,  but  at  the  mouth  of  the  Red  River 
he  died  of  a  fever.  His  body  was  buried 
in  the  Mississippi,  to  keep  the  Indians 
from  disfiguring  it  in  revenge.  A  few  of 
his  followers  reached  the  Gulf  and  got  to 
the  Spanish  settlements  in  Mexico. 


CHAMPLAIN, 


THE    FRENCH    IN    CANADA.  \\n 

a  great  French  explorer,  Champlain,  in  1608,  the  very 
year  after  the  English  settled  at  Jamestown.  At  Que 
bec  the  real  settlement  of  Canada  was  begun,  and  it 
was  always  the  capital  of  the  vast  establishments  of  the 
French  in  America. 

The  French,  like  the  English,  were  trying  to  find  the  French 

tions   in    the 

Pacific  Ocean,  and  they  were  much  more  daring  in  their  terior. 
explorations    than    the    English    colonists, 
whose    chief    business    was    farming.      A 
French    explorer   named  Joliet    [zhol-yay] 
reached  the    Mississippi  in    1673,  and   an 
other    Frenchman,    La  Salle    [lah-sahl], 
explored  the  great  country  west  of  the 
Alleghany    Mountains,    and    discovered 
the    Ohio.      After   many   disasters    and 
failures,  La  Salle  succeeded  in  reaching 
the  mouth  of  the   Mississippi.     Father  LA  SALLE- 

Hennepin,  a  priest,  explored  the  upper  Mississippi.  The 
French  then  laid  claim  to  all  the  country  west  of  the 
Alleghanies.  Over  the  region  they  established  posts  and 
mission-houses,  while  the  English  contented  themselves 
with  multiplying  their  farming  settlements  east  of  the 
mountains. 

When  La  Salle  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  Founding  of 

Louisiana   and 

he  took  possession  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  Louis  Of  French  posts 
XIV.,  and  called  it  Louisiana,  in  honor  of  that  king. 
The  settlement  of  Louisiana  was  begun  in  1699.  The 
French  held  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Mississippi,  the 
two  great  water-ways  of  North  America,  and  they  con 
trolled  most  of  the  Indian  tribes  by  means  of  mission 
aries  and  traders.  They  endeavored  to  connect  Canada 
and  Louisiana  by  a  chain  of  fortified  posts,  and  so  to 


THE    FRENCH    IN    CANADA. 


Weakness  and 
strength  of  the 
French    in 
America. 


FRENCH    GENTLEMAN 
OF   THE   TIME. 


The  French  in 
fluence  over  the 
Indians. 


A    MISSIONARY    PRIEST. 


hold    for    France    an  empire,  in  the    heart  of   America, 
larger  than  France  itself. 

But  the  weakness  of  the  French  in  America  lay  in  the 
fewness  of  their  people.  Canada,  the  oldest  of  their  colo 
nies,  was  in  a  country  too  cold  to  be  a  prosperous  farm 
ing  country  in  that  day.  Besides,  its  growth  was 
checked  by  the  system  of  lordships  with  tenants,  which 
some  of  the  English  colonies  had  also  tried.  But  in 
ferior  as  the  French  were  in  numbers,  they  were 
strong  in  their  military  character;  they  were  almost 
all  soldiers.  The  English  were  divided  into  colo 
nies,  and  could  never  be  made  to  act  together ;  but 
the  French,  from  Canada  to  the  Mississippi,  were  ab 
solutely  subjected  to  their  governors. 

The  French  were  also  rendered  terrible  to  the 
English  colonies  by  their  skill  in  controlling  the  Indians. 
The  great  business  of  the  French  in  Canada  was  the  fur- 
trade,  and  this  was  pushed  with  an  energy  that  quite  left 
the  English  traders  behind.  The  French  drew  furs  from 
the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  from  beyond  the  Missis 
sippi.  The  French  traders  gained  great  influence  over 
the  Indians.  The  English  treated  the  Indians  as  infe 
riors,  the  French  lived  among  them  on  terms  of  equality. 
The  French  also  gained  control  of  the  Indian  tribes  by 
means  of  missionary  priests,  who  risked  their  lives  and 
spent  their  days  in  the  dirty  cabins  of  the  savages  to 
teach  them  religion.  The  powerful  Iroquois  confederacy, 
known  as  the  "  Five  Nations,"  and  afterward  as  the  "  Six 
Nations,"  sided  with  the  English,  and  hated  and  killed 
the  French.  They  lived  in  what  is  now  the  State  of  New 
York.  But  the  most  of  the  tribes  were  managed  by  the 
French,  who  sent  missionaries  to  convert  them,  ambassa- 


THE    FRENCH    IN    CANADA. 

dors  to  flatter  them,  gunsmiths  to  mend  their  arms,  and 
military  men  to  teach  them  to  fortify,  and  to  direct  their 
attacks  against  the  settlements  of  the  English. 

The  wars  between  the  French  colony  in  Canada  and   subjects  of  dis 
pute  between  the 

the  English  colonies  in  what  is   now  the   United   States  French  and  Eng- 

lish  in  America. 

were  caused  partly  by  wars  between  France  and  England 
in  Europe.  But  there  were  also  causes  enough  for  enmi 
ty  in  the  state  of  affairs  on  this  side  of  the  ocean.  First, 
there  was  always  a  quarrel  about  territory.  The  French 
claimed  that  part  of  what  is  now  the  State  of  Maine 
which  lies  east  of  the  Kennebec  River,  while  the 
English  claimed  to  the  St.  Croix.  The  French 
also  claimed  all  the  country  back  of  the  Alleghanies. 
With  a  population  not  more  than  one  twentieth  of  that 
of  one  of  the  English  colonies,  they  spread  their  claim 
over  all  the  country  watered  by  the  lakes  and  the 
tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  including  more  than  half 
of  the  present  United  States.  Second,  both  France  and 
England  wished  to  control  the  fisheries  of  the 
eastern  coast.  Third,  both  the  French  and  the 
English  endeavored  to  get  the  entire  control  of  the 

COUREUR    DES    BOIS, 

fur-trade.  To  do  this  the  French  tried  to  win  the  OR  v 
Iroquois  Confederacy  to  their  interest,  while  the  English 
sought  to  take  the  trade  of  the  Western  tribes  away  from 
the  French.  Fourth,  the  French  were  Catholics  and  the 
English  mostly  Protestants.  In  that  age  men  were  very 
bigoted  about  religion,  and  hated  and  feared  those  who 
differed  from  them. 


LONG-HOUSE 
OF   THE    IROQUOIS. 


120 


THE    FRENCH    IN    CANADA. 


Questions  for 
study. 


FRENCH    CLAIM 
IN    THE    PRESENT 
STATE   OF    MAINE. 


When  did  the  Spaniards  plant  a  colony  in  Florida  ?  Whereabouts  in 
Florida  did  the  Spaniards  first  settle  ?  Which  is  the  oldest  city  in  the 
United  States  ?  How  long  before  the  settlement  at  Jamestown  was  St. 
Augustine  settled?  [Subtract  1565  from  1607.]  Why  did  the  Spaniards 
not  push  their  settlements  farther  to  the  north  ?  What  feelings  did  they 
have  about  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  ?  How  much  of  North  America 
did  Spain  claim  ?  Where  was  the  beginning  of  permanent  French 

settlements  in  America  made  ?  By  whom  was  Quebec  founded  ?  In  what 
year  ?  How  long  was  this  after  English  settlement  at  Jamestown  ?  What 
was  the  capital  and  center  of  the  French  establishments  in  America  ? 
What  were  the  French  trying  to  find  ?  How  did  their  explorations 
compare  with  those  of  the  English  ?  What  was  the  chief  business  of  the 
people  in  the  English  colonies  ?  W7ho  discovered  the  Mississippi  in 
1673?  Who  first  explored  the  Ohio  River?  Who  descended  the  Mis 
sissippi  to  its  mouth  ?  (What  large  city  is  now  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi?)  What  is  the  name  of  the  priest  who  first  explored 
the  upper  Mississippi  ?  To  what  part  of  this  country  did  the  French  lay 
claim  ?  What  did  they  establish  here  ?  What  were  the  English  colo 
nists  doing  at  this  time  ?  What  did  La  Salle  call  the  country  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  ?  In  honor  of  what  king  did  he  thus  call  it  ? 
When  was  the  settlement  of  Louisiana  begun  ?  Wrhat  two  great  water 
ways  did  the  French  control  at  this  time  ?  How  did  they  propose  to  con 
nect  Canada  and  Louisiana  ?  What  would  they  thus  hold  for  France  ? 
What  was  the  weakness  of  the  French  power  in  America  ?  Why  was 
Canada  not  a  prosperous  farming  country  ? 
What  held  its  growth  in  check?  How 
were  the  French  strong  ?  Which  were  the 
most  united,  the  English  or  the  French,  in 
America  ?  What  besides  this  rendered  the 
French  terrible  to  the  English  ?  What  was 
the  chief  business  of  the  French  in  Can 
ada?  From  how  far  to  the  west  did  they 
get  furs  ?  What  difference  was  there  in 
the  French  and  the  English  way  of  treat 
ing  the  Indians  ?  What  is  said  of  the  mis 
sionary  priests  ?  What  powerful  Indian 
nation  held  to  the  English  ?  How  did  the 
French  control  most  of  the  other  tribes  ? 
How  were  many  of  the  wars  between 
the  French  and  English  in  America 
caused  ?  But,  besides  these  quarrels  between  the  two  countries  in 
Europe,  there  were  causes  of  strife  in  America  :  what  is  the  first  one 
named  ?  What  part  of  Maine  did  the  French  claim  ?  (Look  on  the  map 
and  say  about  what  proportion  of  the  State  lies  east  of  the  Kennebec 


THE    FRENCH    IN    CANADA. 


121 


River.)  What  other  territory  did  they  claim  in  what  is  now  the  United 
States?  In  what  way  were  the  fisheries  a  source  of  enmity?  How  was 
the  fur-trade  a  matter  of  conflict  ?  How  did  the  French  try  to  get  entire 
control  of  it  ?  How  did  the  English  seek  to  get  it  ?  What  religious 
ground  for  opposition  between  the  two  was  there  ?  What  was  the  char 
acter  of  religious  differences  in  that  day  ? 

1.  The  Spanish  colony  at  St.  Augustine.     1565.  Study  by  topics. 

2.  The  French  colony  at  Quebec.     1608. 

3.  The  French  explore  the  Mississippi. 

4.  Louisiana  settled.     1699. 

5.  Weakness  and  strength  of  the  French  in  America. 

6.  French  influence  over  the  Indians. 

7.  Causes  of  war  between  the  French  and  English  in  America. 

St.  Augustine  in  —   —  was  planted  by  the  —  —  in  1565,  —  —  years  be-    Skeleton  sum- 

mary  (of  the 

narrative  part 

of  the  chapter). 


fore  Jamestown  was  settled.  The  oldest  city  in  the  United  States  is  -  . 
The  beginning  of  permanent  French  settlement  m  America  was  made  at 
—  in  --  ,  one  year  after  Jamestown  was  settled.  Quebec  was  founded 
by  --  .  The  Ohio  was  discovered  by  --  .  The  Mississippi  was  ex 
plored  to  its  mouth  by  ---  ,  who  called  the  country  --  after  Louis  XIV, 
king  of  France.  Louisiana  was  settled  in  --  .  The  French  controlled 
at  this  time  two  great  water-ways  from  the  sea  to  the  heart  of  the  conti 
nent  —  the  river  -  and  the  river  —  —  . 


St.  Augustine  )  (  Florida     }  (  Spaniards,  1565. 

Jamestown        >•    in    K  Virginia   >  founded  by  •<  English,  1607. 
Quebec  )  (  Canada    )  (  French,  1608. 


Blackboard  illus 
tration. 


PRESENT    TERRI 
TORY    OF   THE 
UNITED    STATES, 
SHOWING   BY  WHOM 
IT    WAS    CLAIMED 
BEFORE    1763. 


122 


THE    FRENCH    IN    CANADA. 


Geography.  Let  the  pupil,  on  a  map  of  the  United  States,  point  out  the  St.  Lawrence  and 

the  Mississippi,  as  two  roads  leading  to  the  heart  of  America.  Let  him  show  how 
the  French  and  Spanish  territory  quite  surrounded  the  English  colonies  on  all  but 
their  ocean  side,  and  stopped  their  growth  to  the  westward.  Point  out  Florida  and 
St.  Augustine.  Point  out  Quebec.  Point  out  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

Books  Parkman's  ' '  Pioneers  of  France  in  America. " 


"King  William's 
War  "  begun. 


CHAPTER    XXI. 
Colonial  Wars  with   France  and  Spain. 

THERE  were  four  wars  with  the  French  during  the 
colonial  time.  The  first  was  called  "  King  William's 
War,"  from  William  III,  King  of  England.  It  lasted 
from  1689  to  1697.  In  this  war  the  first  severe  blow 
fell  on  the  settlements  of  Maine,  where  the  Indians  in 
the  French  interest  attacked  the  settlers  in  June,  1689, 
paying  old  grudges  by  torturing  their  victims.  But  the 
French  did  not  escape.  The  Iroquois  Indians  were  in 
alliance  with  the  English,  and  had,  besides,  their  own 
reasons  for  taking  revenge  on  the  French.  In  this  same 
summer  of  1689  they  attacked  the  settlements  about 
Montreal  at  daybreak,  and  killed,  in  their  horrible  way, 
two  hundred  people,  and  carried  as  many  more  into 
captivity. 
French  and  The  French  replied,  not  by  assailing  the  Indians, 

Indians  attack  .  . 

schenectady  and  but  by  carrying  fire  and  massacre  into  the  province  ot 
New  York.  In  the  bitter  weather  of  January,  1690,  a 
party  of  one  hundred  and  ten,  French  and  Indians,  hav 
ing  traveled  through  frozen  forests  for  many  days, 
entered  Schenectady  [sken-ec'-ta-dy]  at  midnight  and 
massacred  sixty  of  its  people.  Those  who  escaped  fled 
half  naked  through  the  snow  to  Albany,  sixteen  miles 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    FRANCE    AND    SPAIN. 


123 


away.  Another  party,  from  Canada,  fell  on  the  settle 
ment  at  Salmon  Falls,  N.  H.,  and  a  third  carried  the 
like  horrors  to  Casco  Bay,  in  Maine.  All  the  people 
on  the  frontier  of  the  Northern  colonies  were  now  in 
terror. 

To   meet   the    danger,    some    sort    of    united    action  First  united 

action  of  the 

among  the  colonies  was  necessary.  A  congress  of  com-  colonies, 
missioners  from  several  colonies  met  in  New  York,  in 
1690,  and  planned  an  invasion  of  Canada.  In  accord 
ance  with  this  plan,  Sir  William  Phips  took  Port  Royal, 
in  Nova  Scotia.  Two  expeditions  were  sent  against 
Quebec :  the  one  from  New  York  and  Connecticut  went 
by  Lakes  George  and  Champlain ;  the  other,  from  Bos 
ton,  under  Sir  William  Phips,  was  sent  in  a  fleet  of 
thirty-four  ships.  The  land  expedition  was  a  failure, 
and  never  even  reached  Canada.  The  fleet  reached 
Quebec,  but  failed  to  capture  it. 

But  Peter  Schuyler,  of  Albany,  a  man  much  be 
loved  by  the  Iroquois,  who  called  him  "  Quider," 
led  an  expedition,  in  1696,  into  the  French 
settlements.  He  did  what  he  could  to  pre 
vent  Indian  cruelties.  But  the 
war  was  made  up  of  barbari 
ties  and  miseries  without  result, 
until  peace  between  France  and 
England,  in  1697, 


brought  a  little 
welcome  repose 
to  the  colonists 
of  both  nations, 
after  eight  years 
of  war. 


Colonel    Schuy- 
ler's  expedition 
against  the 
French. 


124 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    FRANCE    AND    SPAIN. 


Queen  Anne's         ln    \jQ2    began   the    war   known   as    u  Queen    Anne's 
War."      In    this   war  England   fought   against   Spain   as 
well  as  France.     South  Carolina  was  involved  in  a 
war  with    the    Spaniards  and   Indians  of    Florida, 
while    the     Northern    colonies     were    struggling 
against  Canada.     The   Governor  of    South   Caro 
lina   made  successful   inroads    upon  the   Florida 
Indians,  but   he    could    not   capture    St.   Augus 
tine.      Port    Royal,   in    Nova    Scotia,   was  again 
*f^f      taken    from    the    French    in    1710,    but    the    at 
tempts  made   to  take  Quebec  were  once  more  a 
failure.     The  war  was  chiefly  notable  for  the  hor 
rible  onslaughts  of  the   Canada   Indians  on  some    of 
the    towns   of    the    Northern    frontier.      Deerfield,    in 
western  Massachusetts,  was  destroyed  in  1704,  and  more 
than    a   hundred    of    its    people    carried    into    captivity. 
The  war  lasted  about  eleven  years.     A  treaty  was  made 
in    1713,  and  there   was   a   long   peace  between    France 
and   England.      But  the  intrigues  of  both  powers  with 
the    savages    continued,   and    New    England    had    many 
bloody  engagements    with    the    Indians    of    Maine,    who 
were  under  the  influence  of  the  French. 

In  1740,  during  a  war  with  Spain,  General  Ogie 
thorpe,  the  founder  of  Georgia,  tried  to  conquer  Flor 
ida,  but  the  fortifications  of  St.  Augustine  were  too 
strong  for  him.  Two  years  later  the  Spaniards  invaded 
Georgia,  but  Ogiethorpe  manoeuvred  his  little  force  with 
so  much  skill  as  to  lead  the  Spanish  into  ambuscades 
and  defeat  them  at  every  point. 

"  King  George's         In     1744    the    war    between     England     and     France, 

first  capture  of   known  as  "  King  George's  War,"  began.     At  that  time 

many  French  privateers  were  sent  out  to  plunder  New 


ogiethorpe  and 

the    Spanish    in 

Florida. 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    FRANCE    AND    SPAIN. 


ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


England  ships. 

^J  These  privateers  came  out 
of  Louisbourg  [loo-ee-boorg],  a 
French  stronghold  on  Cape  Breton 
Island.  Governor  Shirley,  of  Massachu 
setts,  sent  against  this  place  four  thousand  untrained 
New  England  militia.  They  were  commanded  by  a 
merchant,  and  their  officers  did  not  know  even  the 
meaning  of  military  terms.  But  they  made  up  in 
courage  and  enthusiasm  for  their  inexperience.  The 


126  COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    FRANCE    AND    SPAIN. 

Americans  had  few  cannon,  but  their  favorite  amuse 
ment  had  always  been  target-shooting,  and  the  deadly 
skill  with  which  they  used  their  muskets  made  it  almost 
impossible  for  the  French  to  work  their  guns.  The 
excitement  over  this  contest  put  a  stop  to  almost  all 
kinds  of  business  in  the  Eastern  colonies,  and  when  at 
length  the  powerful  fortress  surrendered  to  a  little 
army  of  farmers  and  mechanics,  there  was  no  end  of 
joy  in  New  England.  This  was  the  chief  victory  of 
the  war,  and  it  gave  the  American  troops  confidence 
in  themselves.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  in  1748, 
England  returned  the  place  again  to  the  French,  in 
exchange  for  advantages  elsewhere.  This  was  a  bit 
ter  disappointment  to  the  New-Englanders,  who  called 
the  day  of  its  surrender  a  "  black  day,  to  be  forever  blot 
ted  out  of  New  England  calendars." 


Questions  for          How  many  wars  were  there  with  the  French  during  the  colonial  time  ? 
u  y'  What  was  the  first  of  these  called  ?    In  what  year  did  it  begin  ?    In  what 

year  did  it  end  ?  (Subtract  1689  from  1697  :  about  how  many  years 
did  it  continue  ?)  Where  was  the  first  severe  blow  felt  ?  Who  at 
tacked  the  settlements  of  Maine  ?  How  did  the  Indians  of  Maine  pay  old 
grudges  against  the  settlers  ?  Who  struck  the  first  blow  against  the 
French  ?  How  many  people  did  the  Iroquois  kill  about  Montreal  ?  How 
many  did  they  take  prisoners  ?  How  did  the  French  reply  to  this 

blow  ?  What  town  did  they  attack  in  New  York  ?  What  became  of  the 
people  of  Schenectady?  What  place  was  attacked  by  another  party 
from  Canada  ?  Where  did  a  third  party  strike  ?  What  were  the  feel 
ings  of  people  in  the  frontier  towns  at  this  time  ?  What  was  necessary 
to  meet  the  danger?  Where  did  the  commissioners  from  the  various 
colonies  meet  ?  In  what  year  did  the  first  united  action  take  place  ? 
What  did  the  commissioners  plan?  What  place  was  taken  from  the 
French  by  Sir  William  Phips  ?  How  many  expeditions  were  sent 
against  Quebec  ?  By  what  route  did  the  troops  from  New  York  and 
Connecticut  try  to  go  ?  How  was  the  Massachusetts  expedition  sent  ? 
What  was  the  result  of  the  expedition  sent  by  the  lakes?  What  did 
the  fleet  do?  Who  led  an  expedition  into  the  French  settle- 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    FRANCE    AND    SPAIN. 


127 


ments  in  1696?  Where  did  Schuyler  live?  How  was  he  regarded  by 
the  Iroquois  ?  What  did  the  Indians  call  him  ?  What  did  he  do 
with  reference  to  Indian  cruelties  ?  But  what  was  the  character  of 
the  war?  In  what  year  did  France  and  England  make  peace? 
In  what  year  did  Queen  Anne's  War  break  out  ?  What  other  coun 
try  besides  France  did  England  have  war  with  at  this  time?  What 
colony  was  involved  in  a  struggle  with  the  Spaniards  ?  What  did 
the  Governor  of  South  Carolina  do  ?  What  town  in  Nova  Scotia  was 
taken  ?  What  was  the  result  of  a  new  attempt  to  take  Quebec  ?  For 
what  was  the  war  chiefly 
notable?  \Vhat  happened 
at  the  destruction  of  Deer- 
field  in  1704?  How  long 
did  the  war  last  ?  In 
what  year 
was  peace 
made  ? 
Was  this 


OLD    HOUSE   AT    OEERFIELD. 


a   long  or  short    peace? 
But  what  disturbed   the  re 
pose  of  the  colonies  during  this  peace  ? 

What  did  General  Oglethorpe  do  in  1740?     What  happened  when 
the  Spaniards  attacked  Georgia  ten  years  later?  In  what  year 

did  King  George's  War  begin  ?  From  what  port  were  French  pri 
vateers  sent  out  to  destroy  New  England  ships  ?  Where  was  Louis- 
bourg  ?  (Where  is  Cape  Breton  Island  ?)  How  many  men  did  Gov- 


128 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    FRANCE    AND    SPAIN. 


Study  by  topics. 


GEORGIA    AND    FLORIDA 

AS    THEY    WERE    IN 
OGLETHORPE'S    TIME. 


Geography. 


ernor  Shirley,  of  Massachusetts,  send  against  this  place  ?  What  kind  of 
men  were  they  ?  What  kind  of  officers  did  they  have  ?  How  did  these 
soldiers  make  up  for  their  inexperience  ?  What  had  been  their  favorite 
amusement  ?  What  was  the  effect  of  their  marksmanship  ?  When  the 
place  surrendered,  what  was  the  feeling  in  New  England  ?  What  pro 
portion  of  the  New  England  men  lost  their  lives  ?  What  was  the  effect 
of  the  victory  on  the  American  troops  ?  What  was  the  feeling  in  New 
England  when  Louisbourg  was  returned  to  the  French  in  1748? 


King  William's  War.     1689  to  1697. 

1.  The  first  blows. 

2.  The   attacks  on    Schenectady  and   other 

places. 

3.  The  attempt  to  take  Quebec. 
Queen  Anne's  War. 

1.  Florida  attacked  from  South  Carolina. 

2.  Attacks  on  Canada. 

3.  Massacres  on  the  Northern  frontier. 
Oglethorpe's  attack  on  Florida. 

The  third  French  war,  or  King  George's  War. 
1744  to  1748. 

1.  The  taking  of  Louisbourg. 

2.  Its  return  to  the  French. 


The  geographical  points  to  be  fixed  in  the  pupil's  mind  by  reference  to  maps  are — 
i.  The  French  claim  in  Maine.  (Is  the  region  east  of  the  Kennebec  about  two 
thirds  or  about  three  fourths  of  Maine  ?)  2.  The  French  claim  to  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  (Let  the  pupil,  after  examining  a  map  of  the  United  States,  decide  whether 
the  portion  of  our  country  drained  by  rivers  flowing  into  the  Mississippi  is  less  or 
more  than  one  half .)  3.  The  position  of  Cape  Breton  and  Louisbourg.  4.  By  what 
course  would  fleets  sailing  from  Boston  have  to  go  to  reach  Quebec  ?  5.  Let  the  pu 
pil  point  out  on  a  map  the  route  to  Canada  and  Quebec  by  the  way  of  Lakes  George 
and  Champlain.  6.  Relative  position  of  Georgia  and  Florida. 


\Vashington  sent 
to  protest  against 
the  French  forts. 


CHAPTER    XXII. 

Braddock's    Defeat  and   the    Expulsion    of   the 
Acadians. 

THE  French  made  use  of  the  years  that  intervened 
between  the  peace  of  1748  and  the  outbreak  of  hos 
tilities  in  1754  to  draw  a  line  of  posts  along  the  Ohio 


BRADDOCK  S    DEFEAT. 


129 


Washington's  Embassy.  —  The 
French  officers  were  very  much  impressed 
by  Washington,  and  showed  him  many 
courtesies,  though  they  tried  to  persuade 
his  Indians  to  leave  him.  On  his  return 
a  French  Indian  tried  to  kill  him  by  firing 
at  him,  and  then  pretending  that  his  gun 
had  gone  off  accidentally.  The  Indian 
was  caught,  and  Washington's  compan 
ion,  Gist,  would  have  killed  him,  but 
Washington  let  him  go.  But  he  and  Gist 
were  obliged  to  travel  on  foot  all  night 
and  all  the  next  day  to  avoid  pursuit. 
They  found  the  Alleghany  River  filled 
with  floating  ice.  They  tried  to  cross  on 
a  raft,  but  the  ice  caught  the  pole  with 
which  Washington  was  pushing  and  threw 
him  into  the  river.  He  caught  hold  of 
the  raft  and  drew  himself  out.  They 
were  obliged  to  pass  the  night  on  an  island, 
and  Gist  was  badly  frost-bitten.  Wash 
ington  got  back  to  Williamsburg,  the 
capital  of  Virginia,  in  January,  and  the 
story  of  his  adventures  and  of  the  French 
encroachments  agitated  the  Virginians. 


and  near  to  the  Allegha 
ny  Mountains,  intending  to 
confine  the  English  to  the 
country  east  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies,  and  to  secure  to 
themselves  the  whole  of 
the  great  interior  valley. 
This  was  especially  exas 
perating  to  Virginia,  which 
claimed  the  western  coun 
try.  George  Washington, 
then  a  young  man  of  twen 
ty-one,  who  had  already 
spent  much  time  on  the 
frontier  as  a  surveyor,  was 
sent  into  the  wilderness  by 

the  Governor  of  Virginia  as  an  ambassador  to  urge  the 
French  to  depart  peaceably.  This  errand  the  athletic 
and  cool-headed  young  man  accomplished,  in  spite  of 
great  hardships  and  dangers. 

In  the  next  year — 1754 — Washington  was   sent  as  a  Washington 

,  ,  -,          f  1-111          tries  to  expel 

major  at  the  head  of  some  troops  to  dislodge  the  the  French. 
French,  who  had  built  a  post  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio, 
where  Pittsburg  now  stands.  This  they  called  Fort 
Duquesne  [du-ken].  Washington  found  the  French  too 
strong  for  his  force,  but,  by  surprising  and  defeating  a 
skulking  party  of  them,  he  brought  on  the  war,  which 
the  French  wished  to  postpone.  Washington  was  him 
self  afterward  attacked  by  a  superior  force,  and  com 
pelled  to  capitulate  and  retire  from  the  disputed  ground. 
In  1755  General  Braddock,  an  English  officer, 
marched  from  Virginia  in  command  of  an  army  of  Eng- 


Braddock's 
expedition. 


130 


SHADDOCK'S  DEFEAT. 


Braddock 
attacked. 


lish  regulars  and  colonial  militia,  to  drive  the  French 
from  Fort  Duquesne.  Braddock  was  brave  and  honest, 
but  harsh  and  brutal  in  manners.  He  could  not  under 
stand  the  nature  of  a  war  in  the  woods.  Like  other 
English  officers  of  the  time,  he  despised  the  American 
militia  and  their  half-Indian  way  of  fighting. 

When   only    eight   miles    from    Fort    Duquesne,    the 
French  and    Indians  attacked    Braddock's  army.      The 

scarlet     coats     and 
•solid  ranks  were   a 
good     target,     and 
the     soldiers    were 
mowed    down     by 
the     deadly     fire 
that    came    from 
trees   and    gullies 
where  no  enemy 
was   to    be    seen. 
The     British 
soldiers, 


YOUNG   WASHINGTON 
RALLYING    BRADDOCK'S    TROOPS. 


though 
brave  enough, 
were  unused 
to  such  war 
fare,  and  unable  to  do  anything  to  repel  the  unseen  foe. 
After  standing  huddled  together  for  three  hours,  they 
broke  and  fled.  The  Virginians,  whom  Braddock  had 


BRADDOCK  S    DEFEAT. 

despised,  had  stood  their  ground  for  a  while,  fighting 
behind  trees  like  the  Indians ;  but  Braddock,  esteem 
ing  this  cowardly,  ordered  them  to  "  come  out  in  the 
open  field  like  Englishmen,"  and  even  struck  some  of 
them  with  the  back  of  his  sword. 

General  Braddock  exposed  himself  fearlessly.  He  Braddock  defeat- 
had  four  horses  killed  under  him,  and  was  on  the  fifth 
when  he  was  mortally  wounded.  George  Washington, 
who  was  the  only  officer  on  Braddock's  staff  not  killed  or 
wounded,  behaved  with  admirable  courage.  He  had 
two  horses  shot  under  him,  and  four  bullets  pierced  his 
clothes.  Nearly  all  the  officers  of  Braddock's  army  were 
killed  or  wounded,  and  the  soldiers  who  escaped  the 
slaughter  fled  back  to  Fort  Cumberland  in  a  wild  panic. 

In  the  same  summer  with  Braddock's  defeat  came  the  Expulsion  of  the 

r      .          Acadians. 

removal  of  the  Acadians.  Acadia  was  the  name  of  the 
region  now  included  in  the  provinces  of  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick.  It  had  been  settled  by  the  French 
about  one  hundred  years  when  the  English  conquered  it 
in  1710,  during  Queen  Anne's  War.  The  people  were  a 
very  ignorant  peasantry,  who  continued  to  speak  French 
and  to  take  sides  secretly  with  their  own  nation  in  every 
struggle  between  the  two  countries,  though  they  had 
lived  forty-five  years  under  English  rule.  In  this  war 
the  hard  resolution  was  taken  to  scatter  the  Acadians 
through  the  various  English  colonies.  They  were  seized 
and  put  on  board  vessels  and  sent  away  ;  their  houses 
and  barns  were  burned,  and  their  lands  confiscated. 
Some  of  them  got  to  Louisiana,  some  to  Canada,  and 
some,  after  great  hardships,  made  their  way  back  to 
Acadia  ;  others  were  scattered  in  various  places,  and  their 
sufferings  have  excited  pity  even  to  our  own  times,  and 


EXPULSION    OF    THE    ACADIANS. 


SIR    WILLIAM    JOHI 

Battle  of  Lake 
George.     Failure 
of  Johnson's  and 
Shirley's  expedi 
tions. 


Bad  management 
of  the  war. 


Capture  of  Fort 
William  Henry, 
and  massacre  of 
part  of  the  gar 
rison. 


have    been   made   the  subject  of    Longfellow's  poem  of 
"  Evangeline." 

Almost   the    whole   of   this   year's   operations  of   the 
British  and  colonial  troops  ended  in  failure.      Sir 
William  Johnson  was  sent  to  capture  Crown  Point, 
a    French    fort    on    Lake    Champlain.      His    raw 
forces   succeeded   in    beating   off   the    French   in 

i>  the  battle  of  Lake  George,  but  Johnson,  who 
was  no  soldier,  did  not  even  attempt  to  go  far- 
ON.  ther,  and  Crown  Point  was  not  attacked.  Gen 
eral  Shirley  set  out  to  capture  the  French  fort  at  Niag 
ara,  but  he  was  outgeneraled  by  the  French,  and  did 
not  reach  it. 

The  statesmen  who  governed  in  England  at  this  time 
were  very  incompetent.  The  colonies  were  divided  by 
factions  and  jealousies,  and  the  war  in  America  was  car 
ried  on  with  half-heartedness  and  stupidity. 

Lord  Loudon  [low'-den]  was  sent,  in  1756,  to  com 
mand  the  troops  in  America.  He  laid  siege  to  Louis- 
bourg  in  1757,  but  failed  to  take  it.  For 
this  movement  he  drew  away  many  of 
the  troops  that  had  protected  the  New 
York  frontier.  Aware  of  this,  the 
French,  under  Montcalm  [mont-cahm], 
besieged  and  captured  Fort  William 
Henry,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake 
George.  By  the  terms  of  capitulation 
the  colonial  troops  were  to  be  allowed 
to  return  home,  but  after  they  had  surrendered  the 
fort  the  Indian  allies  of  the  French  fell  on  them 
and  killed  a  great  many.  Others  they  seized  and  car 
ried  off. 


LORD    LOUDON. 


BRADDOCK  S    DEFEAT. 


'33 


MAP  ILLUSTRATING 
THE 

FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WARS 


HOW      did      the     Questions  for 

French  make  use  of  study- 
the  years  of  peace  that 
followed  King  George's 
War?  What  did  they  wish 
to  secure  ?  What  colony  claimed 
the  country  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  ?  Who  was.  sent  into  the 
wilderness  by  the  Governor  of  Vir 
ginia  ?  What  was  he  sent  for  ?  The 
following  year  Washington  was  again 
sent  into  the  wilderness :  in  what  ca 
pacity  ?  What  was  he  expected  to  do  ?  Where  had  the  French  built 
a  fort  ?  What  did  they  call  it  ?  Why  did  not  Washington  succeed  in 
dislodging  the  French  ?  What  did  he  do  to  a  skulking  party  ?  What 
was  the  effect  of  this  ?  Did  the  French  wish  for  war  at  this  time  ?  When 
the  French  attacked  Washington,  what  was  the  result  ?  Who  com 

manded  an  expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne  in  1755  ?  What  kind  of  a 
man  was  General  Braddock  ?  What  kind  of  a  war  was  it  that  he  could 
not  understand  ?  How  did  he  regard  the  American  militia  ?  How  did 
he  have  them  drilled  ?  How  far  was  he  from  Fort  Duquesne  when  he 
was  attacked  ?  By  whom  was  he  attacked  ?  What  made  Braddock 's 
men  good  targets  ?  What  did  the  British  soldiers  do  ?  What  did  the 
Virginians  do  ?  Why  would  not  General  Braddock  let  them  fight  from 
behind  trees  ?  How  did  Braddock  behave  ?  What  was  his  fate  ?  How 
did  Washington  behave  ?  What  was  the  fate  of  nearly  all  the  officers  ? 
What  became  of  the  remainder  of  the  army?  What  region  of 

country  was  called  Acadia  ?     How  long  had  the  French  been  settled 


>34 


BRADDOCK  S    DEFEAT. 


Study  by  topics. 


there  when  the  English  conquered  it  ?     In  what  war  was  it  taken  from 
the  English  ?     What  sort  of  people  were  the  Acadians  ?     Which  side  did 
they  take  secretly  in  the  wars  between  the  two  countries  ?     How  long 
did  they  live  under  Eng 
lish     rule     in     Acadia? 
What    hard    resolution 
was  taken  ?     What  was 
done  with  them  ?    WThat 
was     done    with     their 
houses  ?      What    dispo 
sition  was  made  of  their 
lands  ?      (What    is    the 
meaning    of    the    word 
confiscated  ?)     What   became   of  the   Aca 
dians  ?     What  poem  treats  of  their  sorrows  ? 

What  French  post  did  Sir  William  John 
son  try  to  capture  ?  On  what  lake  is  Crown 
Point  ?  In  what  battle  did  Johnson's  troops 
beat  the  French  ?  Did  Johnson  attack 
Crown  Point  ?  What  fort  did  General 
Shirley  try  to  capture  ?  Did  he  succeed  ? 

What  kind  of  statesmen  were  those  in 
power  in  England  at  this  time  ?  What  was 
the  state  of  the  colonies  ?  How  was  the 


THE  DOTTED  LINE  SHOWS  BRADDOCK'S 
MARCH  FROM  FORT  CUMBERLAND, 
ON  THE  POTOMAC,  TOWARD  FORT 
DUQUESNE. 


American  war  carried  on  ? 
Who  was  sent  to  take  command  in  1756? 
What  French  stronghold  did  he  besiege? 
(Who  had  taken  Louisbourg  from  the  French 
before  ?  When  had  it  been  given  back  ?  See 
Chapter  XXI.)  What  advantage  did  the 
French  take  of  the  weakening  of  the  forces 
on  the  New  York  frontier  ?  Who  command 
ed  the  French  when  they  took  Fort  William 
Henry  ?  What  were  the  colonial  troops  to  be 
allowed  to  do  ?  But  what  happened  after  the 
surrender  ? 

What  can  you  tell  about — 

1.  The  beginning  of  the  war. 

2.  Braddock's  defeat. 

3.  The  removal  of  the  Acadians. 

4.  The  failure  to  take  Crown  Point  and 

Niagara. 

5.  The  surrender  of  Fort  William  Henry, 

and  the  treachery  that  followed. 


BRADDOCK'S  DEFEAT. 


135 


A  young  man  named  -  —  was  sent  to  protest  against  the  occupation    Skeleton  sum- 

of  the  country  west  of  the  Alleghanies  by  the .     Washington  was    mary- 

afterward  sent  to  drive  the  French  from  Fort ,  at  the  forks  of  the 

River ,  where  the  city  of—  —  now  stands,  but  was  forced  to  retire. 

In  1755  General marched  against  Fort  Duquesne.    He  was  attacked 

and  his  army .     Braddock  was .     The  —  —  were  removed  from 

their  homes  in  the  same  year.     Sir  William  Johnson  defeated  the  French 

in  the  battle  of  Lake ,  but  failed  to  take  the  fort  at .     General 

Shirley  failed  to  take  the  fort  at .     In   1757  Lord  Loudon  laid  siege 

to ,  but  failed  to  take  it.     The  French  general,  Montcalm,  attacked 

Fort ,  on  Lake ,  and  captured  it. 

The  various  works  of  Francis  Parkman  for  a  history  of  the  French  in  Canada 
and  their  wars,  and  Irving's  "  Life  of  Washington."  Books. 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 
Fall  of  Canada. 

WILLIAM    PITT,  afterward    Earl   of  Pitt  conducts 
Chatham,    became    Prime    Minister    of  France  with 
England.      He  made  great  changes  in  Vlgor 
the   conduct  of   the    war   in    America. 
He  was  resolved,  indeed,  to  take  Can 
ada,  and  to  drive   the    French  out  of 
America.      He  chose   his  commanders 
with  care,  and  from  the  time  he  came 
to  power  the  English  colonies  began  to  feel  some  hope 
of  getting  rid  of  the  enemy  that  had  so  long  sent  the  In 
dians,  like  wolves,  to  destroy  the  defenseless  settlements. 

In     1758    the    English,    under    Amherst, 
again  laid  siege   to   Louisbourg,  that  great 
fortress    which    New-Englanders    had    once 
captured.     After  a  siege  by  sea  and   land, 
lasting     nearly     two     months,     and     much 
hard   fighting,   the  town  surrendered. 


Capture    of 
Louisbourg  by 
Amherst.     1758. 


i36 


FALL    OF    CANADA. 


Capture  of  Fort 
Frontenac. 


General  Forbes 
obliges  the 
French  to  aban 
don  Fort  Du- 
quesne.     Pitts- 
burg  founded. 


Defeat  of  the 
English    at 
Ticonderoga. 


In  September  of  this  same  year  the  French  fort, 
called  Frontenac,  which  stood  where  the  town  of  Kings 
ton  in  Canada  now  stands,  and  controlled  Lake  Ontario, 
was  taken  by  an  English  expedition. 

General  Forbes,  though 
so  sick  with  a  painful  and 
mortal  illness  that  he  had 
to  be  carried  on  a  litter, 
cut  a  road  through  the 
thick  forests  on  the  Penn 
sylvania  mountains,  marched 
to  the  Ohio,  and  forced  the 
French  to  abandon  Fort 
Duquesne.  The  English 
established  a  fort  here  and 
called  the  place  Pittsburg, 
in  honor  of  the  great  prime 
minister  who  had  turned 
the  current  of  the  war  from 
defeat  to  victory. 

The  English  army  in 
America  suffered  one  con 
siderable  defeat  at  Fort 
Ticonderoga,  on  Lake 
Champlain.  General  Aber- 
cromby  had  sailed  down 
Lake  George  and  marched 
through  the  woods  to  at 
tack  Montcalm,  at  Ticon 
deroga.  The  English  and 
colonial  troops  tried  to  car 
ry  the  French  works  by 


Robert  Rogers  and  the  Rangers.— 

The  perils  of  the  frontier  led  to  the  for 
mation  of  companies  of  rangers,  who 
fought  the  Indians  in  their  own  way. 
Robert  Rogers  became  very  famous  for 
his  daring  expeditions  in  the  region  about 
Lake  George.  He  had  many  desperate 
fights  with  the  French.  He  and  his  men 
journeyed  on  skates  or  snow-shoes  in 
winter,  and  in  light  whale-boats  or  afoot 
in  summer.  His  main  objects  were  to 
capture  prisoners  for  information  and  to 
annoy  the  enemy.  Once,  with  fifty  men, 
he  carried  his  light  whale-boats  six  miles 
over  a  mountain-gorge,  from  near  the 
middle  of  Lake  George  to  the  waters  of 
Lake  Champlain,  and  then  rowed  with 
muffled  oars  under  the  French  fort  at 
Ticonderoga,  so  close  as  to  hear  the  sen 
tries  give  the  watchword,  and  then  passed 
the  fort  at  Crown  Point  in  the  same  way. 
He  captured  and  sunk  two  sloops  laden 
with  provisions,  hid  his  boats,  and  got 
back  afoct  to  Lake  George.  Then  he 
returned  and  reconnoitred  Lake  Cham- 
plain  in  his  boats,  captured  some  prison 
ers,  and  again  hid  his  boats.  This  time 
the  French  found  his  boats,  and  sent  out 
scouts  to  find  some  water-passage  by 
which  the  boats  could  have  come  into 
Lake  Champlain,  not  suspecting  that  they 
could  have  been  carried  over.  Rogers, 
with  five  men,  once  walked  coolly  up  to 
a  sentinel  near  the  French  fort.  When 
challenged,  he  answered  in  French. 
Then,  when  he  had  got  near  the  sentinel, 
and  the  latter  demanded,  in  amazement, 
u  Who  are  you  ?  "  He  answered,  "  Rog 
ers,"  and  took  him  prisoner.  There  is  a 
tradition  that,  in  escaping  from  the  In 
dians,  he  threw  his  packs  down  a  steep 
rock  to  the  ice  on  Lake  George,  and 
then  turned  round  on  his  snow-shoes  and 
walked  away.  The  Indians,  seeing  the 
tracks,  believed  that  two  men  had  slid 
down  the  frightful  slope.  The  place  is 
still  known  as  "  Rogers's  Slide." 


PALL    OF    CANADA. 


»37 


assault,  but  after  several  repulses  they  retreated  in  a 
panic  to  their  boats,  and  sailed  back  to  the  fort  at  the 
south  end  of  Lake  George. 


ROGERS'S    SLIDE,    LAKE    GEORGE. 


But  the  English  successes  in  1758  pushed  the  French   Decline  of  the 

.  French    power 

in  America  far  toward  ruin.  Louisbourg,  the  great  in  America. 
French  stronghold,  from  which  privateers  Avere  sent  out, 
was  gone,  and  by  the  fall  of  Fort  Duquesne  and  Fort 
Frontenac  the  routes  from  Canada  to  Louisiana  were 
cut  off.  The  fur-trade  of  Canada  was  destroyed,  and 
the  Indians  of  the  interior  were  no  longer  willing  to 
come  to  the  support  of  the  French,  seeing  the  English 
in  possession  of  the  main  roads  into  their  country. 

During    the    siege   of    Louisbourg,   Wolfe,    a   young   woife  attacks 

Quebec. 

brigadier-general,  had  attracted  much  attention  by  the 
energy  and  daring  of  his  operations.  He  was  sent  by 
Pitt  to  take  Quebec,  if  such  a  thing  were  possible. 


'38 


FALL    OF    CANADA. 


Wolfe   scales 
the  Heights  of 
Abraham. 


Quebec  is  on  a  high,  steep  bluff,  overlooking  the  St. 
Lawrence  where  that  river  is  narrow,  and  the  natural 
strength  of  the  fortress  is  very  great.  All  through  July 
and  August  of  1759,  Wolfe's  army  and  the  English 
fleet  tried  in  vain  to  find  a  weak  spot  in  the  de 
fenses  of  the  Canadian  stronghold,  but  the  fortress 
c  frowned  on  them  from  its  inaccessible  heights.  In 
several  attacks,  made  at  various  points,  the  Eng 
lish  were  repulsed.  As  the  season  of  storms  was 
coming  on,  and  the  fleet  must  soon  leave,  even  Wolfe 
began  to  despond.  But,  in  spite  of  sickness  and  pain, 
this  heroic  man  roused  his  army  to  make  one  more 
attempt.  Meantime  Montcalm,  who  commanded  the 
French  forces,  was  extremely  vigilant.  He  kept  his 
horses  saddled  day  and  night  to  ride  to  any  point 
that  might  be  assailed,  and  he  did  not  take  off  his 
clothes  for  nearly  three  months. 

Wolfe  put  his  men  in  boats  and  dropped  down,  in 
the  night,  from  the  fleet  above  the  town  to  a  little 
bay,  now  known  as  Wolfe's  Cove.  Twenty-four  vol 
unteers  climbed  the  steep  precipice  by  a  rough  path 
and  drove  off  the  guard  at  the  top. 
was  heard,  the  whole  force  landed  and 
clambered  up  the  rocky  steep,  hold 
ing  by  bushes.  When  morning  came, 
the  British  soldiers  were  in  line  of 
battle  on  the  "  Plains  of  Abraham," 
less  than  a  mile  from  Quebec,  where 
the  French  must  fight  or  have  their 

SUpplieS      CUt      Off.  MONTCALM. 

Montcalm  attacked   immediately,  but  his  ranks  were 
broken    bv   the    steady    English    fire,   and    Wolfe    led   a 


When    firing 


FALL    OF    CANADA. 


139 


charge  in  per 
son.    Though 
twice  wound 
ed  by  bullets, 
Wolfe     kept 
on      until     a 
shot    entered 
his  breast,    in 
flicting  a  mortal  wound. 
When    told    that    the    enemy 
were   fleeing    everywhere,    he 
said,  "  Now,  God    be  praised, 
I    die    in    peace ! "      Mont- 
calm,    who   was   also   mor-     ^ 
tally    wounded,    said,    "  I 
am   happy  that   I   shall  not 
live   to    see   the    surrender 
of  Quebec." 

Quebec     soon     capitulated, 
and   the   fate   of   Canada   was 
sealed.     The  French  attempt 
ed    to    retake    the     city    in 
vain.     The  taking  of    Mont 
real,     in      1760,      completed 
the     conquest    of     Canada 
by  the  English.     By  the 
Treaty   between  Eng 
land     and     France, 
made    in     1763,    all 
the     French      pos 
sessions  in  Amer 
ica    east    of    the 


Fall  of  Que 
bec,   1759. 
Canada 
ceded  to  the 
English, 
1760. 


140 


FALL    OF    CANADA. 


Rejoicing  in 
the  colonies. 


Questions  for 
study. 


Mississippi,  except  a  district  around  New  Orleans,  were 
ceded  to  England. 

The  joy  in  the  colonies  knew  no  bounds.  The  peo 
ple  had  seen  their  shipping  cut  off  by  privateers,  their 
property  wasted  by  taxation,  their  paper  money  depre 
ciated,  and  their  young  men  destroyed  by  almost  con 
tinual  war.  The  frontiers  had  been  desolated  by  the 
Indians,  under  French  influence,  for  three  quarters  of  a 
century.  Now  they  looked  forward  to  peace,  and  the 
expansion  of  the  English  settlements  in  America  into  a 
vast  empire. 


OF    QUEBEC. 


What  was  the  name  of  the 
new  Prime  Minister  of  England 
who  made  great  changes  in  the 
conduct  of  the  war  in  America  ? 
What  was  he  resolved  to  do  ?  How  did  he  choose 
his  commanders  ?  How  did  the  colonists  feel  after  he  came  to  power  ? 
In  what  year  did  the  English  again  lay  siege  to  Louisbourg  ?  Under 
what  general  ?  By  what  troops  had  it  been  once  taken  ?  How  did  it 
come  back  into  French  hands?  (See  page  126.)  How  long  did  the 
siege  of  Louisbourg  under  Amherst  continue  ?  What  was  the  result  ? 


FALL    OF    CANADA. 


141 


Why  was  Gen- 


What  French  fort  controlled  Lake  Ontario  ?  \Vhat  Canadian  town 
is  now  situated  where  Fort  Frontenac  stood  ?  What  happened  to  Fort 
Frontenac  in  September,  1758?  W7hat  general  had  a  road  cut 

through  the  forests  on  the  Pennsylvania  mountains  ? 
eral  Forbes  car 
ried  on  a  litter  ? 
What  did  he  force 
the  French  to  do  ? 
What  city  now 
stands  on  the 
site  of  old  Fort 
Duquesne  ?  In 
whose  honor  was 
Pittsburg  named  ? 
Why  was  Pitt 
honored  in  Amer 
ica  ?  Where 
did  the  English 
suffer  defeat  in 
1758  ?  What 
English  general 
sailed  down  Lake 
George  ?  \Vhat 
fort  did  he  at 
tack  ?  What  French  general  commanded  at  Ticonderoga  ?  How 
did  the  English  try  to  carry  the  French  works  ?  What  was  the  re 
sult  ?  To  what  place  did  the  English  retreat  ?  What  was  the 
effect  on  Canada  of  the  English  successes  in  1758  ?  What  was  the 
effect  of  the  loss  of  Louisbourg  ?  How  had  the  routes  from  Canada  to 
Louisiana  been  cut  off?  What  was  the  effect  on  the  fur-trade?  Why 
were  the  Indians  of  the  interior  no  longer  willing  to  come  to  the  support 

of  Canada  ?  How  had 

General  Wolfe  attracted  at 
tention  ?  What  was  he  sent 
to  do  ?  How  is  Quebec  situ 
ated  ?  What  is  its  natural 
strength  ?  What  did  W'olfe's 
army  and  the  English  fleet  try 
to  find  ?  What  was  the  re- 


ACADIA,     PORT     ROYAL.     AND    LOUISBOURG,    AND    THE    ROUTE    BY    SEA 
BETWEEN    BOSTON    AND    QUEBEC. 


sult  of  several  attacks  made  by  the  English  at 
different  points  ?  How  did  Wolfe  feel  ?  What 
did  he  rouse  his  army  to  do?  How  did  the  Eng 
lish  get  up  to  the  top  of  the  cliff?  Where  did 


142 


FALL    OF    CANADA. 


they  form  a  line  of  battle  ?  How  far  were  they  from  Quebec  ?  Why  were 
the  French  obliged  to  fight  ?  What  was  the  result  of  Montcalm's 

attack  ?  Who  led  the  English  charge  ?  How  many  bullets  struck  Wolfe 
before  he  fell  ?  What  did  he  say  when  he  heard  that  the  enemy  were 
fleeing  ?  What  was  Montcalm's  fate  ?  What  did  he  say  ?  What 

happened  to  Quebec  ?  What  surrender  in  1760  completed  the  downfall 
of  the  French  in  Canada  ?  What  territory  did  the  French  cede  to 
the  English  in  1763?  What  is  said  of  the  joy  in  the  colo 

nies  ?  What  calamities  had  come  on  the  colonists  by  the  continual  war 
with  France  ?  For  how  long  a  time  had  the  desolation  of  the  frontiers 
been  going  on  ?  To  what  did  they  now  look  forward  ? 

study  by  topics.          Tell  about — i.  Influence  of  Pitt. 

2.  Capture  of  Louisbourg. 

3.  Fall  of  Frontenac. 

4.  Driving  of  the  French  from  Duquesne  and  founding 

of  Pittsburg. 

5.  Defeat  of  the  English  at  Ticonderoga. 

6.  Fall  of  Quebec. 

7.  Fall  of  Canada. 

Geography.  Let  the  pupil  point  out  or  describe  the  location  of  Louisbourg.     Of  Fort  Fronte 

nac  (Kingston).  Of  Fort  Duquesne  (Pittsburg).  Of  Fort  Ticonderoga.  Of  Quebec. 
Of  Montreal. 

Books  Parkman's  "  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,"  besides  the  general  histories  of  Bancroft  and 

Winsor,  mentioned  in  earlier  chapters. 


The   regular 
soldiers. 


A    FRENCH 
REGULAR. 


CHAPTER     XXIV. 

Characteristics  of  the  Colonial  Wars  with 
the  French. 

THE    English    and    French    regulars    wore 
neat    uniforms.      The    French    were    remark 
able  a  long  way  off  for  the  white,  the  Eng 
lish    for    the    red,    which    predominated    in 
their    dress.      The    drill    of    regular    soldiers 
was  careful,  and  their  discipline  severe.     They 
fought  with  great  steadiness,  standing  up  and 
facing    the    enemy,   and     they    and    their    of- 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    THE    FRENCH. 


'43 


troops. 


ficers  held  in  contempt  the  skulking  way  of  fighting 
which  prevailed  among  the  colonial  troops  on  both 
sides. 

The  Americans,  in  both  the  French  and  English  colo-  The  American 
nies,  had  learned  to  fight  in  the  woods.  They  loaded 
their  guns  lying  on  the  ground,  and  they  fired  from  be 
hind  trees  and  stumps,  now  running  forward  and  now  re 
treating  and  charging  again.  The  regular  troops  took 
no  definite  aim,  but  fired  at  the  enemy's  line,  while 
the  colonists  were  the  best  marksmen  in  the  world,  and 
the  man  whom  one  of  them  covered  with  his  gun  was 
generally  doomed.  In  the  first  siege  of  Louisbourg  their 
deadly  aim  at  last  rendered  it  impossible  for  the  French 
to  load  or  fire  a  cannon.  Though  without  experience, 
they  had  plenty  of  courage.  At  the  battle  of  Lake 
George  it  was  said  that  the  American  provincials  fought 
in  the  morning  like  good  boys,  about  noon  like  men, 
and  in  the  afternoon  like  demons. 

The  British  officers  were  generally  incapable  of  get-  British  officers 
ting  on  well  with  the  American  soldiers.     They  looked  soldiers, 
with  contempt  on  men  who  wore  little  or  no  uniform, 
and     sometimes    carried     in    the     same    company 
guns   of    the    various    sorts    they    had 
used     in     hunting.      The     Americans 
!M1  _          made    a    bad    show  on    parade, 
and  refused  to  fight  standing  up 
in    close   ranks.      By  the    side  of 
the  neatly-kept,  red-coated  British 


A    CANADIAN    SOLDIER. 


A    FLINT-LOCK. 


troops,  the  American  militia  looked  shabby  enough. 
The  British  officers  holding  the  king's  commission  as 
sumed  to  command  American  officers  of  higher  rank, 
and  this  caused  a  dislike  of  the  English  to  spread 


A    FRENCH    OFFICER. 


144 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    THE    FRENCH. 


English  troops  in 
the  woods,   and 
Lord   Howe's 
reforms. 


INDIAN    MOCCASINS. 


Rewards  for 
scalps. 


through  the   colonies.     Pitt  ordered  that  the  American 
officers  should  take  equal  rank  with  the  British. 

The  English  troops  were  rather  unfit  for  the  work 
of  fighting  in  the  woods.  "  Our  clothes,  our  arms, 
our  accoutrements,  even  our  shoes  and  stockings,  are 
all  improper  for  this  country,"  wrote  General  Wolfe 
from  America.  Lord  Howe,  who  was  one  of  the 
noblest  of  men  and  best  of  generals,  changed  the 
dress  of  his  men  to  fit  them  for  marching 
in  the  woods.  Hair  was  worn  long 
in  that  day,  and  Lord  Howe  cut  off 
his  own  fine  head  of  hair  to  per 
suade  the  men  to  sacrifice  theirs.  He 
reduced  the  officers'  baggage,  and  dis 
missed  the  great  company  of  wash- 
erwomen,  setting  a  good  example  by 
washing  his  own  linen  in  the  brook.  Lord  Howe 
cultivated  the  friendship  of  the  American  officers,  and 
treated  the  soldiers  with  great  respect.  He  was  sec 
ond  in  command  to  Abercromby,  and  was  killed 
in  a  skirmish  just  before  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga. 
The  defeat  of  Abercromby  in  the  battle  which  fol 
lowed  is  attributed  to  the  loss  of  Lord  Howe,  who 
was  the  real  soul  of  the  army.  (See  the  preceding 
chapter.) 

It  was  impossible  to  keep  troops  enough  in  the  field 
to  protect  the  long  frontier.  No  one  could  tell  where 
the  Indians  would  strike,  and  when  they  had  massacred 
a  family  they  escaped  too  swiftly  for  pursuit.  The 
colonies  were  driven  to  offer  rewards  for  the  scalps  of  In 
dians  as  they  were  accustomed  to  pay  for  wolves'  heads. 
One  can  see  how  barbarous  their  feelings  were,  however, 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    THE    FRENCH. 


'45 


Sorrows  of  the 
frontier. 


in  the  offer  of  smaller  rewards  for  the  scalps  of  Indian 
women  and  children. 

In   many   ways  the   French   wars  tended    to  corrupt  Evil  influences 

A  ,  .of   the    French 

the  people  of  the  colonies.  A  race  of  traders  secretly  wars. 
sold  arms  to  the  Indians  that  were  butchering  their  own 
people.  Another  set  of  men,  some  of  whom  were  con 
nected  with  the  government,  sold  provisions  to  the 
French.  Very  many  embarked  in  privateering — that 
is,  they  fitted  out  ships  to  capture  and  plunder  the 
merchant-ships  of  France.  This  was  only  a  kind  of  law 
ful  piracy.  Many  of  the  soldiers  who  returned  from 
the  war  had  learned  habits  of  idleness  and  dissipation. 

The    sorrows    inflicted    on    both    the    French    and 
English    colonists   were    more    than   can    be 
imagined.     The  frontier  people  lived  in  con 
tinual    fear   of    sudden   death    by   the   toma 
hawk,  or  slow  death   by    torture.     Yet   their 
courage  grew  with  their  danger. 

In     1689    captives     taken     in 
Maine     were     carried     to     Can 
ada   and    sold   there.      From   that 
time    forward    innumerable    peo 
ple    captured     on     the     frontier 
by      the      Indians      were 
sold     into     Canada,    en 
during    horrible    suffer 
ings    in    their 
forced    jour 
neys  through  •   ^ 

the      woods. 

.^j^. 

Many          of 
these         were 


LORD    HOWE 
WASHING    HIS    LINEN 


146 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    THE    FRENCH. 


Captivity  in 
Canada  among 
the  Indians. 


ransomed  by  their  friends. 
Husbands  made  dangerous 
and  sorrowful  journeys  to 
redeem  their  wives,  and 
parents  went  in  search  of 
their  children.  Great  com 
passion  was  excited  in  New 
England  for  the  captives, 
and  collections  were  fre- 


WHITE    CAPTIVES 

DRIVEN    INTO    CANADA 

BY    INDIANS. 


quently  made  for  their  re 
demption.  Sometimes  cap 
tive  children  were  reclaimed 
who  had  been  educated  in 
French,  and  had  quite  for 
gotten  the  language  and 
the  religion  of  their  parents. 
The  Canadians  were  gen 
erally  kind  to  the  captives, 
and  some  of  the  prisoners 


Captives  in  the  French  Wars. — 
One  of  the  first  of  the  many  thousands  of 
captives  carried  to  Canada  was  a  little 
girl  named  Sarah  Gerrish.  An  Indian 
girl  once  tried  to  drown  her  by  pushing 
her  off  a  precipice  into  the  river,  but 
she  saved  herself  by  catching  hold  of 
the  bushes.  Once  she  was  so  weary  that 
she  overslept,  and  awoke  to  find  herself 
alone  in  the  woods  and  covered  with  snow. 
She  followed  the  tracks  of  the  Indians 
until  she  overtook  them.  Again,  the  In 
dians  built  a  great  fire,  and  told  her  that 
she  was  to  be  burned,  but  she  threw  her 
arms  around  her  Indian  master's  neck 
and  begged  him 
to  save  her.  She 
was  sold  to  the 
French  in  Can 
ada,  and  kindly 
treated  by  them 
until  she  was  re 
turned.  In  the 
fall  of  1677  two 
men,  White  and 
Jennings,  set  out 
from  the  Con 
necticut  River  for 
Canada,  to  re 
deem  their  wives 
and  children  car 
ried  off  by  In 
dians.  Without 
guides  they  paddled 
through  Lake  Champlain  and 
reached  Canada.  After  seven 
months'  absence  they  brought  back  about 
I  twenty  captives  in  all.  The  people  sent 
horses  to  meet  them  at  Albany  and  bring 
them  into  Hatfield,  where  they  were  re 
ceived  with  the  greatest  joy.  One  woman, 
when  she  got  her  children  together,  after 
captivity,  found  one  of  her  sons,  a  lad  of 
eleven,  an  Indian  in  habits,  and  not  able 
to  speak  any  but  the  Indian  language ; 
while  a  daughter  of  fifteen,  who  had  been 
educated  in  a  Canadian  convent,  spoke 
nothing  but  French.  One  Pennsylvanian 
got  nome  just  as  the  sale  of  his  property 
at  auction  had  been  completed,  his  neigh 
bors  having  supposed  him  dead.  James 
Smith,  having  endured  six  years  of  cap 
tivity  among  the  Indians,  came  home  a 
few  days  after  his  sweetheart  had  mar 
ried  another  man. 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    THE    FRENCH. 

were  very  sorry  to  return.  Many  of  the  captives  re 
mained  among"  the  savages  ;  one  Indian  village  con 
tained  a  hundred  white  people  carried  away  in  child 
hood.  These  had  forgotten  how  to  speak  English. 
Some  of  the  Indian  tribes  doubled  their  numbers  in  the 
last  French  war  by  adopting  white  children.  Three 
thousand,  men,  women,  and  children,  were  carried  into 
captivity  from  Pennsylvania  and  the  provinces  south  of 
it  in  the  year  1756. 

The  colonies  did  not  immediately  have  peace.  The  Pontiac's  war. 
Indians  of  the  Western  country  hated  the  English,  and  the 
occupation  of  the  old  French  forts  by  small  English  gar 
risons  excited  their  jealousy.  Under  the  lead  of  Pontiac, 
an  Ottawa  chief,  a  great  conspiracy  was  formed  in  1763, 
the  year  of  the  peace.  The  garrisons  of  many  of  the 
smaller  forts  were  massacred.  Detroit  and  Pittsburg 
were  attacked,  and  the  families  on  the  frontier  suffered 
horrible  inroads  from  the  savages.  It  became  necessary 
to  march  forces  into  the  Indian  country.  General  Bou 
quet,  with  five  hundred  men,  defeated  a  large  force  of 
Indians  in  a  desperate  two  days'  battle  at  Bushy  Run, 
in  Pennsylvania,  in  1763.  "  Pontiac's  War,"  as  it  was 
called,  was  brought  to  a  close  in  1764,  and  the  fron 
tiers  had  a  brief  rest.  But.  already  there  were  seen 
the  beginnings  of  that  great  quarrel  of  the  Americans 
with  the  mother-country  which  brought  on  the  bitter 
struggle  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 


How  were  the  English  and  French  regulars  dressed?     What  color   Questions  for 
was  conspicuous  in  the  dress  of  the  French  ?     What  in  that  of  the  Eng-    study- 
lish  ?     What  was  the  nature  of  the  drill  and  discipline  of  the  regulars  ? 
How  did  they  fight  ?     What  did  they  think  of  the  mode  of  fighting  which 
prevailed  among  the  colonial  troops  ?  How  had  the  Americans 


148  COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    THE    FRENCH. 

learned  to  fight  ?  How  did  they  load  ?  How  did  they  fire  ?  What 
difference  was  there  between  their  firing  and  that  of  the  regular  troops  ? 
What  was  the  effect  of  their  fire  at  Louisbourg?  What  did  the  French 
commander  at  the  battle  of  Lake  George  say  about  their  fighting? 

How  did  the  British  officers  get  on  with  the  colonial  troops  ?  Why 
did  they  hold  them  in  contempt  ?  What  difficulty  was  there  about  the 
rank  of  American  officers  ?  What  effect  did  this  have  on  the  feelings  of 
the  Americans  toward  the  English  ?  What  order  did  Pitt  make  about 
the  rank  of  the  American  officers  ?  What  is  said  of  the  fitness  of 

English  troops  for  fighting  in  the  woods?  What  did  General  Wolfe 
write  on  this  subject  ?  What  kind  of  a  man  was  Lord  Howe  ?  What 
did  he  do  about  the  dress  of  his  men  ?  What  about  their  hair  ?  What 
about  baggage  and  the  washing  of  clothes?  How  did  he  treat  the 
American  officers  and  soldiers  ?  When  was  Lord  Howe  killed  ?  What 
defeat  is  attributed  to  his  death  ?  What  difficulty  was  there  in 

protecting  the  frontier  ?  What  measures  were  taken  to  reward  the  In 
dian  fighters  of  the  frontier  ?  What  sign  of  barbarous  feeling  do  we  see 
in  the  way  in  which  rewards  were  offered  for  scalps  ?  What  are 

some  of  the  ways  in  which  the  French  wars  tended  to  make  the  Ameri 
cans  barbarous  ?  What  kind  of  a  secret  trade  was  there  with  the  In 
dians  ?  What  kind  of  a  secret  trade  with  the  French  ?  What  kind  of  a 
business  was  privateering?  Was  it  much  carried  on  at  that  time? 
What  effect  did  the  war  have  on  the  soldiers  engaged  in  it  ? 

What  were  the  sorrows  inflicted  on  the  French  and  English  colo 
nists  ?  What  fear  was  continually  in  the  minds  of  people  on  the  front 
ier  ?  What  is  one  of  the  most  sorrowful  chapters  of  the  war  ? 
In  what  year  were  the  first  captives  carried  to  Canada  ?  Where  were 
they  taken  from  ?  How  were  many  of  these  ransomed  ?  What  change 
had  sometimes  taken  place  in  children  carried  to  Canada?  How  did 
some  of  them  feel  about  returning?  Were  all  the  captives  sold  to 
Canada  ?  How  many  white  people  were  found  in  one  Indian  village  ? 
Were  the  Indian  tribes  increased  by  the  adoption  of  white  children  ? 
How  many  people  were  carried  into  captivity  from  Pennsylvania  and  the 
provinces  south  of  it  in  1756?  Did  the  peace  with  France  bring 
a  lasting  peace  with  the  Indians  ?  In  what  year  was  a  great  conspiracy 
of  the  Indians  formed  ?  What  was  the  name  of  the  chief  who  was  the 
leader  in  this  war  ?  In  what  battle  did  Colonel  Bouquet  defeat  the  In 
dians  ?  In  what  year  was  Pontiac's  War  brought  to  a  close  ?  What 
struggle  was  already  beginning  ? 

Study  by  topics.  Tell  about — 

I.  The  different  kinds  of  soldiers. 

i.  The  English  and  French  regulars. 

a.  Their  appearance,     b.  Their  mode  of  fighting. 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    THE    FRENCH. 


149 


2.  The  American  militia. 

a.  Their  appearance,     b.  Their  mode  of  fighting. 

3.  The  lack  of  agreement  between  English  and  Americans. 

a.  The  question  of  rank.     b.  Lord  Howe's  reform  in  the 

dress  of  the  British  soldiers. 
II.  The  frontier. 

1.  The  reward  for  scalps. 

2.  Captivity. 

a.  In  Canada,     b.  Among  the  Indians. 
III.  Pontiac's  War. 

Five  kinds  of  soldiers  in  the  French  wars : 


French  regulars, 
Canadian  militia, 


Blackboard 
illustration. 


on  the  French  side. 


English  regulars,  )         .      _     ,.  ,     . , 

\  on  the  English  side. 
Colonial  militia.     \ 

Indians,  on  both  sides. 

Where  is  Pittsburg  ?    Wh'ere  is  Detroit  ? 


Geography. 


THIRD    REVIEW.— COLONIAL  WARS, 


Chapters  XX  to  XXIV. 


The  Spaniards  in  Florida. 


The  French  in  America. 
(XX.) 


French  and  English. 

(XX.) 


Causes  of  quarrel. 


(XX.) 


(XX.)     Settlement  of  St.  Augustine. 

Planting  of  Quebec  in  1608. 

Joliet  reaches  the  Mississippi. 

La  Salle  discovers  the  Ohio. 

La  Salle  reaches  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

Hennepin  explores  the  upper  Mississippi. 

Louisiana  founded. 

Attempt  to  possess  the  whole  interior. 

Fewness  of  the  French  in  numbers. 

Their  union  and  military  character. 

Their  influence  with  the  Indians. 

The  superiority  of  the  English  in  numbers. 

Their  lack  of  union. 

Their  lack  of  influence  with  many  of  the  Indians. 

Disputed  territory. 
Fisheries. 
Fur-trade. 
Religious  prejudices. 


Review  by 
topics. 


COLONIAL    WARS    WITH    THE    FRENCH. 


King  William's  War," 
1689-1697.        (XXI.) 


Indians  attack  in  Maine. 

Iroquois  attack  Montreal. 

Massacres  at  Schenectady,  Salmon  Falls,  and 

Casco  Bay. 

Congress  of  the  colonies,  1690. 
Two  expeditions  against  Quebec. 
(   Peter  Schuyler  against  the  French. 


Queen    Anne's 
1704-1713. 


War,"  J 
(XXI.) 


The  war  against  the  Spaniards  in  Florida. 

Attempts  to  take  Quebec. 

Massacres  at  Deerfield  and  elsewhere. 


War  with  the  Spaniards  j   Oglethorpe  invades  Florida,  1740. 
in  Florida.          (XXI.)    (  The  Spanish  invade  Georgia,  1742. 


, 
"  King   George's   War," 

1744-1748.          (XXI.) 


Last 


verses. 


French  war  begun 
175}.  English  re- 
(XXII.) 


English  conquer  Canada. 
War  concluded,  1763. 
(XXIII.) 


Traits  of  the  French  wars. 

(XXIV.) 


The  taking  of  Louisbourg  by  New-England- 

Louisbourg  returned  to  the  French. 

Washington  begins  the  war,  1754. 
Braddock's  defeat,  1755. 
The  Acadians  removed. 
Failure  of  English  expeditions. 

a.  Against  Crown  Point. 

b.  Against  Fort  Niagara. 

c.  Against  Louisbourg. 

The  French  capture  Fort  William  Henry. 

Pitt  governs  England. 

Second  capture  of  Louisbourg. 

Capture  of  Fort  Frontenac. 

General  Forbes  takes  Fort  Du  Quesne. 

Defeat  of  Abercromby  at  Ticonderoga. 

Wolfe  takes  Quebec. 

Fall  of  the  French  power  in  Canada. 

Regular  soldiers  and  militia. 
Sorrows  of  Indian  warfare. 
"  Pontiac's  War." 


HOW    THE    COLONIES    WERE    GOVERNED.  1^1 

•m 

CHAPTER    XXV. 
How  the  Colonies  were  Governed. 

THE    close    of    the    French    war   made    way    for   the  Three  forms  of 

government  in 

Revolution.      But,  before  we  consider  the  events  which  the  colonies. 

led  to  the  separation  of    the   colonies   from   England,  it 

will  be   best   to   ask,   How   were  the  colonies  governed 

at    the    close    of    the    French   wars  ?     There  were  three 

forms   of   government  in   America — "  royal,"   "  charter," 

and  "  proprietary." 

The    oldest   colony,   Virginia,    was    under   what    was  colonies  under 

.  royal    govern- 

called  a  royal  government,  because  the  king  appointed  ments. 
the  governor,  and  approved  or  disapproved  of  the  laws 
that  were  passed.  "  Royal"  means  belonging  to  the  king. 
New  York  had  been  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York  as  a 
proprietary  government,  but  when  that  duke  became 
king,  as  James  II,  it  became  a  royal,  or  king's  prov 
ince.  New  Jersey  became  a  royal  colony  after  the  king 
bought  the  right  of  the  proprietors.  The  two  Caro- 
linas  were  proprietary  governments  at  first,  but  in  1729 
the  king  bought  out  the  proprietary  rights,  and  they 
became  royal  governments.  Georgia  was  first  settled 
under  a  body  of  twenty-one  trustees,  but  in  1752  these 
trustees  surrendered  the  government  to  the  king.  In 
1679  New  Hampshire  was  separated  from  Massachusetts, 
and  became  a  royal  colony.  So  that,  after  1752,  there 
were  seven  colonies  under  royal  governments,  namely, 
Virginia,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  North  and  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  and  New  Hampshire. 

Three     colonies — Massachusetts,     Connecticut,     and   colonies  under 

charter  govern- 

Rhode    Island — were   under  charter   governments ;    that   ments. 


152 


HOW    THE    COLONIES    WERE    GOVERNED, 


Colonies  under 
proprietary  gov 
ernments. 


Colonial   Legis 
latures. 


How  laws  were 
passed  in  the 
colonies. 


is,  they  were  for  the  most  part  governed  by  their  own 
people,  according  to  charters  granted  by  the  king. 
Massachusetts,  after  it  lost  its  first  charter,  had  a  gov 
ernor  appointed  by  the  king,  but  the  power  remained 
mostly  in  the  hands  of  the  Legislature.  Maine  was  at 
tached  to  Massachusetts. 

Maryland  had  been  given  to  Lord  Baltimore,  Penn 
sylvania  to  William  Penn.  Baltimore  and  Penn  were 
called  "  proprietors,"  or  "  proprietaries."  The  heirs  of 
these  first  proprietors  exercised  in  these  two  colonies 
power  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  the  king  in  the 
royal  colonies.  These  were  called  proprietary  govern 
ments.  Delaware  had  been  ceded  to  Penn  by  the  Duke 
of  York,  and,  though  it  had  a  separate  Legislature,  it  was 
under  the  same  governor  as  Pennsylvania.  There  were, 
therefore,  at  the  close  of  the  French  wars,  three  pro 
prietary  governments  —  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Delaware. 

Each  of  the  thirteen  colonies  had  a  legislative  body. 
These  were  divided  into  two  houses.  There  was  a  lower 
house,  or  Assembly,  elected  by  the  people.  The  mem 
bers  of  the  upper  house,  or  Council,  were  generally  ap 
pointed  by  the  king  in  the  royal  colonies,  and  by  the 
proprietary  in  the  proprietary  colonies.  In  the  charter 
colonies  governors  and  members  of  the  Council  were 
elected  by  the  Assembly. 

In  order  to  pass  a  law  both  houses  of  the  Legis 
lature  must  vote  for  it  and  the  governor  must  agree 
to  it.  We  have  kept  the  same  rule.  Our  State  and 
national  laws  are  made  in  this  way  now.  The  body 
we  call  the  Senate  takes  the  place  occupied  by  the 
governor's  Council  in  the  colonies.  But  in  our  time 


HOW  THE  COLONIES  WERE  GOVERNED. 


153 


the  people  elect  the  governors  and  both  houses  of  the 
Legislature.  In  nearly  all  of  the  colonies  the  people 
had  no  voice  in  choosing  the  governor  or  the  upper 
house  of  the  Legislature.  The  people  could  not,  there 
fore,  make  laws  which  were  not  agreeable  to  the  king 
or  the  proprietary.  There  was,  consequently,  almost  a 
continual  quarrel  between  the  governors,  acting  under 
instructions  from  England,  and  the  representatives  of 
the  people. 

All  laws  regulating-  the  trade  between  the  colonies  commercial  laws 

made  by  the 

and    with   other   countries    were    made   by    the    English   English 
Parliament.      The    colonies    were    obliged,    often    much 
against   their    will,    to   admit   negro   slaves,    brought    in 
by    English    merchants.      They    were 
forced  to  send  nearly  all  their  lead 
ing   products    to    England    for    sale. 
They   were  not  allowed   to  buy   any 
European  goods,  except  in  England, 
and    no    foreign    ships   were   allowed 
to    enter    a    port    in    this   country. 
Laws  were  made  to  discourage  peo 
ple    in    the    colonies     from     making 
and   trading   in  such  things  as   were 
made  in  England.     There  were  Eng 
lish  laws  against  the  manufacture  of 
iron-ware  and   woolen    goods  by  the 
Americans.     The  colonists  had  many 
furs,     and     could     make     hats     very 
cheaply,  but  no  hatter  was  allowed    to  send   hats  from 
one  colony  to  another. 

Custom-houses    were    established    by    law    in    all    the  custom-houses 
principal  ports  of  the  colonies,  and  duties  collected  for 


1  54  How  THE  COLONIES  WERE  GOVERNED. 

the  king.  But  the  colonists  evaded  these  unjust  laws 
in  every  way  they  could,  and  there  was  a  great  deal  of 
smuggling  all  along  the  coast. 


Questions  for  What  did  the  close  of  the  French  war  make  way  for  ?     How  many 

study<  kinds    of  governments  were   there   in  the  colonies  ?     What   were  they 

called  ?  Which  form  of  government  was  Virginia  under  ?     \Vhy 

was  this  form  called  "  royal  "  ?  What  does  the  word  "  royal  "  mean  ?  To 
whom  had  New  York  been  granted  ?  (When  ?  See  pages  47,  48.)  When 
did  it  become  a  royal  province  ?  How  did  New  Jersey,  which  once  be 
longed  to  proprietors,  become  a  royal  colony  ?  What  kind  of  govern 
ments  did  the  two  Carolinas  have  at  first  ?  In  what  year  did  the  king 
buy  out  the  proprietors  ?  What  kind  of  governments  did  the  Carolinas 
have  after  1729  ?  Under  what  kind  of  a  body  had  Georgia  been  settled  ? 
What  did  the  trustees  of  Georgia  do  in  1752  ?  From  what  colony  was 
New  Hampshire  separated  in  1679  ?  What  sort  of  a  colony  did  it  then 
become  ?  How  many  colonies  were  there  under  royal  governments  ? 
What  were  their  names  ?  (There  were  thirteen  colonies  in  all :  were 
the  royal  colonies  more  or  less  than  half  of  them  ?)  How  many 

colonies  were  under  charter  governments  ?  What  three  were  they  ?  How 
were  the  charter  colonies  governed  ?  After  Massachusetts  had  lost  its 
first  charter,  who  appointed  its  governor  ?  In  whose  hands  did  the 
power  mostly  remain  ?  Which  one  of  our  present  States  was  at  that  time 
attached  to  the  government  of  Massachusetts  ?  To  whom  had 

Maryland  been  given  ?  To  whom  had  Pennsylvania  been  given  ?  What 
were  Baltimore  and  Penn  therefore  called  ?  What  powers  did  their  heirs 
exercise  in  their  colonies  ?  What  were  their  governments  called  ?  What 
colony  had  been  ceded  to  Penn  by  the  Duke  of  York  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  government  of  Delaware  ?  How  many  proprietary  governments 
were  there  ?  Name  them.  What  did  each  of  the  thirteen  colonies 

have  ?  How  many  "  houses  "  were  there  in  each  Legislature  ?  How  were 
the  members  of  the  Assembly  chosen  ?  Who  appointed  the  members  of 
the  Council,  or  upper  house,  in  a  royal  colony  ?  Who  appointed  them 
in  a  proprietary  colony  ?  How  were  they  generally  chosen  in  a  charter 
colony  ?  What  was  necessary  in  order  to  pass  a  law  in  one  of  the 

colonies  ?  How  do  our  ways  of  making  laws  at  the  present  time  resem 
ble  this  ?  But  what  is  the  difference  ?  Who  elects  the  governor  now  ? 
What  part  of  the  State  Legislature  is  elected  by  the  people  now  ?  Did 
the  people  of  the  colonies  choose  their  own  governors  ?  Did  they  choose 
the  upper  house  of  the  Legislature  ?  What  kind  of  laws  could  they  not 
make  ?  What  was  the  result  of  this  arrangement  ?  What  kind  of 

laws  were  made  for  the  colonies  by  the  English  Parliament  ?    What  were 


HOW    THE    COLONIES    WERE    GOVERNED. 


they  obliged  to  receive  against  their  will  ?  Where  were  they  forced  to 
send  all  their  leading  products  ?  Where  must  they  buy  all  European 
goods  ?  What  kind  of  ships  were  forbidden  to  come  to  this  country  ? 
What  kind  of  goods  were  people  in  the  colonies  discouraged  from  mak 
ing  ?  What  three  sorts  of  manufacture  were  particularly  restricted  ? 
What  were  established  in  the  colonial  ports  ?  For  whom  were  the 
duties  collected  ?  Did  the  colonies  willingly  obey  the  laws  made  against 
their  trade  ?  What  is  said  of  smuggling  ?  (What  is  smuggling  ?) 

Tell  about — 

I.  The  three  kinds  of  government  in  the  colonies. 

1.  Royal  government,     a.  What  was  it?     b.  What  colonies 

were  governed  in  this  way  ? 

2.  Charter  government,     a.  What  kind  of  a  government  was 

it  ?     b.  What  colonies  were  governed  under  charters  ? 

3.  Proprietary  government,     a.  What  kind  of  a  government 

was  it  ?     b.  What  colonies  were  proprietary  at  the  close 
of  the  French  wars  ? 
II.  The  colonial  Legislatures. 

a.  The  two  houses  that  formed  the  Assembly,     b.  The  way  in 
which  laws  were  passed,  and  the  difference  between  them 
and  our  Legislatures. 
III.  The  laws  regulating  the  trade  of  the  colonies. 


ROYAL. 

Virginia. 
New  York. 
New  Jersey. 
North  Carolina. 
South  Carolina. 
New  Hampshire. 
Georgia. 


CHARTER. 

Massachusetts. 
Connecticut. 
Rhode  Island. 

Royal     . 

Charter  . 
Proprietary 

Total 


PROPRIETARY 

Maryland. 

Pennsylvania. 

Delaware. 


Study  by  topics, 


Blackboard. 


IN    THE   COLONIES. 


II. 


Governor 
chosen  by 

Council 
chosen  by 


(  the  king, 

-j  the  proprietary, 

f  or  the  Assembly. 

I  the  king, 

-.  the  governor, 

(  or  the  Assembly. 


IN    THE   STATES. 

Governor  ] 

Senate  [chosen  by 

III.  House  of  Rep-  f      the  people, 
resentatives    j 


III.  The  Assembly  chosen  by  the  people. 


EARLY    STRUGGLES    FOR    LIBERTY    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


Love  of  liberty 
in  the  colonists. 


Early  struggles 
for  liberty  in 
Virginia. 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 
Early  Struggles  for  Liberty  in  the  Colonies. 

THE  colonies  were  settled  at  a  time  when  the  Eng 
lish  people  were  trying  to  establish  the  principles  of 
liberty  in  their  own  government.  Many  of  the  colo 
nists  were  driven  to  this  country  by  acts  of  tyranny. 
The  settlers  in  America  brought  with  them  the  English 
love  of  liberty.  They  were  always  ready  to  assert  their 
right  to  "  the  liberties  of  Englishmen." 

Free  government  was  first  established  in  America 
by  the  Virginia  charter  of  1618.  (See  page  30.)  The 


U  F.  5 1 


THE    PILLORY)    AS    USED    IN    AMERICA. 


king,  in  dissolving  the  Virginia  Company,  struck  a 
blow  at  the  liberty  of  the  colony,  but  the  people  strove 
hard  to  maintain  their  freedom.  When,  in  1624,  the 
clerk  of  the  Virginia  Council  betrayed  their  secrets  to 


EARLY    STRUGGLES    FOR    LIBERTY    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


'57 


Nathaniel  Bacon  belonged  to  a  fami 
ly  prominent  in  the  county  of  Suffolk,  in 
England.  He  was  educated  in  the  law 
at  Cambridge.  His  habits,  like  those  of 
other  young  gentlemen  of  the  time,  were 
extravagant,  and  he  exceeded  the  allow 
ance  made  him  by  his  father.  About 
1673  he  went  to  Virginia,  where  he  had  a 
cousin,  also  named  Nathaniel  Bacon,  who 
was  rich  and  childless,  and  who  wished 
to  make  the  younger  Nathaniel  heir  to 
his  fortune,  if  he  could  have  persuaded 
him  not  to  embrace  the  popular  cause. 
But  the  generous  heart  of  the  younger 
Bacon  was  touched  with  the  wrongs  of 
the  people,  and,  though  he  had  been  ap 
pointed  a  member  of  the  governor's  coun 
cil,  he  yielded  to  the  request  of  the  peo 
ple  and  became  their  leader.  He  showed 
excellent  ability,  and  he  was  idolized  by 
the  people,  who  stood  guard  day  and 
night  over  his  house  lest  he  should  be 
assassinated.  In  fighting  the  Indians  he 
caused  his  men  to  stand  so  close  to  their 
fort  that  they  could  fire  through  the  port 
holes,  and  yet,  by  standing  at  one  side, 
escape  >the  fire  of  the  Indians.  When, 
with  a  little  handful  of  men,  he  marched 
swiftly  on  Jamestown,  which  was  gar 
risoned  by  five  times  as  many,  the  people 
brought  food  out  into  the  road  to  refresh 
his  soldiers,  and  the  women  cried  after 
him,  "  General,  if  you  need  help,  send 
for  us !  "  He  treated  his  enemies  with 
gentleness,  but  he  pushed  his  measures 
with  vigor.  When  he  died,  his  body  was 
secretly  buried  by  his  friends,  by  sink 
ing  it  in  the  waters  of  the  river,  in  order 
that  his  enemies  might  not  dig  up  his 
bones.  The  only  document  to  be  found 
that  appears  to  have  been  written  by 
Bacon's  own  hand  is  signed  "  Nathaniel 
Bacon,  General,  by  consent  of  the  peo 
ple."  So  that  he  was  something  of  a  re 
publican,  though  he  lived  a  hundred  years 
before  the  Revolution. 


the  king's  commissioners,  the  Virginia  Assembly  sent  him 
to  the  pillory,  and  had  part  of  his  ears  cut  off,  to  the 
great  disgust  of  King  James.  When  Sir  John  Harvey 
was  governor  of  Virginia,  he  opposed  the  people,  and  the 

Council  deposed  him  in  1635, 
and  sent  him  to  England. 
King  Charles  I  was  offend 
ed  at  their  presumption  in 
deposing  a  royal  governor, 
and  he  sent  him  back  again 
as  governor.  But  the  peo 
ple  succeeded  in  having  him 
removed  in  1639. 

Sir  William  Berkeley, 
the  royal  governor  of  Vir 
ginia,  opposed  the  people, 
and  in  1676  refused  to  allow 
them  to  make  war  on  the 
Indians,  who  were  ravaging 
the  frontiers.  This  he  did, 
lest  the  large  profits  he  was 
making  out  of  the  fur-trade 
should  be  reduced.  The 
people  of  the  frontier  put 
themselves  under  the  lead 
of  a  brilliant  young  man, 
Nathaniel  Bacon  by  name. 
He  forced  the  government 
to  give  him  a  commission, 
and  he  got  the  Legislature 
to  pass  some  good  laws, 
that  were  much  needed. 


Bacon's  rebel 
lion. 


1  r          EARLY    STRUGGLES    FOR    LIBERTY    IN    THE    COLONIES. 

Then  he  marched  against  the  Indians  and  drove  them 
back.  On  his  return,  hearing  that  Berkeley  had  deter 
mined  to  arrest  him,  he  marched  straight  on  James 
town,  and,  though  his  force  was  not  a  fourth  part  so 
numerous  as  that  in  the  town,  he  laid  siege  to  it,  capt 
ured  it,  and  burned  it  to  the  ground.  Governor  Berke 
ley  fled  to  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and 
the  people  of  Virginia,  except  the  few  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  bay,  took  an  oath  to  support  Bacon,  hailing 
him  as  a  deliverer.  But  Bacon  was  worn  out  by  the 
cares  and  exposures  of  the  Indian  war  and  the  James 
town  siege,  and  he  soon  died.  Berkeley  succeeded  after 
a  while  in  reducing  Bacon's  followers,  and  in  confis 
cating  for  his  own  use  much  of  their  property.  Twenty- 
three  leading  men  he  put  to  death.  For  this  severity 
the  king  recalled  him  in  disgrace. 
Attempts  to  dis-  Soon  after  Massachusetts  had  been  settled,  under  the 

solve  the    Massa- 

chusetts  charter,   patent  or  charter   of   the    Massachusetts   Company  (see 

in  the  reign  of  111 

charies  i.  pages  40,  41),  an  attempt  was  made  to  destroy  that 

charter  by  the  same  kind  of  a  lawsuit  that  had  been 
used  to  destroy  the  charter  of  the  Virginia  Company. 
But  the  Massachusetts  charter  had  been  carried  to 
America,  and,  when  the  judges  in  England  sent  orders 
to  have  it  brought  back  to  be  examined,  the  rulers  of 
the  colony  made  excuses  until  the  troubles  in  England 
caused  the  matter  to  be  laid  aside. 

Massachusetts  In  the  reign  of  Charles  II,  proceedings  were  again 

rebels  against  . 

Governor  Andros.  taken  against  the  Massachusetts  charter,  and  in  1686  it 
was  dissolved.  King  James  II,  who  had  by  this  time 
come  to  the  throne,  soon  after  appointed  Sir  Edmund 
Andros  governor  of  New  York  and  New  England.  He 
was  a  tyrant,  who  tried  in  every  way  to  overthrow  the 


EARLY    STRUGGLES    FOR    LIBERTY    IN    THE    COLONIES. 


159 


liberties  of  the  colonies.  The  people  of  New  England 
were  exasperated  to  the  highest  pitch,  and  when  they 
heard  that  the  Prince  of  Orange  had  landed  in  Eng 
land,  to  overthrow  James  II,  they  rose  against  Andros 
and  imprisoned  him,  establishing  a  government  of  their 
own.  This  was  in  1688. 

During    the    time    that    Andros    was    governor    of  The  charter  of 

Connecticut  bid- 
all     New     England,     he     had     tried     to    carry    off    the  den  in  an  oak. 

Connecticut  charter.  But  it  is  said  that,  when  the 
charter  was  brought  in  and  laid  on  the  table,  the 
lights  were  suddenly  blown  out,  and  when  they  were 
lighted  the  charter  was  gone.  It  had  been  taken 
away  and  hidden  in  the  hollow  of  an  oak-tree. 
This  tree  stood  for  nearly  a  hundred  and  seventy 
years  after,  and  was  always  respected  as  "  the 
Charter  Oak." 

Andros    was    supreme   governor    of    New    York 
as  well   as   of    New  England.      In  New   York   there 
was   also   great   dissatisfaction    with    his   government, 
and,    when   the   common    people    heard    that    Andros 
had   been   put   in   prison   in    Boston,   they   rose   against 
his     lieutenant,     and     set     up     Captain     Jacob     Leisler  Leisier's  rebei- 

.  lion  in  New  York. 

for  governor.  Leisler,  who  governed  the  colony  for 
more  than  two  years,  was  a  plain  merchant,  with  no 
knowledge  of  government.  He  was  bitterly  opposed 
by  the  rich  men  of  the  colony.  Though  a  man  of 
patriotism,  he  was  imprudent,  and,  after  the  arrival  of 
a  royal  governor,  his  enemies  succeeded  in  having  him 
executed  for  treason. 

In    1719    the    people    of    South    Carolina    overthrew  Rebellion  against 

the  proprietors  in 

the  oppressive  government  of  the  lords-proprietors  and  south  Carolina, 
put    themselves    under    the    government    of    the    king, 

12 


GOVERNOR    ANDROS. 


l6o       EARLY    STRUGGLES    FOR    LIBERTY    IN    THE    COLONIES. 

who    bought   out   all   the  rights  of   the    proprietors  ten 
years  later. 
Legislative  re-  The       irit     f   liberty   was   in   all   the  colonies.     The 

sistance  to  the  -7 

colonial  govern-  governors  appointed  in  England  made   continual  efforts 

ors. 

to  encroach  on  the  freedom  of  the  people.  The  colo 
nial  Legislatures  were  in  a  perpetual  quarrel  with  their 
governors.  English  statesmen  desired  to  have  the  gov 
ernors  paid  a  fixed  salary,  so  that  they  would  not  be 
dependent  on  the  colonies.  But  the  colonies  kept  the 
purse-strings  in  their  own  hands,  as  far  as  possible,  in 
order  to  preserve  their  liberties. 


Questions  for  What  spirit  did  the  settlers  in  America  bring  with  them  from  England  ? 

What  right  were  they  ever  ready  to  assert  ?  By  what  charter  was 

free  government  first  established  in  America  ?  At  what  did  King  James 
strike  a  blow  when  he  dissolved  the  Virginia  Company  ?  What  did  the 
people  strive  hard  to  maintain  ?  What  did  the  clerk  of  the  Council  in 
Virginia  betray  to  the  king's  commissioners  in  1624  ?  What  punishment 
did  the  Virginia  Assembly  inflict  on  him  ?  What  did  the  Virginia  Council 
do  when  Sir  John  Harvey  oppressed  the  colony  in  1635  ?  What  did  the 
king  do  ?  What  did  the  people  succeed  in  doing  with  him  ?  How 

did  Sir  William  Berkeley  govern  Virginia  ?  Why  did  he  refuse  to  make 
war  on  the  Indians  ?  Under  whose  lead  did  the  people  of  the  frontier 
put  themselves  ?  What  kind  of  a  man  was  Nathaniel  Bacon  ?  What 
did  he  force  the  governor  to  do  ?  What  did  he  get  the  Legislature  to  do  ? 
Against  whom  did  Bacon  march  ?  When  he  got  back  what  did  he  hear  ? 
What  did  he  do  ?  How  did  his  force  compare  with  that  in  Jamestown  ? 
When  Bacon  had  taken  Jamestown,  what  did  Governor  Berkeley  do? 
What  did  the  people  of  Virginia  do  ?  What  became  of  Bacon  ?  What 
did  Berkeley  succeed  in  doing  after  Bacon's  death  ?  How  many  did  he 
put  to  death  ?  How  did  the  king  treat  him  for  this  ?  What  kind 

of  an  attempt  was  made  to  destroy  the  Massachusetts  charter  ?  Where 
was  the  charter  ?  What  course  did  the  rulers  of  Massachusetts  take  to 
protect  the  charter  ?  In  whose  reign  were  new  proceedings  begun 

against  the  Massachusetts  charter  ?  In  what  year  was  it  dissolved  ? 
What  king  was  on  the  throne  in  1686  ?  Whom  had  he  appointed  to  be 
governor  of  New  York  and  New  England  ?  What  news  from  England 
encouraged  the  people  to  rise  against  Andros  ?  What  did  they  do  with 
him  ?  In  what  year  was  this  ?  What  had  Andros  tried  to  do  in 


cj  J 


ill 


ii 


EARLY    STRUGGLES    FOR    LIBERTY    IN    THE    COLONIES.        l6l 

Connecticut  ?  How  did  the  people  protect  their  charter  ?  Where  was 
the  charter  hidden  ?  How  long  did  the  charter  oak  stand  ?  Who 

was  supreme  governor  of  New  York  at  this  time  ?  What  did  the  New- 
Yorkers  do  when  they  heard  that  Andros  had  been  imprisoned  in  Boston  ? 
W7hom  did  the  New-Yorkers  set  up  for  governor  ?  What  kind  of  a  man 
was  Leisler  ?  What  became  of  him  ?  Where  did  much  of  the 

resistance  to  the  encroachments  of  the  governors  take  place  ?  What  did 
English  statesmen  desire  ?  What  did  the  colonies  wish  to  keep  in  their 
own  hands  ?  Why  ? 

Tell  about —  Study  by  topics. 

I.  Early  struggles  for  liberty  in  Virginia. 

1.  Against  King  James  when  the  Virginia  Company  was  dis 

solved. 

2.  Governor  Harvey  sent  home. 

3.  Bacon's  rebellion. 

II.  Early  struggles  for  liberty  in  Massachusetts. 

1.  The  preservation  of  the  charter  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

2.  The  overthrow  of  Andros. 

III.  The  Connecticut  charter  in  the  charter  oak. 

IV.  Overthrow  of  the  Andros  government  in  New  York. 
V.  Revolution  of  1719  in  South  Carolina. 

VI.  Colonial  Legislatures  resist  the  royal  power. 


CHAPTER   XXVII. 
The  Causes  of  the  Revolution, 

LONG    before    the    Revolution   there    was    much    dis-  General  causes 

of  discontent. 

satisfaction  in  the  colonies.  Many  of  the  governors 
sent  over  were  tyrannical  and  dishonest.  The  Ameri 
cans  did  not  like  the  transportation  of  criminals,  nor 
the  action  of  the  British  government  in  annulling  the 
laws  made  to  keep  out  slaves.  They  were  also  much 
annoyed  by  English  laws,  which  prevented  them  from 
sending  away  woolen  goods,  hats,  and  iron-wares  of 
their  own  make,  from  one  colony  to  another.  Most  of 
all,  they  disliked  the  "  navigation  laws,"  the  object  of 


162 


THE    CAUSES    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


The  writs  of 
assistance. 


which  was  to  compel  them  to  do  most  of  their  trading 
with  England  (page   153). 

The  enforcement  of  these  unpopular  laws  was  in  the 
hands  of  custom-house  officers.     The  custom-house  offi 
cers  in  Boston,  in  1761,  asked  the  courts 
for  "  writs  of  assistance,"  which  would 
give    them    the    right    to    search    any 
house,  at  any  time,  for  the  purpose  of 
finding   smuggled   goods.     This   pro- 


PATRICK    HENRY. 


The  Stamp  Act. 


duced  a 
great  ex 
citement, 
and  made 
the  navi 
gation  laws  still  more  un 
popular.  The  trial  which 
took  place  about  these  writs 
was  a  kind  of  beginning  of 
the  quarrel  which  brought 
on  the  Revolution  fourteen 
years  afterward. 

But  England  and  the 
colonies,  while  always  car 
rying  on  a  family  quarrel, 
had  little  thought  of  sepa 
rating.  Separation  would 
probably  have  come  when 
the  colonies  grew  too  large 
to  be  dependent,  but  this 
might  at  least  have  been 
postponed  for  two  or  three 
generations  if  the  men  who 


Patrick  Henry  was  born  in  Hanover 
County,  Virginia,  in  1736.  He  was  chiefly 
educated  in  a  school  taught  by  his  father. 
He  read  law  and  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  In  1763  he  was  engaged  to 
plead  in  defense  of  the  people  against  a 
suit  of  the  parish  clergy.  It  was  known 
as  "  The  Parsons'  Cause."  Before  a 
court,  in  which  his  own  father  was  the 
presiding  magistrate,  he  pleaded  the  case 
of  the  people  with  such  extraordinary 
eloquence  and  vehemence  that  the  clergy 
men  rose  and  left  the  room,  and  Henry's 
father  wept  tears  of  triumph,  while  the 
people  carried  the  young  lawyer  about  on 
their  shoulders.  Elected  to  the  Virginia 
Legislature,  he  immediately  took  the  lead 
against  the  Stamp  Act  and  became  fa 
mous.  It  was  in  his  speech  on  the  Stamp 
Act  that  he  uttered  the  famous  words, 
"  Caesar  had  his  Brutus,  Charles  the 
First  his  Cromwell,  and  George  the 
Third — "  As  Henry  reached  this  point 
his  opponents  cried  "  Treason  !  trea 
son  !  "  But  the  speaker  finished  by  say 
ing,  "may  profit  by  their  example,"  and 
added,  "  if  that  be  treason,  make  the 
most  of  it  !  "  When  pleading  for  the  or 
ganization  of  the  Virginia  militia,  before 
the  Revolutionary  War  had  begun,  he 
closed  with  these  memorable  words :  "  Is 
life  so  dear,  or  peace  so  sweet,  as  to  be 
purchased  at  the  price  of  chains  and 
slavery  ?  Forbid  it,  Almighty  God  !  I 
know  not  what  course  others  may  take, 
but  as  for  me,  give  me  liberty  or  give  me 
death  !  "  He  was  several  times  governor 
of  Virginia.  He  died  in  1799. 


THE    CAUSES    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


163 


James  Otis  was  born  at  what  is  now 
West  Barnstable,  on  Cape  Cod,  in  1725. 
After  studying  in  his  native  town  he  went 
to  Harvard  College,  where  he  graduated 
when  he  was  eighteen  years  old.  But, 
wishing  to  lay  a  good  foundation,  he 
spent  a  year  and  a  half  more  in  general 
studies  before  he  entered  on  the  study  of 
the  law.  He  practiced  at  first  in  Plym 
outh  and  afterward  in  Boston.  He  rose 
to  the  highest  rank  in  his  profession.  He 
was  an  honorable  man,  and  would  never 
take  unfair  advantages  of  an  opponent. 
When  the  custom-house  officers  applied 
for  "writs  of  assistance,"  which  would 
enable  them  to  search  any  house  at  any 
time,  it  became  the  duty  of  Otis,  as  ad 
vocate-general,  to  argue  in  favor  of 
the  writs.  But  he  gave  up  this  lucrative 
office  and  took  the  side  of  liberty.  He 
made  a  great  speech,  five  hours  long, 
against  the  writs,  and  this  speech  is 
considered  by  some  the  starting-point 
of  the  Revolution.  It  was  in  this 
speech  that  he  first  raised  the  popular 
cry  against  "  taxation  without  repre 
sentation,"  which  was  the  watchword 
of  the  Revolution.  In  the  great  strug 
gle  over  the  Stamp  Act,  and  in  the  de 
bates  that  followed,  to  1769,  he  was  the 
brilliant  leader.  When  the  bitterness  of 
the  controversy  with  England  was  at  its 
height  he  became  involved  in  an  affray 
with  several  officers  of  the  customs,  and 
was  seriously  injured.  Soon  after  this 
his  mind,  wearied  by  the  exciting  contro 
versies  in  which  he  was  engaged,  became 
gradually  deranged,  and  he  retired  from 
public  affairs.  In  1783  he  was  killed  by  a 
stroke  of  lightning. 


ruled  England  had  not 
tried  to  tax  the  American 
colonies.  Parliament  passed, 
in  1/65,  what  was  known  as 
"The  Stamp  Act."  This 
law  required  that  all  bills, 
notes,  leases,  and  many 
other  such  documents  used 
in  the  colonies,  should  be 
written  on  stamped  paper, 
which  should  be  sold  by 
officers  at  such  prices  as 
should  bring-  a  revenue  to 
the  English  government. 
All  newspapers  were  re 
quired  to  be  printed  on 
stamped  paper. 

The     American     people  violent  oppo- 

.    ,  ,  .  .r         ,         sition  to  the 

quickly     saw     that,     if    the  stamp  Act. 


British     Parliament     could 
pass     such     an     act,    they 
could  tax  America  in  any 
other  way.     The  cry  was 
raised  in  all  the  colonies, 

"  No  taxation  without  representation  !  "  Patrick  Hen 
ry,  a  brilliant  speaker,  took  the  lead  in  the  agitation 
in  Virginia,  and  James  Otis,  an  eloquent  Boston  law-  m 
yer,  was  the  principal  orator  in  Massachusetts.  The  r 
rivalries  and  jealousies  between  the  various  colonies  died 
out  in  the  new  patriotic  feeling,  and  the  excitement  ran 
like  a  flame  of  fire  from  New  Hampshire  to  Georgia. 
There  was  everywhere  a  call  for  union  among  the  colo- 


164 


THE    CAUSES    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


The    Americans 
agree  not  to 
import  English 
goods.     Repeal  of 
the  Stamp  Act. 


Other  acts  of 
oppression. 


SAMUEL    ADAMS. 


nies.  A  congress  of  delegates  from  nine  of  the  colonies 
met  in  New  York  in  October,  1765.  It  is  known  as 
"  The  Stamp-Act  Congress."  But  the  people  were  too 
much  excited  to  stop  at  orderly  measures.  In  colony 
after  colony  violent  mobs  compelled  the  stamp-officers 
to  resign.  In  some  places  the  people  pulled  down  or 
rifled  the  houses  of  British  officials.  Not  one  man  in 
all  the  colonies  dared  to  sell  a  piece  of  stamped  paper. 
Though  America  had  almost  no  manufactures,  the 
merchants  pledged  themselves  to  import  no  English 
goods  until  the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed.  As  black  goods 
came  from  England,  the  people  resolved  to  wear  no 
black  at  funerals,  and  they  began  to  dress  in  homespun. 
They  resolved,  also,  to  eat  no  more  mutton,  in  order  to 
increase  the  home  production  of  wool.  English  mer 
chants,  whose  trade  was  hurt  by  these  measures,  now 
joined  in  the  clamor  for  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act,  and 
it  was  repealed  in  1766,  to 
the  great  joy  of  the  colonies. 
But  Parliament  passed 
another  bill  at  the  same 
time,  asserting  its  right 
to  tax  the  colonies.  New 
ways  of  raising  a  revenue 
in  America,  without  the 

consent  of   the   people, 

were      tried.       Troops 

were  quartered  in  the 
colonies,  and  the  people 
were  required  to  pay  the 
expense.  This  the  colonies 
refused  to  do.  In  1770  a 


Samuel  Adams  was  born  in  Boston 
in  1722.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  Col 
lege  at  twenty  years  of  age.  He  was 
already  devoted  to  liberty,  and  his  ora 
tion  when  he  received  the  degree  of 
master  of  arts  defended  the  right  of  the 
people  to  resist  the  supreme  magistrate, 
"if  the  commonwealth  can  not  otherwise 
be  preserved."  He  was  one  of  the  first 
to  oppose  taxation  by  Parliament,  and  he 
early  became  the  chief  organizer  and 
leader  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in 
Massachusetts.  He  is  said  to  have  pro 
posed  the  Congress  of  1774.  When  Gen 
eral  Gage  offered  pardon  to  the  Ameri 
cans,  he  excepted  Samuel  Adams  and 
John  Hancock.  Adams  was  a  member  of 
the  Continental  Congress  and  a  principal 
advocate  of  American  independence.  He 
lived  a  pure  and  incorruptible  life,  and, 
though  always  poor,  the  king  could  not 
buy  him  from  the  path  of  virtue.  He 
died  in  1803. 


THE    CAUSES    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


i65 


collision    took   place   between 
British  troops  and  some  peo 
ple    in    Boston.      Three   of 
the  people  were  killed.     This 
was   called    "  The    Boston    Mas 
sacre."      It   excited   deep   feel 
ing   in   all    the    colonies,   and 
Samuel  Adams,  the  leader  of 
the  Boston  town-meeting,  com 
pelled    the    governor   to    with 
draw  the  troops  from  the  city. 

The  tax  was  at  length  taken 
off  from   nearly  everything 
except  tea.     By  releasing  a 
part  of  the  English  duty  on 
tea  sent  to   America,  the  gov 
ernment  arranged  it  so  that  the 
Americans,  after  paying  a  tax  in  America,  would 
have  their  tea  cheaper  than  before.    The  Americans  were 
not  contending   for  a  little   money,  but  for  a  principle, 
and   they  refused   to   receive   the   tea.     They  began   to 
drink  tea  made  of  sassafras-roots,  sage,  raspberry-leaves, 
yaupon,  and  other  American  plants.     The  English  gov 
ernment   sent   over   consignments   of   tea  to   the   princi- 

pr* 

pal  ports.     At  Boston  a  company  of  fifty  men,  disguised  ,  ^ 

as    Mohawk    Indians,   boarded    the    ships    and    emptied  v> 
three  hundred  and  forty-two  chests  of  tea  into  the  sea. 

This   is   known  as  "  The    Boston  Tea-Party."      In   New  ^ 

York  the  people  emptied  a  private  consignment  of  tea  ^  '-  , 

into  the  water,  and    the  ships  which  were  sent  by  the  \j 
government    they    compelled    to    go    back    to    England. 

m    M  "  •  Opposition  to 

Philadelphia   also   sent   the    tea-ships    home    again.      In  tax  on  tea. 


i66 


THE  CAUSES  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


The  Boston    Port 
Bill  and  its  effect. 


Questions  for 
study. 


Charleston  the  tea  was  landed,  but  purposely  stored 
in  damp  cellars,  where  it  rotted ;  and  at  Annapolis,  a 
ship  that  had  paid  the  duty  on  a  private  consignment 
of  tea  was  burned  in  the  harbor. 

The  English  Parliament  punished  Boston  by  closing 
its  port  until  the  tea  thrown  overboard  should  be  paid 
for.  This  act  produced  a  great  deal  of  distress  in  Bos 
ton,  by  ruining  its  business  and  throwing  its  working- 
people  out  of  employment.  But  it  excited  the  sympa 
thy  of  the  other  colonies,  who  sent  aid  to  its  people 
and  who  resolved  to  support  it.  A  committee  in  New 
York  immediately  suggested  that  Massachusetts  should 
call  a  congress,  and  thus  the  colonies  were  finally  brought 
into  a  union  against  the  mother-country. 


What  was  the  character  of  many  of  the  men  sent  over  to  America  as 
governors  ?  What  kind  of  people  did  the  British  government  transport 
to  be  sold  into  service  in  America  ?  How  did  the  people  feel  about  the 
bringing  in  of  criminals  ?  What  did  the  English  government  do  about 
the  importation  of  slaves?  What  laws  were  made  about  American 
manufactures  ?  What  three  sorts  of  manufacture  were  particularly  re 
strained  ?  What  was  the  object  of  the  navigation  laws  ?  In  whose 
hands  was  the  enforcement  of  the  navigation  laws  ?  What  kind  of  writs 
did  the  custom-house  officers  ask  for  in  1761  ?  What  right  did  the 
"  writs  of  assistance "  give  to  the  officers  ?  How  did  the  people  feel 
about  this  ?  Was  there  much  thought  of  separation  ?  Would  the 
colonies  have  separated  from  England  when  they  did  if  the  English  gov 
ernment  had  been  wise  ?  What  act  was  passed  in  1765  ?  What  did  this 
law  require  ?  What  did  the  American  people  see  in  this  measure  ? 
What  cry  was  raised  in  all  the  colonies  ?  Who  took  the  lead  in  the  agi 
tation  in  Virginia  ?  Who  was  the  chief  orator  in  Massachusetts  ?  What 
effect  did  the  excitement  have  on  the  jealousies  between  the  colonies  ? 
When  did  the  "  Stamp-Act  Congress  "  meet  ?  Where  ?  Did  the 
people  stop  with  orderly  measures  ?  What  took  place  in  many  of  the 
colonies  ?  Were  many  stamps  sold  ?  What  pledge  did  the  mer 
chants  make?  What  did  the  people  refuse  to  wear?  In  what  kind  of 
goods  did  they  dress  themselves  ?  Why  did  they  refuse  to  eat  mutton  ? 
Who  now  joined  in  the  clamor  for  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act?  Why 


THE    CAUSES    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


i67 


did  the  merchants  wish  it  repealed  ?  When  was  it  repealed  ?  What  bill 
did  Parliament  pass  when  it  repealed  the  Stamp  Act  ?  What  was  done 
about  taxing  America  ?  What  was  done  about  gathering  troops  ?  Did 
the  colonies  quarter  the  troops?  What  took  place  in  1770?  What  is 
this  occurrence  called  ?  What  effect  did  it  have  ?  When  the  taxes 

were  taken  off  of  other  articles,  what  article  was  still  taxed  ?  How  did 
the  British  government  seek  to  make  this  agreeable  to  the  Americans  ? 
Why  would  they  not  accept  an  arrangement  which  made  tea  cheaper  ? 
WThat  did  the  people  drink  instead  of  tea?  What  happened  when  the 
government  sent  tea  to  Boston  ?  What  is  this  occurrence  called  ?  What 
did  New  York  do  about  the  tea  ?  What  did  Philadelphia  do  ?  What 
became  of  the  tea  sent  to  Charleston  ?  What  of  a  consignment  of  tea  at 
Annapolis  ?  How  did  the  English  Parliament  punish  Boston  for 

her  part  in  the  tea  business  ?  What  was  the  effect  of  the  closing  of  the 
port  on  the  people  of  Boston  ?  How  did  the  other  colonies  feel  about  it  ? 
What  did  the  New  York  committee  suggest  ? 

I.  Old  causes  of  dissatisfaction.  study  by  topics. 

1.  Character  of  the  governors. 

2.  Transportation  of  criminals  and  slaves. 

3.  Laws  about  manufactures  and  navigation. 

4.  Writs  of  assistance. 
II.  The  Stamp  Act  of  1765. 

1.  Its  nature. 

2.  The  excitement  in  America. 

a.  No  taxation  without  representation,     b.  Patrick  Henry. 
c.  James  Otis.     d.  The  "  Stamp-Act  Congress." 

3.  The  mobs. 

4.  The  agreement  against  English  goods. 

5.  Repeal  of  the  act. 

III.  New  measures  of  oppression. 

1.  Parliament  claims  the  right  to  tax. 

2.  Imposes  new  taxes. 

3.  Tries  to  quarter  troops  at  the  expense  of  the  colonies. 

4.  "  The  Boston  Massacre." 

IV.  The  duty  on  tea. 

1.  The  new  plan  of  taxing  tea. 

2.  Substitutes  used. 

3.  Boston  Tea-Party. 

4.  Tea  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Charleston,  and  Annapolis. 
V.  The  closing  of  the  port  of  Boston. 

1.  The  effect  on  Boston. 

2.  The  sympathy  of  the  other  colonies. 

3.  The  calling  of  a  congress. 


i68 


THE  OUTBREAK  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


CHAPTER     XXVIII. 

The   Outbreak  of  the    Revolution   and 
Declaration  of  Independence. 


PINE-TREE  FLAG,  USED 
ABOUT  BOSTON  AT  THE 
BEGINNING  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


1774 


British  troops 
sent  from  Boston 
to  Concord. 


THOUGH  the  Congress  of  the  thirteen  colo 
nies  which  met  in  Philadelphia  in  1774  had  no 
authority  to  make  laws,  the  people  chose  to 

The  congress  of  obey  its  recommendations  and  to  disobey  the  governors 
sent  to  them  from  England.  The  Congress  petitioned 
the  king  and  Parliament  to  restore  their  rights.  But 
meanwhile  the  colonies  organized  the  militia,  and  col 
lected  military  stores,  that  they  might  be  ready  to  fight 
for  their  liberties. 

General  Gage  was  in  command   of  the  British  forces 
at  Boston.      He  resolved  to  check  the  rebellious  spirit 
of    the   people.      He   sent 
out   troops  from    Boston 
soon  after  midnight  on 
April    19,    1775,  to   de 
stroy      some      military 
stores     at     Concord, 
about    twenty  miles 
away.      The    Ameri 
cans  had  formed  companies  ready  to  be  called  out 
on   the   minute  ;    these   were  called    "  minute-men."     At 
Lexington  the    British  troops  fired    on   the  minute-men 
and  killed  eight  of  them.     At  Concord  the  soldiers  de 
stroyed  the  stores. 

But  the  minute-men  were  now  pouring  in  from  the 
whole  country,  and  the  English  troops  beat  a  hasty  re 
treat  back  through  Lexington.  The  Americans,  swarm- 


* 


Paul  Revere,  an  engraver  and  an 
active  patriot,  was  sent  to  tell  Adams  and 
Hancock,  who  were  at  Lexington,  that 
the  British  were  coming.  He  waited,  at 
Charlestown  until  he  saw  a  light  hung  in  a 
church-steeple,  which  was  a  signal  to  him 
that  the  British  were  moving.  Then  he 
rode  to  Lexington,  warning  the  people  of 
their  danger.  (See  Longfellow's  famous 
poem  on  the  subject.) 


GENERAL   GAGE. 


The  battle  of 
Lexington  and 
the  beginning  of 
the  Revolution. 


THE    OUTBREAK    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


169 


Capture  of  Ticonderoga.  —  Soon 
after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  Ethan  Al 
len,  at  the  head  of  eighty  backwoodsmen 
from  Vermont,  known  as  "  Green  Mount 
ain  Boys,"  made  a  sudden  descent  on 
Fort  Ticonderoga,  near  the  south  end  of 
Lake  Champlain.  Entering  the  fort  in  the 
night,  he  found  the  commander  in  bed, 
and  summoned  him  to  surrender,  "  In 
whose  name?"  demanded  the  officer. 
"  In  the  name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and 
the  Continental  Congress  !  "  replied  Allen. 
With  the  fort  Allen  secured  a  supply  of 
powder,  then  very  much  needed  by  the 
Americans. 


ing  like  maddened  bees, 
attacked     them     in     the 
rear,    in    front,    and    on 
both  sides.     The  min 
ute-men   fired    from 
behind  trees,  rocks, 
and      stone      fences. 
The  English  retreated 
in    a    state    of    exhaustion, 
with    a    loss   in    killed    and 


ETHAN    ALLEN. 


wounded  of  nearly  three  hundred  men  ;  the  Americans 
lost  about  eighty-five.  Messengers  on  horseback  car 
ried  the  news  of  the  "  battle  of  Lexington,"  as  it  was 
called,  all  over  New  England  and  into  the  Middle  and 
Southern  colonies.  The  people  now  knew  that  the  war 

so    long    threat 
ened  had  begun. 

After  the  bat-  The  battle  of 

Bunker  Hill. 

tie  of  Lexington, 
an  irregular  army 
of  New-England- 
ers  blockaded  the 
English  troops  in 
Boston.       A    de 
tachment  sent  to 
encamp    on    Bun- 

Hill 


o\ 


breastworks  on    Breed's   Hill  in 
stead.     Here  the  British  attacked 
them    with     nearly    double    their 
force,  and,  though  the  Americans 
were  farmers  who  had  never  fought,  and 


170 


THE  OUTBREAK  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


had  almost 
nothing     but 
fowling-pieces 
to  fight  with, 
they         twice 
repulsed     the 
British     reg- 
i.     ulars        with 
great  slaugh 
ter,    and,  when 
their    ammunition 

was  exhausted,  fought  with  the  butts  and  barrels  of  their 
guns  until  compelled  to  retreat.  One  third  of  the  Brit 
ish  force  was  killed  or  wounded,  and  the  result  of  the 
battle  was  to  give  great  confidence  to  the  Americans, 
who  have  always  regarded  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill, 
as  it  was  called,  more  as  a  victory  than  a  defeat. 


THE    OUTBREAK    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


171 


Early  Life  of  Washington.— 
George  Washington  was  born  in  Vir 
ginia,  February  22,  1732.  His  father 
was  a  planter,  with  a  large  landed  prop 
erty  ;  his  mother  was  a  woman  of  great 
force  of  character,  but,  like  many  ladies 
of  that  day,  she  had  little  education. 
Washington  got  such  education  as  the 
poor  country  schools  of  the  time  afforded, 
but  he  made  the  most  of  it.  His  exercise- 
books  are  models  of  method  and  neat 
ness.  Besides  the  common  branches  of 
reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic,  he 
learned  surveying  and  book-keeping.  He 
was  a  lad  of  great  strength,  and  took  the 
lead  in  all  athletic  sports,  and  he  became 
one  of  the  best  horsemen  of  his  time.  He 
bore  hardships  with  great  resolution,  he 
spoke  the  truth,  he  was  economical,  in 
dustrious,  and  systematic  in  his  habits. 
He  was,  while  yet  hardly  more  than  a 
boy,  engaged  in  surveying  wild  lands  for 
Lord  Fairfax,  an  English  nobleman,  who 
owned  a  great  tract  of  Virginia  territory, 
and  lived  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  He 
thus  came  to  know  the  frontier  country 
and  the  habits  of  the  Indians.  He  was 
made  a  major  of  the  militia  at  nineteen, 
and  he  was  but  twenty-one  when  Gov 
ernor  Dinwiddie  sent  him  on  a  mission  to 
the  French  posts  on  the  Ohio,  as  we 
have  told  in  another  chapter.  By  his 
prudent  conduct  in  Braddock's  and 
Forbes's  expeditions,  and  in  the  defense 
of  the  Virginia  frontier,  he  won  the  con 
fidence  of  the  American  people.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress  of 
1774.  He  was  not  a  brilliant  man,  but  even 
in  1774  Patrick  Henry  pronounced  him, 
for  "solid  information  and  sound  judg 
ment,  unquestionably  the  greatest  man" 
on  the  floor  of  the  Continental  Congress. 


Meantime   it  fell  to  the  Washington 

.         made   command- 

Contmental  Congress,  in  er-in-chief. 
session  in  Philadelphia,  to 
elect  a  commander-in-chief 
for  the  new  army.  Colonel 
George  Washington,  of 
Virginia,  who  had  gained 
distinction  for  zeal,  cour 
age,  and  prudence  in  the 
French  and  Indian  wars, 
was  chosen  to  this  respon 
sible  place.  He  declined 
all  pay  except  his  expenses. 
He  set  out  for  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  where  he 
took  command  on  July  3, 

I775- 

Washington  brought  his  The  English 

,  evacuate  Boston. 

irregular  army  to  a  tolera 
ble  state  of  organization,  and 
closely  besieged  the  Brit 
ish  in  Boston  until 
March  of  the  next 
year,  1776,  when  he 


sent  a  strong  force 


FLAG  BORNE  BY  AMERICAN 
TROOPS  AT  THE  SOUTH 
AT  THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE 
REVOLUTION. 


to  occupy  and  fortify  Dorchester  Heights,  which 
commanded  the  harbor  and  the  town.  This 
forced  the  English  to  withdraw  their  troops 
from  Boston  to  Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Up  to  this  time  the  Americans  had  been  fighting  for  independ 

declared. 

their  liberties  as  British  subjects.      But  now  they  were 
everywhere  weaned  from  attachment  to  England.     The 


172 


THE  OUTBREAK  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


colonies,  one  after  another,  formed  constitutions  inde 
pendent  of  England,  or  took  steps  looking  toward  inde 
pendence.  On  the  fourth  day  of  July,  1776,  the 
Continental  Congress  adopted  the  "  Declaration 
of  Independence." 


RATTLESNAKE  FLAG,  USED  AT 
THE  BEGINNING  OF  THE  REV 
OLUTION.  IT  SOMETIMES  BORE 
FOR  MOTTO,  "  DON'T  TREAD 
ON  ME  1  " 


The   Declaration 
of   Independence. 


This  act  was  a  for 
mal  separation  of  the 
united  colonies  from 
England,  whose  king 
was  no  more  to  be 
king  in  the  thirteen  colo 
nies.  Thomas  Jefferson, 
of  Virginia,  wrote  this  elo 
quent  declaration,  which 
will  never  be  forgotten. 

The  Declaration  says : 
"  We  hold  these  truths  to 
be  self-evident  :  That  all 
men  are  born  equal ;  that 
they  are  endowed  by  their 
Creator  with  certain  un- 
alienable  rights ;  that  among 
these  are  life,  liberty,  and 
the  pursuit  of  happiness." 
The  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence  gives  an  account 
of  the  various  acts  of  tyran 
ny  which  the  colonies  had  suffered  under  the  govern 
ment  of  George  III,  and  then  says:  "  We  therefore,  the 
representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  gen 
eral  Congress  assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme 
Judge  of  the  world  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions, 


Thomas  Jefferson  was  born  near 
Charlottesville,  Va.,  in  1743.  His  father 
was  a  noted  land-surveyor,  and  one  of  the 
authors  of  a  map  of  Virginia.  He  left  an 
ample  fortune.  Thomas  was  an  eager  stu 
dent.  He  graduated  at  William  and  Mary 
College,  and  was  soon  recognized  as  per 
haps  the  most  accomplished  general 
scholar  in  the  colonies.  He  was  an  ex 
cellent  mathematician,  and  knew  Greek, 
Latin,  French,  Spanish,  and  Italian. 
There  was  almost  no  knowledge  that  he 
was  not  eager  to  acquire.  He  was  not 
gifted  as  an  orator,  but  with  his  eloquent 
pen  he  rendered  great  services  to  the 
cause  of  liberty  in  America.  He  wrote 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the 
most  famous  state-paper  in  the  world. 
He  used  his  best  endeavor  to  have  slavery 
and  the  slave-trade  abolished.  He  took 
the  lead  in  abolishing  the  colonial  laws 
that  gave  to  the  oldest  son  the  largest 
share  of  the  father's  property.  He  was 
also  the  leader  in  separating  church  and 
state,  and  giving  to  the  people  religious 
freedom.  To  him  we  owe  the  change  of 
our  money  from  pounds,  shillings,  and 
pence  to  a  simple  decimal  system  of 
dollars,  dimes,  and  cents.  To  him,  also, 
was  due  the  purchase  from  France  of  the 
territory  west  of  the  Mississippi.  He  was 
the  third  President  of  the  United  States, 
chosen  in  the  year  1800,  and  was  elected 
for  a  second  term  in  1804.  He  died  on  the 
4th  of  July,  1826,  just  fifty  years  to  a  day 
from  the  adoption  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  and  the  aged  John  Adams, 
second  President,  died  on  the  same  day. 


THE  OUTBREAK  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


'73 


do,  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  these  colonies, 
solemnly  publish  and  de 
clare,  that  these  United 
Colonies  are,  and  of  right 
ought    to    be,   free    and 
independent  States."     It 
closes  with  these  words : 
"  And    for    the    support 
of  this  declaration,  with 
a  firm    reliance   on    the 
protection       of        Di 
vine  Providence,  we    / 
mutually      pledge 
to      each       oth 
er    our    lives, 
ourfortunes, 

and     """/f^>^^hmo^l^         W     where 

sacred        /f^f^      Wim£Jb^C^l  W    dkl      the 

honor."   Ml     ^^M  '^12%^  .-.      /    Congress  of 

1774      meet  ? 
Did  it  have  any 
authority  to  make 
laws  ?  How  did  the 
people  treat  its  rec 
ommendations  ?     How 
did  they  treat  the  govern 
ors    sent    from    England  ? 
To  whom  did  the  Congress 
address    petitions?      What 
did  the  colonies  do  in  or 
der  to  be  ready  to  fight  if 
necessary  ?  Who  was 

in  command  of  the  British 
forces  at  Boston  ?  What 
did  he  resolve  to  check  ? 
At  what  time  of  night  did 
he  send  out  troops  from 


GENERAL  MAP 
ILLUSTRATING  THE 

REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 


for 


study. 


THE  OUTBREAK  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Boston  ?  On  what  day  of  what  month  was  this  ?  In  what  year  ? 
What  were  these  troops  to  destroy  ?  Where  were  the  military  stores  ? 
How  far  away  is  Concord  from  Boston?  What  took  place  at  Lex 
ington  as  the  troops  passed  through  ?  Who  were  called  minute-men  ? 
How  many  minute-men  were  killed  in  this  first  fire  ?  What  did  the 
British  troops  do  at  Concord?  Who  were  now  pouring  in  from  the 
whole  country  ?  What  did  the  English  troops  do  ?  What  did  the 
Americans  do  ?  How  many  did  the  English  lose  ?  How  was  the 
news  carried  ?  What  war  did  this  battle  begin  ?  What  kind  of 

an  army  blockaded  the  English  in  Boston  after  the  battle  of  Lexing 
ton  ?  On  what  hill  was  a  detachment  sent  to  encamp  ?  On  what  hill 
did  they  throw  up  breastworks  ?  How  much  stronger  than  the  Ameri 
cans  was  the  force  sent  to  attack  them  ?  What  kind  of  troops  were  the 
Americans  ?  WThat  kind  of  guns,  did  they  have  ?  How  did  they  fight  ? 
What  did  they  do  when  their  ammunition  was  exhausted  ?  What 
portion  of  the  British  force  was  killed  and  wounded  ?  What  was  the  re 
sult  of  the  battle  ?  How  have  the  Americans  always  regarded  it  ? 
By  whom  was  a  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  elected  ?  Whom 
did  the  Congress  choose  for  this  place  ?  What  qualities  had  given  him 
distinction  in  the  French  and  Indian  wars  ?  What  did  Washington  do 
about  salary  ?  Where  did  he  go  to  take  command  of  the  army  ?  On 
what  day  did  he  take  command  ?  Where  were  the  British  whom 

Washington  now  besieged  ?  To  what  heights  did  he  send  a  force  ?  In 
what  month  was  this  ?  When  the  Americans  had  taken  possession  of 
Dorchester  Heights  what  were  the  English  forced  to  do  ?  What 

had  the  Americans  been  fighting  for  up  to  this  time?  What  did  one 
colony  after  another  do  ?  What  declaration  did  Congress  adopt  ?  On 
what  day  ?  What  was  this  act  a  separation  from  ?  Who  wrote  the 
Declaration  of  Independence?  Two  truths  are  held  to  be  self- 

evident  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence  :  what  is  the  first  one  ?    What 

|      unalienable  rights  are  said  to  belong  to  all  men  ? 

Of  what  acts  of  tyranny  does  the  Declaration  give 
an  account  ?  What  solemn  declaration  is  then 
made  ?  What  pledge  is  given  ?  (Give  as  nearly 
as  possible  the  exact  words  of  the  Declaration.) 

I.  Preparations   for  the  Revo 
lution. 
II.  Battle  of  Lexington. 

III.  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

IV.  Appointment    of    Washing 

ton. 

V.  Recovery  of  Boston. 
VI.  Declaration  of  Independence. 


THE    OUTBREAK    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


17S 


General  Gage  sent  out  troops  to  destroy  some  military  stores  at ,    Skeleton  sum- 
about  -    -  miles  from  Boston.     The  Americans  had  companies  called    mafy- 
— .     These  attacked  and  drove  in  the  —  —  troops.     This  is  called  the 

battle  of .     The  Americans  sent  a  force  which  encamped  on  — 

Hill,  now  commonly  called  —  -  Hill.  The  English  attacked  them  and 
carried  the  works  with  great  loss.  Colonel ,  of  Virginia,  was  ap 
pointed  general-in-chief  of  the  American  forces,  and  took  command 

at .     In  March  following  he  sent  a  force  to  occupy  —   —  Heights, 

commanding  Boston  ;  this  obliged  the troops  to  evacuate  the  town. 


The  region  about  Boston.    Make  a  diagram  of,  or  otherwise  locate  with  reference 
to  Boston,  Lexington,  Concord,  Bunker  Hill,  Dorchester  (now  South  Boston)  Heights. 


Geography. 


CHAPTER    XXIX. 

The  Battle  of   Trenton  and  the 
Capture  of  Burgoyne's  Army. 

THE  people  received  the  Declara-  joy  of  the  people 

,.  .,,  T-,.     ,  r      ,,1          i    •  at  the  news  of 

tion   with   joy.     Pictures  of    the  king  the  Declaration 
were  destroyed ;    his  coat-of-arms  was  of  IndePendence- 
torn  down  from  public  buildings  and   thrown  into  the 
patriotic   bonfires.      The   leaden   statue   of   George    III, 


KING   GEORGE   III. 


DESTROYING   THE   STATUE   OF   GEORGE   III    AT   THE   BOWLING   GREEN,    IN    NEW    YORK   CITY. 


176 


THE    BATTLE    OF    TRENTON. 


which    stood    in    Bowling-    Green,    in    New    York    city, 
was  run  into  bullets. 

But  the  joy  of  the  Americans  was  soon  turned  into 
near  New  York,  anxiety.     About  the  time  of  the   adoption  of  the  Decla- 


Arrival  of  an 
English   army 


THE    RETREAT    FROM    LONG   ISLAND. 


ration  of  Independence,   General    Howe  landed  a  large 
body  of  English  troops  on  Staten  Island,  near  New  York, 


THE    BATTLE    OF    TRENTON. 


177 


and  a  few  days  later  his  brother,  Admiral  Lord  Howe, 
came  with  re-enforcements. 

The  battle  of  Long  Island  was  fought  near  Brook 
lyn,  on  the  27th  of  August,  iv/6.  In  this  battle  the 
Americans  were  defeated,  and  Washington  withdrew 
his  troops  from  Brooklyn,  and  left  the  whole  of  Long 
Island  in  the  hands  of  the  British.  The  Americans  were 
not  strong  enough  to  hold  New  York,  and  it  was  soon 
evacuated.  Fort  Washington,  above  New  York,  with 
two  thousand  Americans,  wras  captured  by  the  British, 
who  soon  crossed  the  Hudson.  Washington  was  obliged 
to  retreat,  step  by  step,  across  New  Jersey  into  Penn 
sylvania. 

The  American  cause  seemed  on  the  verge  of  ruin. 
It  was  necessary  to  strike  some  blow  to  hearten  the 
people.  The  English  government  had  hired  a  body  of 
Hessian  soldiers,  men  from  that  part  of  Germany  called 
Hesse-Cassel  [hess-cas'-sel],  to  assist  in  subduing  the 
Americans.  Fifteen  hundred  of  these  were  stationed  in 
Trenton.  Washington  crossed  the  Delaware  River, 
above  Trenton,  on  the  night  of  Christmas,  with  twenty- 
five  hundred  men.  The  river  was  so  full  of  floating  ice 
that  it  took  Washington  all  night  to  get  over  with  his 
men.  The  Hessians  were,  as  Washington  expected,  stu 
pefied  by  their  Christmas  revelries  of  the  night  before. 
The  Americans  surprised  them  at  eight  in  the  morning. 
About  a  thousand  prisoners  were  taken. 

A  little  later  the  British  advanced  upon  Trenton  and 
put  Washington  in  great  danger,  because  he  could  not 
retreat  across  the  river  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy. 
He  saved  himself  by  a  bold  move.  Building  up  his 
camp-fires,  so  as  to  deceive  the  enemy,  he  moved  around 


ADMIRAL    LORD    HOWE. 

The  battle  of 
Long  Island,  and 
the  evacuation 
of  New  York  by 
the  Americans. 


Washington 
crosses  the  Dela 
ware  and  capt 
ures  Trenton. 


A    HESSIAN    TROOPER. 


Battle  of  Prince 
ton. 


AMERICAN    FLAG, 
ADOPTED    IN    1777. 


Burgoyne's 
expedition. 


Fall  of 
Ticonderoga. 


Battle  of 
Bennington. 


HESSIAN    MADE    PRISONER 
BY    MILITIAMAN. 


THE    BATTLE    OF    TRENTON. 

the  British  force  and  attacked  and  captured  Prince 
ton,  in  their  rear.  This  forced  the  British  to  fall 
back  to  New  Brunswick,  and  left  the  most  of  New 
Jersey  in  the  hands  of  the  Americans. 

In  1777  General  Burgoyne  was  sent  to  force 
his  way  down  from  Canada,  through  Lake  Cham- 
plain  and  Lake  George,  to  the  Hudson.  He  was 
expected  to  capture  Albany,  and  make  a  junc 
tion  with  the  British  forces  about  New  York.  The 
effect  of  this  would  have  been  to  cut  the  United  Colo 
nies  in  two. 

Burgoyne  compelled  General  St.  Clair  to  evacuate 
Ticonderoga,  and  captured  the  artillery  and  all  the  stores 
which  St.  Clair  wras  trying  to  move.  He  then  went  to 
Skenesborough,  now  Whitehall,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake 
Champlain.  At  length  he  reached  the  Hudson  at  Fort 
Edward,  having  gained  complete  control  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain  and  Lake  George. 

From    Fort  Edward,   Burgoyne  sent  out  a  force  of 
his    hired    German  troops   into    what   is   now  Vermont, 
to   capture   stores   and    horses.      But    the    militia   of 
western    New    England,   who    like   almost  all  men 
in    a    new    country    were   accustomed    to    the    use 
of   fire-arms   from   childhood,    gathered    under  the 
lead    of    General     Stark,    and    at    the    battle    of 
Bennington  utterly  defeated    the   detachment   sent 
out  by  Burgoyne. 

The  whole  Northern  country  was  up   now.     The 
ranks  of   the  army  under  General  Gates,  which  op 
posed   the    march  of    Burgoyne,   were    quickly  filled 
by  militia  pouring  in  from  New  York  and   New  Eng 
land.     In  a  hard-fought  battle  at  Bemis's   Heights  the 


THE    BATTLE    OF    TRENTON. 


179 


Americans   won   a   decisive    victory.      Burgoyne    was 
soon    hemmed    in   on    every    side    by    the    increasing 
American  force.      He  tried   in  vain  to  get  back  to 
the  lakes.      His  retreat  was   cut  off   in  every  direc 
tion,    and    on    the    i6th    of    October   he   surrendered 
his  whole  army.     This  victory  delivered  the  Amer 
ican  cause  from  the  greatest  peril,  and  brought  joy     \ 
without  measure  to  the  people. 


GENERAL  GATES. 


How  did  the  people  receive  the  Declara 
tion  of  Independence  ?     How  did  they  show    Questions  for 
their  dislike  to  the  king,  George  III  ?     What   study- 
became  of  his  leaden  statue  in   New  York  ? 
What  turned  the  joy  of  the  Americans  to 
anxiety  ?     What  English  general   landed  on 
Staten    Island  ?      Near   what   city   is    Staten 
Island  ?      Who    brought   re-enforcements    to 
General  Howe  ?  Near  what  city  was 

the  battle  of  Long  Island  fought  ?  In  what 
month  ?  Who  were  defeated  in  this  battle  ? 
What  did  Washington  do  after  the  battle  ? 
Why  did  he  evacuate  New  York  ?  What 
fort  did  the  British  capture  ?  What  river  did 
the  British  cross  after  capturing  Fort  Wash 
ington  ?  Across  what  State  did  Washington  retreat  ?  Into  what 
State  ?  What  were  the  prospects  of  the  American  cause  at  this 

time  ?      What  kind  of  soldiers  had  the  English  hired  ?     Where  were 
the  Hessians  from  ?     How  many  Hessians  were  in  Trenton  at  this  time  ? 
What  river  was  between  Washington's  army  and  Trenton  ?     At  what 
time  of  the  year  did  Washington  and  his  troops  cross  ?      What  made 
it  hard  to  get  over  ?      By  what  were  the    Hessians  stupefied  ?      At 
what  time  in  the  morning  did  the  Americans   attack  them  ?     How 
many    prisoners   were    taken  ?  When    the    British    advanced 

against  Washington,  in  Trenton,  why  was  he  in  danger  ?     How  did     / 
he    save   himself  ?      What   effect    did    this    have    on    the    British  ? 
In  what   year  was  Burgoyne's    expedition    sent    from    Canada  ? 
Through    what    lakes    did    Burgoyne    move  ?      Toward   what    river  ? 
What   city  did    he  expect    to  capture  ?      With  what    English    forces 
was   he    to    make   a  junction  ?      What    would    have    been    the  effect 
of  this  ?  What  fort  did  Burgoyne  force  General  St.  Clair  to    HESSIAN  TROOPER'S  BOOT. 


i8o 


THE    BATTLE    OF    TRENTON. 


Study  by  topics. 


Skeleton  sum 
maries. 


he  could   not 
victory  on  the 


evacuate  ?  To  what  place  did  Burgoyne 
then  go  ?  Where  did  he  reach  the  Hud 
son  ?  Of  what  lakes  had  he  gained  control  ? 

Into  what  region  did  Burgoyne  send  out 
a  detachment  ?  For  what  purpose  were 
they  sent  ?  Under  what  general  did  the 
militia  of  New  England  gather  ?  What  hap 
pened  at  the  battle  of  Bennington  to  the 
detachment  which  Burgoyne  had  sent  out  ? 

In  what  battle  was  Burgoyne's  army  de 
feated  ?  What  did  he  try  to  do  ?  Finding 
retreat,  what  took  place  ?  What  was  the  effect  of  this 
Americans  ? 


Tell  about— 

I.  Events  following  the  Declaration. 

1.  Joy  of  the  people  at  the  Declara 

tion  of  Independence. 

2.  Landing  of  Howe. 

3.  Battle  of  Long  Island  and  other 

English  successes. 

4.  Battle  of  Trenton. 
;.  Battle  of  Princeton. 


II.  Burgoyne's  expedition. 

1 .  Its  purpose. 

2.  Burgoyne's  successes. 

3.  Battle  of  Bennington. 

4.  Defeat  of  Burgoyne. 

5.  Surrender  of  Burgoyne's  army. 

1.  British  successes.     About  the  time  of  the 
Declaration  of  -     -  General    Howe   landed  on 

-  Island.      The  -    -  were   defeated   in    the 

battle  of  Long  Island.     It  was  fought  near , 

August  27,  17 — .     Washington  soon  after  evacu 
ated  .      Fort  -  — ,  above  New  York,  was 

captured    by   the   -  — ,    and    Washington    was 
obliged  to  retreat  into . 

2.  Washington's  successes.     The  English  had  a  body  of  hired  Ger 
man  soldiers  stationed  in .     Washington  crossed  the on  the 

night  of ,  and  attacked  them  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning.     He 

took  —  —  prisoners.    When  the  English  advanced  to  Trenton,  he  attacked 
and  took  —  —  in  their  rear,  and  forced  them  to  fall  back,  leaving  nearly 
the  whole  State  of in  his  hands. 


THE    BATTLE    OF    TRENTON. 


3.  Burgoyne's   campaign.      Burgoyne's   advance   from   Canada  took 

place  in  the  year  17 — .     He  forced  St.  Clair  to  abandon  Fort ,  and 

got  possession  of  Lake and  Lake ,  and  reached  the  —   -  River 

at  Fort  Edward.     He  sent  out  an  expedition  into  what  is  now  the  State 
of ,  which  was  defeated  by  American  militia  in  the  battle  of . 


Burgoyne's  army  was  defeated  in  the  battle  of 
dered  on  the  i6th  of ,  1777. 


Heights,  and  surren- 


In  what  direction  could  the  English  pass  from  Staten  Island  to  Long 
Island  ?  From  Long  Island  to  New  York  ?  From  New  York  Island  to 
New  Jersey  ?  In  what  part  of  New  Jersey  is  Trenton  ?  What  direction 
is  Princeton  from  Trenton  ?  In  what  part  of  New  Jersey  is  New  Bruns 
wick  ?  In  what  direction  did  Burgoyne  move  from  Canada  to  Ticonder- 
oga  ?  On  what  lake  is  Ticonderoga  ?  By  what  water  would  one  pass 
from  Ticonderoga  to  Whitehall  ?  What  lake  lies  south  of  the  main  body 
of  Lake  Champlain  ?  On  what  river  is  Fort  Edward  ?  In  what  State  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Fort  Edward  is  Bemis's  Heights  ?  From  Fort 
Edward,  in  what  direction  is  Bennington  ?  In  what  State  ? 


Geographical 
inquiries. 


CHAPTER    YXX. 
The  Dark  Period  of  the   Revolution. 

THE  overthrow  of   Burgoyne  The  battle  of 

the  Brandy  wine, 

relieved   the   American    cause  of  sept,  u,  1777. 
one   great  danger,   but   it  was 
sorely  beset  in  other  quarters. 
General     Howe    had    taken    his 
army    around     by    sea,    and 
landed  at  the  head  of  Chesa 
peake    Bay,    in    order   to 
capture  Philadelphia,  which 
was    then    the    seat   of    Con 
gress.      Washington's   army 

was  inferior  to  the  British,  and   he  retired   behind 
the  Brandywine  River,  where,  on  the   nth  of   Sep 
tember,    1777,  Was    fought    the    battle    knOWn   as    "  The     GENERAL  SIR  WILLIAM  HOWE. 


GENERAL     BURGOYNE. 


THE    DARK    PERIOD    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


Battle  of  Ger- 
mantown,  Oct.  4, 
1777- 


LA    FAYETTE. 


Winter  quarters 
at  Valley  Forge, 
i 777- '78. 


BARON  STEUBEN. 


Battle  of  the  Brandywine." 
The  Americans  were  forced 
to  retreat,  and  the  British 
entered  Philadelphia. 

On  the  4th  of  October 
Washington  attacked  the 
British  at  Germantown, 
near  Philadelphia,  but 
he  was  again  defeated. 
The  winter  of  1777- 
'78  was  the  darkest 
season  of  the  Revo 
lution.  Washington 
went  into  winter-quar 
ters  at  Valley  Forge. 
Congress  had  no  money. 
Many  of  the  soldiers  were 
without  shoes,  and  in  their 
marches  over  frozen  ground 
they  left  blood  in  their 
tracks.  Some  of  the  poor 
fellows  sat  up  by  the  fires 
at  night,  for  want  of  blan 
kets  to  keep  them 
warm. 

The  war  of  the  colo 
nies  against  England 
had  excited  much 

sympathy  in  Europe.     Many  foreign  officers  had 
come   over   to   assist    the    Americans.      Some    of 
these    were    mere   adventurers,   but   others    were    men 
of   ability  and    generous   spirit.      Such    was   the   young 


The  Marquis  de  La  Fayette  was 
born  of  an  illustrious  French  family  on 
the  7th  of  September,  1757.  He  was  but 
nineteen  years  old,  with  every  prospect 
which  great  wealth  and  family  influence 
could  give,  when  he  embraced  the  cause 
of  liberty  in  America.  Against  the  com 
mand  of  the  King  of  France,  he  freighted 
a  ship  at  his  own  expense,  and  landed  in 
America  in  1777,  to  offer  his  services  as  a 
simple  volunteer.  He  quickly  won  the 
favor  of  Congress  and  the  life-long  friend 
ship  of  Washington.  He  was  made  ma 
jor-general,  and,  though  so  young,  showed 
considerable  ability  as  a  commander.  His 
conduct  was  always  prudent.  He  was 
wounded  at  the  Brandywine,  and  he  dis 
tinguished  himself  by  a  masterly  retreat 
from  Barren  Hill  and  fine  conduct  at 
the  battle  of  Monmouth.  In  Virginia, 
when  Cornwallis  threatened  him  with  a 
superior  force,  and  boasted  that  the  "  lit 
tle  boy,"  as  he  called  La  Fayette,  could 
not  get  away  from  him,  the  young  mar 
quis  avoided  a  battle,  and  prepared  by 
his  skillful  movements  for  the  final  suc 
cess  at  Yorktown.  La  Fayette  was  all  his 
life  a  lover  of  liberty  and  order.  He  took 
a  brave  part  in  the  French  Revolution, 
but  refused  to  go  to  extremes.  He  was 
arrested  and  imprisoned  for  years  in  Aus 
tria,  in  spite  of  American  efforts  to  re 
lieve  him.  At  the  instance  of  Bona 
parte  he  was  freed  in  1797.  He  visited 
the  United  States  in  1824,  when  he  was 
welcomed  as  the  guest  of  the  nation.  He 
made  the  tour  of  the  country,  rejoicing 
in  its  prosperity.  He  was  everywhere  re 
ceived  with  enthusiasm  by  those  whose 
fathers  he  had  helped  in  their  hour  of 
distress.  Congress  voted  him  $200,000 
and  a  township  of  land  for  his  losses  and 
expenses  in  the  Revolution.  Though  an 
old  man,  he  took  part  in  the  French  Revo 
lution  of  1830,  and  remained  the  devoted 
friend  of  human  liberty  until  his  death 
in  1834. 


THE    DARK    PERIOD    OF    THE     REVOLUTION. 


French  nobleman  La  Fayette ;  Count 
Pulaski,  Baron  Steuben,  and  Baron 
De  Kalb  were  also  excellent  officers. 
France  had  Irom  the  first  taken  a 
lively  interest  in  the  fate  of  America, 
partly  from  a  jealous  dislike  of  Eng 
land,  partly  from  the  love  of  lib 
erty  that  was  growing  among  the 
French  people.  The  courageous  per 
sistence  with  which  Washington  attacked  Howe's 
army  at  Germantown  made  a  strong  impression 
in  France,  and  on  the  3Oth  of  January,  1778,  a 
treaty  of  alliance  between  France  and  the  United 
States  was  signed.  This  was  received  in  America 
with  the  greatest  joy. 

The  first  result  of  the  alliance  with 
France  was  the  recovery  oi  Philadelphia. 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  who  had  succeeded  Howe  in 

command  of  the  British  army,  was  afraid 
that  the  French  might  blockade  the 
Delaware,  and  thus  shut  him  up  in 
Philadelphia.  He  therefore  retreat 
ed  across  New  Jersey  to  New  York, 
pushed  by  Washington's  army.  Dur 
ing  this  retreat  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth  was  fought.  The  Americans 
gained  a  partial  victory,  the  English  retreating  under 
cover  of  night. 

When  the  war  had  lasted  three  or  four  years,  the  Brit 
ish  government  became  convinced  that  it  was  a  most 
difficult  task  to  subdue  the  Northern  and  Middle  States. 
The  people  could  not  be  subdued  even  when  the  armies 


Arrival  of  La 
Fayette  and 
other   foreign 
officers. 

The  alliance 
with  France, 
1778. 


British  retreat 
from   Philadel 
phia,   and    the 
battle  of  Mon- 
mouth,  June  18, 
1778. 


SIR    HENRY    CLINTON. 


The   British    con 
quer  Georgia  and 
South    Carolina. 
Americans  de 
feated  at  the  bat 
tle  of  Camden, 
1780. 


1 84 


THE    DARK    PERIOD    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


GENERAL    MOULTRIE. 


Sergeant  Jasper.— In  1776  the  Brit 
ish  fleet  attacked  Fort  Sullivan,  in  Charles 
ton  harbor,  which  was  successfully  de 
fended  by  General  Moultrie.  During  the 
hottest  of  the  fire,  the  flag  of  the  fort, 
which  bore  the  device  of  a  crescent,  was 
shot  away.  A  sergeant  named  Jasper 
leaped  down  outside  the  fort  and  recov 
ered  the  flag,  which  he  fixed  to  a  sponge- 
staff.  This  he  stuck  in  the  sand  and 
then  returned  unharmed  to  the  fort.  For 
this  act  the  governor  of  South  Carolina 
gave  him  his  own  sword.  In  1779  he  was 
engaged  in  the  attack  on  Savannah,  when 
the  colors  of  his  own  regiment  were  shot 
away.  Jasper  tried  to  replace  them  on  a 
parapet,  but  he  was  mortally  wounded. 
In  this  condition  he  brought  away  his 
colors. 


GENERAL    LINCOLN, 

WHO    DEFENDED    CHARLESTON 

IN    1780. 


Sumter  and  Ma 
rion  maintain  a 
partisan   warfare 
in   South  Caro 
lina. 


were  beaten.  But  as  there 
were  more  slaves,  and  as 
the  white  population  was 

more    scattered,    in    the 

Southern     States,     they 

supposed    it    might    be 

easier  to  overrun  them. 

.1 

At  the  close  of  the  year 
1778  the  British  captured 
Savannah,  and  Georgia  was 
soon  subjugated.  In  the 
next  year  an  attempt  was 
made  by  the  Americans,  assisted  by  the  French  fleet, 
to  capture  Savannah,  but  it  failed.  In  this  attempt 
Count  Pulaski  lost  his  life.  After  a  regular  siege,  a 
British  fleet  and  army  took  Charleston  in  May, 
1780.  General  Gates,  who  had  commanded  the 
Northern  army  when  Burgoyne  surrendered,  was 
put  in  command  of  all  the  American  troops  at 
the  South.  But  Gates  was  utterly  beaten,  and 
his  whole  army  routed  and  dispersed,  by  the 
British  under  Cornwallis,  at  the  battle  of  Cam- 
den,  in  South  Carolina.  There  was  no  longer 
any  American  army 
worthy  of  the  name  in  the 
whole  South. 

But  in  the  South,  as  in 
the  North,  the  British  could 
not  gain  permanent  advan 
tages.  Though  the  Amer 
icans  shrank  from  enter 
ing  the  army,  which  was 


One  of  the  most  brilliant  enterprises  of 
the  war  was  the  capture  of  Stony  Point, 
on  the  Hudson.  General  Wayne  led  a 
force  of  Americans,  by  defiles  in  the 
mountains,  to  within  a  mile  and  a  half 
of  the  fort  on  the  evening  of  July  15 
1779.  To  prevent  discovery,  all  the  dogs 
on  the  road  were  killed.  At  midnight  the 
Americans  moved  on  the  fort.  The  ad 
vanced  guard  carried  empty  guns  with 
fixed  bayonets,  and  thus  faced  the  fire 
of  the  defenders  as  they  rushed  over  the 
works  and  made  the  British  garrison 
prisoners. 


THE    DARK    PERIOD    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


study. 


poorly    paid    and    badly    fed,    they    refused    to    be 
subdued.      Sumter  and  Marion  mustered  consider 
able    bodies    of    South    Carolina    militia.      These 
men    knew   the   country   perfectly  ;    they  lurked 
in    the    forests    and    swamps,    coming    out    from 
time   to  time   to   strike  the    British  where   they 
were  weakest. 

Where  did  General  Howe  take  his  army  in  order  to  capture 
Philadelphia?      Behind  what    river  did  Washington    retire?      In 
what  year  was  the  battle  of  the   Brandywine  fought  ?      Who  were     GENERAL  MARION- 
forced  to  retreat?     What  city  did  the  British  enter?  In  what 

month  in  1777  did  Washington  attack  the  British  in  Germantown  ?    Near   Questions  for 
what  city  is  Germantown  ?     (It  is  now  a  part  of  Philadelphia.)     What 
was  the  result  of  the   battle  of  Germantown  ?  What  was  the 

state  of  feeling  in  Europe  about  the  war  in  the  colonies  ?  Who  came 
over  to  assist  the  Americans?  WThat  was  the  character  of  some  of 
these  officers  ?  What  kind  of  men  were  others  of  them  ?  From  what 
country  was  La  Fayette  ?  From  what  country  was  Pulaski  ?  What 
other  two  officers  are  mentioned  ?  What  country  had  from  the 

first  taken  a  lively  interest  in  the  American  struggle  ?  Why  was  France 
interested  ?  What  made  a  strong  impression  in  France  ?  When  was 
the  treaty  of  alliance  between  France  and  America  signed  ?  How  was 
the  news  of  this  treaty  received  in  America?  What  was  the 

first  result  of  the  treaty  with  France  ?  Of  what  was  Clinton  afraid  ? 
What  did  he  do  ?  What  battle  was  fought  during  his  retreat  from 
Philadelphia  to  New  York  ?  After  three  or  four  years  of  war  in 

the    Northern    and    Middle  States,  to  what  conclusion  did   the    British 
government  come  ?     Why  did  they  think  it  easier  to  conquer  the  South 
ern  States  ?     What  city  did  the  British  capture 
at  the  close   of  the  year  1778?     What  State 
was  soon  subdued  ?     Who  assisted  the  Amer 
icans   in  the  recapture  of  Savannah  in  1779? 
What  was   the    result?      What   distinguished 
officer  lost  his  life  in  this  attack  ?  What 

city  did  the  British  fleet  and  army  capture  in 
1780?  Who  was  put  in  command  of  the 
American  army  in  the  South  ?  In  what  bat 
tle  was  Gates  utterly  beaten?  What  became 
of  his  army  ?  In  what  State  is  Camden  ? 

Why  could  the  British  not  gain  permanent 


Valley  For 


i86 


THE    DARK    PERIOD    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


Study  by  topics. 


Questions  in 
Geography. 


advantages  in  the  South  ?     Who  mustered  considerable  bodies  of  South 
Carolina  militia  ?     Where  did  they  lurk  ? 

Tell  about — 

I.  The  darkest  hour. 

1.  The  battle  of  the  Brandywine. 

2.  The  loss  of  Philadelphia. 

3.  The  battle  of  Germantown. 

4.  The  winter  at  Valley  Forge. 
II.  Foreign  aid  and  brighter  prospects. 

1.  Foreign  officers. 

2.  Alliance  with  France. 

3.  Retreat  of  the  British  from  Philadelphia. 

4.  The  battle  of  Monmouth. 

III.  The  British  overrun  Georgia  and  South  Carolina. 

1.  Reason  for  attacking  the  South. 

2.  The  taking  of  Savannah. 

3.  The  Americans  fail  to  recapture  it. 

4.  The  siege  and  capture  of  Charleston. 

5.  Defeat  of  Gates  at  Camden. 

6.  The  guerrilla  war  of  Marion  and  Sumter. 

In  what  State  was  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine  fought  ?  In  what  direction  is 
the  battle-field  from  Philadelphia  ?  On  which  side  of  Philadelphia  is  Germantown  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Philadelphia  is  Valley  Forge  ?  In  what  State  is  Monmouth, 
where  the  battle  was  fought  ?  In  what  State  is  Savannah  ?  In  what  State  is 
Charleston  ?  In  what  direction  from  Charleston  is  Camden  ? 


CHAPTER    XXXI. 
The  Closing  Years  of  the   Revolution. 

IT  was  in   1780,  when  the  affairs 
of  the  Americans  were  at  a  very 
low    point,    that    there    occurred 
the    treason    of    Benedict   Arnold. 
Arnold   was  a  brave  soldier  and  a 
brilliant  le'ader,  but  in  all  the  affairs 
of  life  he  had  proved  himself  some 
thing  of  a  scoundrel.      He  had  led  an 


BENEDICT    ARNOLD. 


UNIFORMS    OF 
FRENCH  SOLDIERS  IN  AMERICA. 


THE    CLOSING    YEARS    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


i87 


MAJOR    ANDRE. 


expedition  against  Quebec,  and  had  shown  great  courage  Treason  of 
at  Bemis  Heights.     He  had  been  accused  of  fraud  in  his  I7s0. 
accounts,  and  had  been  once  sentenced  to  be  publicly 
reprimanded.      Arnold    opened    a    correspondence 
with  the  British  general,  and  afterward  got  him 
self  appointed   to  the  command  of  the  posts  in 
the   Highlands  of  the   Hudson  in  order  to  be 
tray  them.     Major  Andre  [an-dray],  of  the  Brit 
ish  army,  was  sent  to  arrange  with  Arnold  the 
surrender  of  these  posts.     On  his  way  back  to 
New  York  Andre  was  captured  by  three  men, 
who   refused   all   the  rewards  which   he  offered 
them,  and   delivered   him  and  his  papers,  which 
were  in  Arnold's  handwriting,  to  the  nearest  American 
officer.     Andre   was  tried  and   hanged  for  a   spy.     Ar 
nold  had  time  to  escape  to  the  British  army,  in  which 
he  fought  with  great  vindictiveness  against 
the  Americans.     He  afterward  lived    in 
England,    detested    by    everybody    as   a 
traitor. 

With  the  coming    in    of   the   year  campaign  of  Gen 
eral  Greene  in  the 

1781,    American    prospects   began    to  south,  1781. 
brighten.      Greene     had     taken     com 
mand  of   what  was  left  of  the  ruined 
army  at  the  South,  which   he  imme 
diately   recruited   and    improved    by    strict   discipline. 
At  the  battle  of  the  Cowpens,  fought  in  South  Caro 
lina   in   January,    1781,    a   detachment   under    Morgan 
defeated  a  British  force  under  Tarleton.     Greene  skill 
fully   retreated   for  two   hundred    miles  across    North 
Carolina  to  the  border  of  Virginia,  followed  by  Corn- 
wallis.     When  Cornwallis  moved  to  Hillsboro,  Greene, 


GENERAL   NATHAMAEL  GREENE. 


COLONEL   TARLETON. 


1 88 


THE    CLOSING    YEARS    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


ONE    OF    MORGAN'S 
RIFLEMEN. 


Greene  recon 
quers  the  most 
of  the  South. 


LORD   CORNWALLIS. 


ROCHAMBEAU. 


re-enforced,  again  marched  southward,  but  managed 
to  avoid  a  battle  until  he  had  gathered  new 
troops.      In    the    severe    battle    of    Guilford 
Court-House,  Cornwallis  drove  the  Americans  from 
the  field  at  the   close   of   the  day,  but  his  army  was 
so   badly   shattered    that    he    was   forced   to    begin    a 
prompt  retreat  to  the  sea-coast,  leaving  his  wounded 
in  the  hands  of  the  pursuing  Americans. 
The   scene  of   this   battle   is   now  called 
Greensboro,  in  honor  of  General  Greene. 
Cornwallis,    who   was    the    ablest    of 
all  the  English   commanders   in    Amer 
ica,  made  a  junction  with  the    British 
troops  in  Virginia,  and  Greene  took  ad 
vantage    of    this    to    reconquer    South 
Carolina    from     the     English.       Though 
often  checked  and  sometimes  defeated,  he   had  the  satis 
faction  of  recovering  the  three   Southern  States  so  far 
that    the    English    held    only   the    three    chief   seaports, 
Savannah,  Charleston,  and  Wilmington. 

Reaching   Virginia,  Cornwallis   pushed  the  work   of 
fighting  and  destruction  with  his  usual  vigor.     La  Fay- 
ette,  who  was  in  command  of  the  Americans,  showed 
much  ability  in  avoiding  a  battle.     Washington  now 
marched    his   forces   to   the   southward,  in    com 
pany  with  a  French  army 
under     Rochambeau      [ro- 
sham-bo].     The    French    fleet 
blockaded  the  troops  of  Corn 
wallis   at  Yorktown,  and   the 
American  and  French  armies, 
co-operating  in  the  friendli- 


ROYAL    FLAG   OF    FRANCE. 


THE    CLOSING    YEARS    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


189 


Benjamin  Franklin. — Franklin  was 
the  son  of  a  tallow-chandler,  and  was 
born  in  Boston  in  1706.  He  learned  the 
printer's  trade  in  his  brother's  office,  and 
also  did  some  rude  engraving  for  the 
paper.  He  was  studious  from  child 
hood.  He  went  to  Philadelphia  at  seven 
teen  and  worked  as  a  journeyman  print 
er.  After  many  vicissitudes  he  rose  to 
the  ownership  of  a  printing-office.  He 
published  an  almanac,  known  as  u  Poor 
Richard's,"  that  became  famous  for  its 
wise  proverbs,  and  he  printed  and  edited 
the  best  newspaper  in  the  American 
colonies.  He  was  postmaster-general  for 
the  colonies.  He  became  a  student  of 
electricity,  and  in  1752,  by  means  of  a 
kite,  he  proved  that  the  lightning  of  the 
clouds  was  electricity.  This  discovery, 
and  the  invention  of  the  lightning-rod, 
made  him  famous.  He  promoted  the 
formation  of  literary  institutions,  and 
furthered  the  public  welfare  in  many 
ways.  He  went  to  London  more  than 
once  as  agent  for  his  own  and  other  colo 
nies,  and  was  chiefly  influential  in  se 
curing  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.  He 
was  in  London  as  agent  for  several  of  the 
colonies  when  the  Revolution  broke  out, 
but  he  immediately  returned  to  America. 
He  was  one  of  the  committee  to  draft  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  went  to 
France  in  1776  as  ambassador,  and  it  was 
his  skillful  hand  that  negotiated  the  treaty 
with  that  country,  without  which  the 
Revolution  could  hardly  have  succeeded. 
He  assisted  in  making  the  treaty  of 
peace  with  England  in  1782,  and  took 
part  in  framing  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  in  1787.  He  died  in  Phila 
delphia  in  1790,  aged  eighty-four  years. 
It  was  said  of  him  that  "  he  wrested  the 
thunder  from  the  sky  and  the  scepter 
from  tyrants." 


BENJAMIN    FRANKLIN. 


est  way,  laid  siege  to  the 
place.  On  the  i8th  of  Octo 
ber,  1781,  the  British  army 
under  Cornwallis  surren 
dered,  prisoners  of  war. 

The    English    people    had     Preliminaries  of 

peace,  1782. 

grown  weary  of  the  war. 
The  surrender  of  Cornwal 
lis  took  away  from  England 
the  last  hope  of  subduing 
America.  From  this  time 
it  was  certain  that  Ameri 
can  independence  would  be 
granted  by  England.  Terms  of  peace  were  at  length 
agreed  on  at  Paris  in  1782,  and  a  treaty  was  signed  the 
following  year.  By  this  peace  England  recognized  the 


190 


THE    CLOSING    YEARS    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


Washington  re 
tires  to  private 
life,  1783. 


independence  of  the  United   States.     Among  those  who 
negotiated  the  peace  was  the  venerable  Dr.  Franklin. 

Washington,  who  was  the  idol  of  the  people,  resigned 
his  command  of  the  army  in  1783,  bidding  farewell  to 
his  troops,  and  returning  to  private  life  at  Mount  Ver- 
non,  like  a  good  citizen.  His  patience,  wisdom,  cool 
ness,  and  unselfish  patriotism  procured  the  successful 
end  of  the  long  struggle. 


Questions 
study. 


for 


What  kind  of  a  soldier  was 
Benedict  Arnold?  What  expe 
dition  had  he  led  ?  In  what  bat 
tle  had  he  shown  great  courage  ? 
What  accusation  had  been  made 
against  him  ?  What  posts  was 
he  in  command  of?  What  Brit 
ish  officer  was  sent  to  arrange 
with  him  for  the  betrayal  of  these 
posts  ?  How  was  Andre  capt 
ured  ?  What  became  of  Arnold  ?  What 
was  the  fate  of  Andre?  In  what  year 

did  the  prospects  of  the  American  cause  begin  to 
brighten  ?     How  many  years  had  the  Revolution  con 
tinued  in  the  spring  of  1781  ?     (It  began  in  the  spring 
of   1775 — subtract    1775   from    1781.)      \Vho  had  taken 
command  of  what  was  left  of  the  Southern  army  ?     \Vho 

ON     IN    THE    SOUTH. 

had  had  command  of  it  before?  \Vhere  was  the  bat 
tle  of  Cowpens  fought?  In  what  month  and  year?  Who  was  beaten 
at  Cowpens  ?  How  far  did  Greene  retreat,  followed  by  Corn- 

wallis?  WThen  Cornwallis  marched  to  Hillsboro,  what  did  Greene 
do  ?  Where  did  they  fight  a  battle  ?  Who  held  the  ground  after  the 
battle  of  Guilford  Court-House  ?  But  what  did  Cornwallis  do  the  next 
morning  ?  Who  followed  him  in  this  retreat  ?  What  is  the  town  of 
Guilford  Court-House  now  called  ?  Why  is  it  called  Greensboro  ? 

With  whom  did  Cornwallis  now  seek  a  junction  ?  What  advan 
tage  did  General  Greene  take  of  this  ?  How  successful  was  he  ? 

What  did  Cornwallis  do  when  he  reached  Virginia  ?  What  general 
was  in  command  of^he  Americans  in  Virginia  ?  How  did  La  Fayette 
show  ability  ?  What  did  Washington  do  ?  Who  commanded  the 
French  army  that  accompanied  Washington  ?  What  part  did  the 


THE    CLOSING    YEARS    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


French  fleet  take  in  the  siege  of 
Yorktown  ?  On  what  day  did  Corn- 
wallis  surrender  ?  How  did 

the  English  people  feel  about  the 
war  at  this  time  ?  What  effect  did 
the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  have  ? 
In  what  year  was  peace  made  ? 
What  did  England  recognize  by  this 
peace  ?  What 
famous  man 
was  among 
those  who  ne 


gotiated    the    peace    on    the    part    of  America? 
What  did  Washington  do  when  peace  was  made? 

I.  The  treason  of  Arnold. 
II.  Cornwallis  and  Greene  in  North  Carolina. 

III.  Greene  reconquers  the  greater  part  of  the 

three  Southern  States. 

IV.  Cornwallis  and  La  Fayette  in  Virginia. 
V.  Siege  and  surrender  of  Yorktown. 

VI.  The  peace. 

In  the  year Benedict tried  to  betray 

to  the  English  certain  fortified  posts  on  the  - 
River.     In  the  year  1781  the  English  under  Tarle- 
ton  were  defeated  by  the  Americans  under  - 

at ,  in  South  Carolina.     Greene  was  defeated 

at  -     -  Court-House,  in   North   Carolina,  by  the 

English  under .     Cornwallis  afterward  moved 

into  Virginia,  and  Greene  reconquered  all  of  the 

three  Southern  States  except  the  three  cities, 

in  North   Carolina,  -     -  in   South   Carolina,  and 

—  in  Georgia.     Cornwallis  was  besieged  by  the 

-  and  Americans  in  —    -  in  Virginia,  and  su&- 

rendered  in   October,   17 — .     Peace  was  made  at 

Paris  in  17 — . 

a.  The  Highlands  of  the  Hudson — their  location. 
b.  Describe  the  location  of,  or  point  out  on  the  map,  the 
Cowpens  in  South  Carolina,  and  Hillsboro  and  Greens 
boro  in  North  Carolina,  c.  In  what  general  direction 
would  Cornwallis  move  in  going  from  Wilmington  in 
North  Carolina  to  Yorktown  in  Virginia  ?  d.  On  what 
river  is  Yorktown  ?  In  what  direction  from  Chesapeake 
Bay  ?  From  Norfolk  ? 


Study  by 
topics. 


«  Geograph 
ical  stud 
ies. 


REVOLUTIONARY    POSTS    IN   THE    HIGH 
LANDS  OF  THE    HUDSON  AND  THE    LOWER 
PART    OF   THAT    RIVER. 


192 


INCIDENTS    OF    THE    REVOLUTIONARY    WAR. 


ESEK    HOPKINS, 
FIRST  COMMANDER    OF 
THE  AMERICAN   NAVY. 


Early  achieve 
ments  of  the 
Americans  at  sea. 


AMERICAN    SEAMAN, 
1776. 

Captain  Biddle's 
success.      Paul 
Jones  and  the 
battle  of  the 
Bonhomme  Rich 
ard   with   the 
Serapis. 


CHAPTER    XXXII. 
Traits  and   Incidents  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 

AT  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  the  American 
colonies  had  no  navy.  It  was  quite  impossible  for 
them  to  form  a  navy  that  could  contend  with  that 
of  England,  which  was  the  best  in  the  world.  But 
the  Americans  of  that  time  were  a  sea-coast  people, 
who  did  nearly  all  their  trading  and  traveling  by 
water.  They  quickly  fitted  up  some  ships,  that  did 
good  execution.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  the 
American  army  lacked  powder,  arms,  and  clothing. 
While  powder-factories  were  building,  daring  American 
seamen,  North  and  South,  put  to  sea  and  captured  sup 
plies  of  powder  from  British  ships.  In  1776,  ten  thou 
sand  suits  of  winter  uniform,  on  their 
way  to  Burgoyne's  army,  were  capt 
ured.  These  were  sent  to  clothe 
the  destitute  American  soldiers. 
But  the  little  navy  rendered 
other  and  more  important  serv 
ices.  Captain  Nicholas  Biddle 
gained  much  renown  by  his 
brilliant  successes  in  a  small 
ship.  John  Paul  Jones,  a  Scotch 
man,  had  entered  the  American 
navy,  and  he  soon  proved  himself  one  of  the  best  sea 
men  and  one  of  the  most  unconquerable  fighters  that 
ever  sailed  the  sea.  He  scoured  the  English  and  Irish 
coasts — a  terror  to  sea  and  land.  In  the  Bonhomme 
Richard  [bon-om  rish-ar'J  he  encountered  the  English 


JOHN    PAUL   JONES. 


INCIDENTS    OF    THE    REVOLUTIONARY    WAR. 


193 


AN    ENGLISH    GRENADIER. 


man-of-war  Ser'-a-pis,  and,  finding  no  other  chance  for 
victory,  he  ran  alongside  the  enemy  and  lashed  the  two 
ships  together.  After  a  bloody  battle,  lasting  two  hours* 
the  English  ship  surrendered.  But  the  Bon- 
homme  Richard  was  so  badly  cut 
to  pieces  that  Jones  was  forced  to 
transfer  his  crew  to  the  Serapis,  leav 
ing  his  own  ship  to  sink. 

A  great  deal  of  destruction  was  done 
to  English  commerce  by  privateers— ves- 
sels  of  war  fitted  out  by  private  indi-  American 

viduals.      The    profits    made,   even    by 
common    seamen,    from    prizes   taken   in 
this  kind   of    war,  drew  many   men  into 
it,  and  prevented  enlistments  in  the  army. 
There  was  always  a  difficulty  about  raising  soldiers,  The  American 

•  .  militia. 

because  the  troops  suffered  much  from  a  scarcity  of 
the  necessaries  of  life.  Then,  too,  a  private  soldier  in 
that  day  was  liable  to  punishment  by  flogging  and  other 
degradations  not  relished  by  most  Americans.  But 
many  of  the  people  were  always  ready  to  fight  in  an 
irregular  way.  The  armies  were  often  broken,  but  the 
people  were  not  subdued.  The  farmer-militia  usually 
wore  brown  tow-shirts  and  carried  long  fowling-pieces. 
Their  ammunition  was  carried  in  a  powder-horn  and 
shot-bag. 

Bayonets  were  often  lacking.  At  the  battle  of  Sara 
toga  one  of  the  divisions  of  the  Americans  had  but 
one  bayonet  to  every  three  men.  It  is  said  that  they 
often  put  one  bullet  and  two  buck-shot  in  a  gun  together.  Arms  of  the 

.  Americans  and 

There    were    many    men    among    the    Americans    whose  their  mode  of 
aim  was  very  deadly.      The   riflemen  from  the  frontier  fighting> 


REVOLUTIONARY 

POWDER-HORN    AND 

CANTEEN. 


194 


INCIDENTS    OF    THE    REVOLUTIONARY    WAR. 


AN  AMERICAN  RIFLEMAN. 

FROM    A    PRINT    OF 

THE   TIME. 

Sufferings  of  the 
American  sol 
diers. 


Weakness  of  the 
American    gov 
ernment  during 
the  Revolution. 


A   SOLDIER    OF  THE 
CONGRESS.        FROM    A 
DRAWING    BY    A   GERMAN 
OFFICER   AT    THE    TIME. 


were  capable  of  incredible  accuracy  in  shooting. 
Double-barreled  guns  were  almost,  though  not  quite, 
unknown  at  that  time.  The  percussion-cap  had  not  yet 
been  invented,  but  the  old  firelocks,  touched  off  by  a 
burning  fuse,  had  all  disappeared.  The  small-arms  were 
probably  all  flint-locks — guns  and  pistols  that  were  set 
off  by  a  flint  striking  a  piece  of  steel.  There  were  no 
breech-loaders  and  no  revolvers.  Firing  was  much 
slower  and  less  effective  than  now.  The  bayonet  was 
more  important  then  than  in  recent  warfare. 

The  American  troops  suffered  extreme  hard 
ships.      The    paper    money    issued 
by  Congress   to   pay  the   soldiers 
declined  in  value  until  it  was  almost 
worthless.     In  more  than  one  campaign  the 
barefoot   soldiers   left  blood   on  the  ground 
when  they  marched.      To  relieve  the  neces 
sities  of  the  soldiers,  patriotic  women  collect 
ed  blankets  and   sent   them  to  the  army. 

When  the  Revolution  broke  out  there 
were  nearly  three  millions  of  people  in  the 
American  colonies.  During  the  war  the 
population  increased,  and,  notwithstanding 
the  interruption  of  business  and  the  destruction  of  prop 
erty,  the  wealth  also  increased.  The  loss  of  credit  and 
the  inefficiency  and  suffering  of  the  army  were  principal 
ly  due  to  the  weakness  of  the  government.  There  were, 
indeed,  thirteen  governments,  bound  together  very  loose 
ly.  Congress  had  no  way  of  making  each  State  pay  its 
proportion  of  the  expense  of  the  war,  and  so  one  State 
waited  for  another.  It  was  not  until  some  years  after 
the  peace  that  a  strong  government  was  formed. 


AN  AMERICAN  MAJOR- 
GENERAL.  FROM  A 
PRINT  OF  THE  TIME. 


INCIDENTS    OF    THE    REVOLUTIONARY    WAR. 


195 


What  kind  of  a  navy  was  that  of  England  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
American  Revolution  ?  What  had  the  Americans  to  put  against  it  ? 
Could  they  hope  to  build  one  that  would  equal  it  ?  How  did  the  Ameri 
cans  do  their  trading  and  traveling  in  that  time  ?  What  did  they  do  in 
regard  to  ships  ?  What  did  the  army  lack  ?  How  was  this  in  part  sup 
plied  ?  What  is  said  of  Captain  Nicholas  Biddle  ?  What  kind  of 
a  seaman  was  John  Paul  Jones  ?  What  was  the  name  of  the  ship  in 
which  he  fought  with  the  Serapis  ?  In  what  position  were  the  ships 
during  the  fight  ?  What  was  the  result  of  this  desperate  fight  ?  What 
became  of  the  Bonhomme  Richard  ?  What  is  a  privateer  ?  What 
was  accomplished  by  the  privateers  during  the  Revolution  ?  Why  did 
many  men  prefer  sailing  in  privateers  to  enlisting  in  the  army  ? 

What  was  the  chief  cause  of  the  difficulty  in  raising  troops  ?  How 
were  the  people  ready  to  fight  ?  What  did  the  militia  usually  wear  ?  - 
What  arms  did  they  carry  ?  How  did  they  carry  their  ammunition  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  supply  of  bayonets  ?  What  is  said  of  their  aim  ? 
What  of  double-barreled  guns  ?  How  were  the  guns  set  off  at  that  time  ? 
Were  there  any  breech-loaders  and  revolvers  ?  What  is  said  of  the  use  of 
the  bayonet  ?  What  can  you  tell  of  the  hardships  suffered  by  the  troops  ? 
What  was  done  to  relieve  the  necessities  of  the  soldiers  ?  How 

many  people  were  there  in  the  colonies  when  the  Revolution  broke  out  ? 
Did  the  population  increase  during  the  war  ?  What  was  the  cause  of  the 
loss  of  credit  and  the  suffering  of  the  army  ?  How  many  governments 
were  there  ?  Was  there  any  strong  central  government  during  the  war  ? 


Questions  for 
study. 


ISRAEL    PUTNAM, 

A    NOTED  GENERAL   li 

THE    REVOLUTION. 


I.  By  sea. 

1.  Capture  of  supplies. 

2.  Captain  Nicholas  Biddle's  brilliant  successes. 

3.  John  Paul  Jones's  exploits. 

4.  Privateers. 
II.  War  on  land. 

1.  Irregular  militia  ;  their  equipments  and  modes  of  fighting. 

2.  Fire-arms  and  sharp-shooting. 

3.  Hardships  of  soldiers  and  their  relief. 
III.  The  government. 

1.  Population. 

2.  Weakness  of  the  government. 


Study  by  topics. 


REVOLUTIONARY    MUSKET    CALLED    "BROWN    BESS.' 


196 


REVIEW  oP  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 


FOURTH    REVIEW.— THE   AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 
Chapters   XXV   to   XXXII. 


Government  of  the  colo 
nies.  (XXV.) 


Early   struggles    for   lib 
erty  in  the  colonies. 

(XXVI.) 


f  Royal  governments. 
|    Charter  governments. 

Proprietary  governments. 

Colonial  Legislatures. 

Commercial  laws  made  in  England. 

Rebellion  against  Harvey  in  Virginia,  1635. 
Bacon's  rebellion,  1676. 
Massachusetts  contends  for  its  charter. 
Rebellion  against  Andros,  1688. 
Connecticut  charter  hid  in  an  oak. 
Leisler's  rebellion  in  New  York. 
Government  overthrown  in  South  Carolina. 
Legislatures  resist  the  governors. 

f  General  causes  of  discontent. 

The  Writs  of  Assistance,  1761. 

The  Stamp  Act,  1765. 
•J  Its  repeal  compelled,  1766. 

The  tax  on  tea  opposed. 

The  Boston  Port  Bill. 
[  A  Congress  called,  1774. 

f  The  first  collision  at  Lexington,  1775. 
I    The  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

The  war  begun.  I   Washington  appointed  commander. 

(XXVIII.)    I    Boston  evacuated. 

[_  Independence  declared,  1776. 

Battles  about  New  York    f  Battle  of  Lon&  Islancl 


Causes  of  the  Revolution. 
(XXVII.) 


and  in  New  Jersey. 


J    Washington  retreats  to  Pennsylvania. 


(XXIX)       Capture  of  Trenton. 
[  Battle  of  Princeton. 


Burgoyne's  campaign. 

(XXIX.) 


f  Burgoyne  comes  through  the  lakes,  1777. 
I   Fall  of  Ticonderoga. 
j   Burgoyne  reaches  the  Hudson. 
I    Hessians  defeated  at  Bennington. 

Burgoyne  defeated  at  Bemis  Heights. 
L  Surrenders  his  army. 


REVIEW    OF    THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 

f  Battle  of  the  Brandywine,  1777. 
Battle  of  Germantown. 

The  war  about  Philadel-       Winter  at  Valle>r  For^e' 

hia  (XXX  )   I    Arrival  of  La  FaYette  and  others. 

Alliance  with  France,  1778. 
British  retreat  from  Philadelphia. 
Battle  of  Monmouth. 

f  British  take  Savannah,  1778. 

Attempt  to  retake  it,  1779. 
Georgia  and  South  Caro-       ~,     ,  ,  0 

,vv,,  .  -s    Charleston  surrenders,  1780. 
Una  overrun.     (XXX.)  .  r        ,       „       , 

|    Gates  defeated  at  Camden. 

[_  Sumter  and  Marion  keep  up  resistance. 
Arnold's  treason  and  death  of  Andre,  1780.     (XXXI.) 

f  Battle  of  the  Cowpens,  1781. 
Greene  at  the  South.  fiattle  of  Guilford  Court.House. 

Most  of  the  South  recoveredt 

Cornwallis  in  Virginia,  1781. 

Close  of  the  war.  j    Surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown. 

(XXXI.)  1    Preliminaries  of  peace,  1782. 

[_  Washington  retires  to  Mount  Vernon,  1783. 

f  First  captures  at  sea. 

The  war  at  sea.  (XXXII.)  4   Paul  Jones  takes  the  Serapis. 
[;  Destruction  by  privateers. 

f  Irregular  soldiers. 
American  militia.  Thdr  armg  and  accoutrements< 


^ 

(xxxn.)  ^  Their  mode  of  fighting- 

[  Sufferings  of  American  soldiers. 
Difficulties.        (XXXII.)  ^    Lack  of  money. 

[_  Weakness  of  the  government. 


CHAPTER   XXXIII. 
The  Adoption  of  the  Constitution. 

AT   the    beginning   of    the    Revolution    the    different  New  state  const 

.  i   -     j  tutions  adopted 

colonies  were  governed  under  charters  of  one  kind  or  during  the  war. 
another   from    the    king,    as    we    have   seen    in    Chapter 


THE    ADOPTION    OF    THE    CONSTITUTION. 


The  Articles  of 

Confederation 

adopted. 


Meeting  of  the 

Constitutional 

Convention. 


The  Constitution 
adopted  by  the 
States. 


XXV.  After  the  war  began,  the  most  of  them  adopted 
constitutions  which  established  governments  very  much 
like  those  the}7  had  been  accustomed  to.  The  chief  dif 
ference  was,  that  the  authority  of  the  king  was  not  rec 
ognized  in  the  new  government. 

The  Congress  of  the  Colonies  was  as  yet  only  a  con 
gress  of  men  representing  thirteen  different  allied  coun 
tries,  for  each  State  assumed  to  act  as  an  independent 
nation.  A  confederation  was  therefore  proposed,  which 
combined  all  the  States  into  one  government  for  purposes 
of  war  and  the  regulation  of  commerce.  The  Articles  of 
Confederation  were  not  accepted  by  all  of  the  colonies 
until  1781.  This  confederation  left  each  State  independ 
ent  in  the  matter  of  taxes.  Much  of  the  suffering  of 
the  American  army  during  the  Revolution  came  from 
the  lack  of  power  in  Congress  to  levy  a  tax  without  the 
assent  of  the  several  States.  The  largest  States  had  but 
one  vote  apiece  in  Congress ;  the  smallest  had  the  same. 
This  made  a  wretchedly  weak  government,  which  was 
soon  held  in  contempt  at  home  and  abroad. 

But  this  weak  government  continued  for  several 
years  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  until  it  became 
unbearable.  In  1787  a  convention  met  in  Philadelphia, 
to  form  a  constitution  better  suited  to  give  strength  to 
the  nation.  George  Washington,  who  had  retired  to  pri 
vate  life  when  the  war  was  over,  was  chosen  president  of 
this  convention. 

The  Constitution  adopted  by  this  convention,  which, 
with  a  few  amendments,  is  the  one  we  now  live  under, 
was  not  to  go  into  force  until  nine  States  had  adopted  it. 
There  was  a  strong  party  opposed  to  the  Constitution, 
and  it  was  not  until  June,  1788,  that  the  ninth  State  voted 


THE    ADOPTION    OF    THE    CONSTITUTION. 


199 


to  adopt  it.  Rhode  Island  was  the  last  of  the  thirteen 
to  accept  it,  which  it  did  in  1790. 

Under  the  old  confederation,  the  execution  of  the  acts  Three 

,     .^  .  i        i    •     n  •  r  ments  of  the 

of  Congress  was  intrusted  chiefly  to  committees  ot    its  Federai  govem 
own  members.     But  the  new  Constitution  made  an  almost  r 
complete  separation  of  the  government  into  three  parts, 
each  of  which  is  confined  to  its  own  duties. 

First,   the   legislative,  or   law-making,   department  is  The  legislative 

department. 

called  in  the  Constitution  "  the  Congress."  It  includes 
two  bodies — a  House  of  Representatives,  chosen  by  the 
people,  and  a  Senate,  chosen  by  the  Legislatures  of  the 
several  States.  In  the  House  of  Representatives  the 
States  have  a  greater  or  less  number  of  members,  accord 
ing  to  their  population.  In  the  Senate  each  State  has 
two  members.  A  bill  must  get  a  majority  of  votes  in 
both  the  House  of  Representatives  and  the  Senate,  in  or 
der  to  become  a  law.  It  must  also  be  approved  by  the 
President.  But,  if  the  President  refuses  to  sign  it,  then 
two  thirds  of  both  the  Senate  and  the  House  may  pass  it, 
and  it  becomes  a  law  in  spite  of  the  President's  veto. 

Second,  the  executive  department,  which  consists  of    The  executive 

department. 

the  President  (and  those  appointed  under  him).  The 
President  is  chosen  for  four  years.  He  is  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy.  He  appoints  all  the  chief 
executive  officers,  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate.  In 
case  of  the  death  of  the  President,  the  Vice-President 
takes  his  place. 

Third,  the   judicial   department   consists   of    the    Su-  The  judicial 

department. 

preme  Court  of  the  United  States  and  such  lower 
courts  as  Congress  may  establish.  The  President  ap 
points  the  judges  of  the  United  States  courts,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate. 


2OO 


THE    ADOPTION    OF    THE    CONSTITUTION. 


It  is  a  great  advantage  of  our  system  of  government 


The  division  of 
power  between 

the  several  states  that   law-making  for  the  regulation  of   morals  and   the 

and  the  United 
States. 


Freedom  of  re 
ligion,   of  the 
press,   and  of 
speech. 


ordinary  business  of  life  is  left  to  the  States,  so  that  the 
people  of  each  region  can  have  laws  suited  to  their  neces 
sities.  It  is  also  a  great  source  of  strength  that  the  gen 
eral  concerns  of  the  whole  country — the  money,  the  for 
eign  commerce,  treaties  with  foreign  nations,  and  affairs 
of  war  and  peace — are  settled  by  the  central  government 
of  the  whole  country. 

Before  the  Revolution,  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Eng 
land  was  established  in  the  Southern  colonies,  while  the 
Congregational  churches  were  supported  by  law  in  all 
the  New  England  colonies  except  Rhode  Island.  During 
the  Revolution,  Thomas  Jefferson  led  a  movement  in 
favor  of  religious  freedom.  Now  there  is  no  religious 
establishment  in  any  part  of  the  country,  but  all  are  free 
to  worship  in  their  own  way.  The  Constitution  provides 
that  Congress  shall  not  interfere  with  religious  freedom, 
or  with  the  freedom  of  speech  or  the  freedom  of  the 
press. 


Questions  for 
study. 


How  were  the  colonies  governed  when  the  Revolutionary  War  broke 
out  ?  What  did  most  of  them  do  after  the  war  began  ?  Were  the  new 
governments  founded  by  the  State  constitutions  like  or  unlike  the  old  ones  ? 
What  was  the  chief  difference  between  the  old  governments  under  the 
charter  and  the  new  ones  under  the  State  constitutions  ?  What  did 

the  first  Congress  represent  ?  How  did  each  State  assume  to  act  ? 
What  was  done  to  combine  the  States  into  one?  For  what  purposes  was 
this  combination  formed  ?  In  what  year  were  the  Articles  of  Confedera 
tion  accepted  by  the  last  of  the  colonies  ?  Under  this  confederation, 
how  were  taxes  to  be  raised  ?  What  was  the  cause  of  much  of  the  suf 
fering  of  the  American  army  during  the  war?  How  many  votes  did 
each  State  have  in  Congress  ?  Was  there  any  difference  in  favor  of  the 
larger  States  ?  What  kind  of  government  was  the  confederation  ?  How 
was  it  regarded  at  home  and  abroad  ?  Did  this  government  con 

tinue  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution  ?     In  what  year  was  a  convention 


THE    ADOPTION    OF    THE    CONSTITUTION.  2Ol 

called  to  adopt  a  new  Constitution  ?  In  what  city  did  the  convention 
meet?  Who  was  President  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1787? 

How  many  States  were  obliged  to  adopt  the  Constitution  before  it 
could  go  into  force  ?  Was  there  any  opposition  to  the  Constitution  ? 
When  did  the  ninth  State  adopt  it  ?  To  whom  was  the  execution 

of  the  acts  of  Congress  intrusted  under  the  old  confederation  ?  Into  how 
many  departments  did  the  new  Constitution  separate  the  government? 

What  is  the  legislative  department  of  the  government  called  ?  How 
many  "  houses,"  or  separate  bodies,  are  there  in  Congress?  What  are 
they  called  ?  In  which  house  do  the  States  have  representatives  accord 
ing  to  their  population  ?  How  many  senators  are  allowed  to  each  State  ? 
How  does  a  bill  pass  into  a  law  ?  After  a  bill  has  passed  both  houses  of 
Congress  by  a  majority  of  votes  present,  what  is  necessary  to  make  it  a 
law  ?  If  the  President  vetoes  an  act  by  refusing  to  sign  it,  how  may  it 
still  become  a  law?  Who  is  the  head  of  the  executive  depart 

ment  of  government  ?  For  how  long  a  term  is  a  President  chosen  ? 
What  is  his  relation  to  the  army  and  navy  ?  Whose  consent  is  neces 
sary  when  the  President  appoints  important  executive  officers  ?  \Vhen 
the  President  dies,  who  takes  his  place  ?  What  is  the  third  de 

partment  of  the  government  called  ?  Of  what  courts  does  it  consist  ? 
How  are  the  judges  in  these  courts  appointed  ?  How  are  laws  re 

lating  to  the  ordinary  business  of  life  made  under  our  system  of  govern 
ment  ?  Why  is  this  an  advantage  ?  Mention  some  of  the  things  com 
mitted  to  the  central  government  of  the  whole  country  ?  What 
form  of  religious  worship  was  established  by  law  in  the  Southern  colonies 
before  the  Revolution  ?  What  form  of  worship  was  established  in  New 
England  ?  Who  led  a  movement  in  favor  of  religious  freedom  ?  Is 
there  any  religious  establishment  in  any  part  of  the  United  States  now  ? 
W7hat  does  the  Constitution  provide  regarding  religious  freedom  ?  What 
two  things  besides  religion  are  to  be  free  under  the  Constitution  ? 

I.  The  new  State  Constitutions.  study  by  topics. 

II.  A  confederation  formed. 

III.  The  Federal  Constitution  adopted. 

IV.  Three  departments  of  the  government  under  the  Constitution. 

1.  The  legislative  department. 

2.  The  executive  department. 

3.  The  judicial  department. 

V.  The  State  and  Federal  governments. 
VI.  Religious  freedom,  free  speech,  and  a  free  press. 

The  legislative  ]  {  makes  "j  Blackboard. 

The  executive     \-  department  ^   executes      .  L  laws. 

The  judicial       J  |^  decides  questions  relating  to  J 


GEORGE    WASHINGTON. 

FROM    A    PAINTING    BY    GILBERT   STUART. 


THE    NEW    REPUBLIC    AND    ITS    PEOPLE.  2C>3 

CHAPTER    XXXIV. 

The  New  Republic  and  its  People. 

WHEN   the    Constitution  was  adopted,  a  new   nation  Washington 
was  formed  out  of  thirteen  States,  which  before  that  time  President. 
had    been   almost   independent  of  one   another.      There 
was  now  to  be  chosen  a   President  of   this  new  nation, 
and    the    whole    country    turned    its   eyes   to   one    man. 
General  Washington,  who  had  been  for  five  years  living 
quietly  on  his  plantation  at  Mount  Vernon,  was  the  only 
person    thought   of   for    President,  and    he    was    elected 
without  a  rival.    John  Adams  was  chosen  Vice-President. 

Washington  was  inaugurated  President  of  the  United  Washington 

inaugurated, 

States  in  the  city  of  New  York,  which  was  then  the  seat  1789. 
of  government,  on  the  3<Dth  day  of  April,  1789. 

The    country,   when   Washington    became    President,   Population  of  the 

country  at  the 

contained  less  than  four  millions  of  people.     The  single  beginning  of 


State  of  New  York  has  a  larger  population  than  the 
whole  country  had  in  Washington's  time,  and  Pennsyl 
vania  also  has  more,  while  Ohio  and  Illinois  have  each 
nearly  as  many.  The  census  of  1890,  when  it  comes  to  be 
added  up,  will  doubtless  show  that  in  one  hundred  years 
the  population  has  increased  to  more  than  seventy  mill 
ions,  or  to  at  least  eighteen  times  as  many  as  there  were 
when  the  first  census  was  taken  in  1790. 

The  three  or  four  millions  of  people  in  America,  when  Population  most- 

.^  ly  along  the   sea- 

the  Constitution  made  the  States  one  nation,  were  settled  coast. 
chiefly  along  the  Atlantic  coast.     The  center  of  popula 
tion  was  east  of  Baltimore,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
Chesapeake   Bay.      This  shows    how  closely  the   people 
clung  to  the  sea,  which  was  almost  the  only  great  high- 


204 


THE    NEW    REPUBLIC    AND    ITS    PEOPLE. 


way  of  their  commerce.  In  traveling1  up  into  the  coun 
try,  one  found  the  population  becoming  more  sparse,  and 
the  houses  generally  mere  cabins.  By  the  time  one 
reached  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  there  was  an  end  of 
settlements.  All  to  the  west  of  the  mountains  was  a 
wilderness,  filled  with  hostile  savages  and  wild  beasts, 
except  the  little  pioneer  settlements  in  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee.  The  western  line  of  the  territory  of  the 
United  States  was  the  Mississippi  River,  but  the  un 
broken  forests  and  prairies  of  that  region  seemed  about 
as  far  away  as  the  interior  of  Alaska  does  to-day. 
Modes  of  travel :  Xhe  people  of  the  first  years  of  the  republic  had 

sailing-vessels 

and  stage-  neither  railroad  nor  steamboat.  One  of  the  commonest 

modes  of  travel  from  one  town  to  another  was  by  sailing- 
packets.  When  one  set  out,  it  was  impossible  to  foretell 
the  length  of  the  voyage ;  all  depended  on  wind  and 
weather.  Stage-wagons  were  also  run  between  the 
larger  towns.  It  took  six  days  to  make  the  journey 
from  Boston  to  New  York,  and  two  or  three  to  get 
from  New  York  to  Philadelphia.  A  journey  required 
as  many  days  then  as  it  does  hours  now. 

Travel  by  private         Many  travelers  made  journeys  in  their  own  coaches 

vehicles.     The  J 

ferries.  or  in  light  two-wheeled  vehicles.  The  ferries  were  a 

terror  to  these.  Large  rivers  were  usually  crossed  in 
rude  SCOWTS,  and  not  without  danger,  but  at  some  places 
it  was  necessary  to  swim  the  horses  over  and  float  the 
carriage  at  the  stern  of  a  canoe. 

Horseback  trav-  Probably  the  most  comfortable  of  all  modes  of  travel 

eling.       The 

American  natural  at  the  time  was  that  of  riding  on  horseback.  In  America 
only  were  there  horses  that  ambled  naturally.  The 
"  natural  pacer,"  of  Virginia,  and  the  "  Narragansett 
pacer,"  of  Rhode  Island,  were  highly  prized,  and  were 


THE    NEW    REPUBLIC    AND    ITS    PEOPLE. 


205 


matters  of  wonder  even  in  Europe.  Two  people  often 
traveled  with  one  horse.  The  first  rode  ahead  and  tied 
the  horse  by  the  road  ;  the  second,  when  he  came  up, 
rode  on  past  his  companion  and  in  turn  tied  the  horse 
and  left  him  for  the  other.  This  was  called  "  traveling 
ride  and  tie." 

When   Washington    became    President,  all   the    chief  Badness  of  the 

roads   generally. 

towns  were  on  the  sea-coast,  or  on  the  tide-water  of  the  The  great  wagon- 
rivers,  except    Lancaster,  in   Pennsylvania.      Outside  of 
that  State,  the  roads  were  so  bad  that  a  large  trading- 
town  was   not   possible    away    from    water   conveyance. 
The   interior  trade  of    Pennsylvania  was  carried   on  in 

great    wagons,    known    as 


traffic  in  Penn- 


^i  ^  -  -  ~, 


WAGONS    AND    CARRIAGES    OF   THAT   TIME. 


Conestoga  wagons,  each  drawn  by  six  or  eight  stout 
horses.  There  were  ten  thousand  or  more  of  these 
wagons  running  out  of  Philadelphia.  The  wagon-trade 
with  the  interior  made  Philadelphia  the  chief  town  of 
North  America.  Trade  with  remote  districts  of  the 
country  was  still  carried  on  by  means  of  pack-horses 
and  bateaux,  or  small  boats. 

There    was   not    much    letter-writing    then,    and    the  carrying  the 
mails  were  carried  mostly  on  horseback,  with  little  regu- 


206 


THE    NEW    REPUBLIC    AND    ITS    PEOPLE. 


Education. 


THE    HARPSICHORD 
AND    FLUTE. 


Science,  litera 
ture,  and  art. 


larity  and  no  speed,  so  that  news  sent  by  mail  almost 
became  history  by  the  time  it  reached  the  reader.  The 
newspapers  were  published  weekly,  and  were  slow  with 
their  news  and  rather  dull  in  their  comments. 

There  were  schools  in  all  the  leading  towns  and  cities. 
In  New  England  there  were  schools  in  almost  every 
township.  But  there  was  no  public-school  system  like 
that  which  prevails  at  present.  The  schools  were,  for 
the  most  part,  poor  ;  the  discipline  in  them 
was  severe,  and  sometimes  brutal.  Boys 
^^  were  taught  to  read  and  write,  and 
sometimes  to  "  cast  accounts."  Girls 
learned  to  read,  sometimes  also  to 
write.  But  needle-work  and  fancy- 
work  were  thought  more  appropri 
ate  to  them.  The  oldest  college  in 
the  country  was  Harvard,  at  Cam 
bridge,  Massachusetts.  The  next  old 
est  was  the  college  of  William  and  Mary,  at  Williams- 
burg,  the  capital  of  Virginia.  Yale  College,  in  New 
Haven,  was  the  third  in  age.  There  was  also  a  col 
lege  in  New  York,  one  in  Philadelphia,  and  another  in 
Princeton,  New  Jersey. 

For  a  long  time  after  the  colonies  were  settled  there 
had  been  little  that  one  could  call  literature  or  art  or  sci 
ence.  People  that  are  busy  in  cutting  down  forests  and 
building  new  towns  have  no  time  to  write  books  or  paint 
pictures.  The  early  books  were  almost  all  on  politics  or 
religion.  But  in  the  fifty  years  before  the  Revolution 
there  came  to  be  a  considerable  interest  in  science  and 
literature.  One  American,  Benjamin  Franklin,  became 
famous  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America  by  his  great  dis- 


THE    NEW    REPUBLIC    AND    ITS    PEOPLE. 


207 


covery  that  the  lightning  of  the  clouds  was  but  ordinary 
electricity.  Franklin  was  also  an  admirable  thinker  and 
writer  on  many  subjects,  and  one  of  the  greatest  men 
of  his  century.  Three  Americans,  Copley,  West,  and 
Stuart,  gained  reputation  in  England  as  painters,  but 
America  could  furnish  only  a  slender  support  to  artists. 


THE  TERRITORY  QF 

THE  UNITED  STATES 

AT  THE  CLOSE  OF 

THE  REVOLUTION. 

SCALE    OF   MILES 


The  Territory  north  of  th*  Ohw^faw  «.«.,      \ 
/aimed. by  Virginia;  New  YorJc 


Who     Questions  for 
was    study- 
chosen 
first  Presi 
dent  ?      Was 
there     any     op 
position    to    Wash 
ington's      election  ? 
Who    was    elected 


Vice-President  ?     Where  was  Washington  inaugurated?     In  what  year? 

How  many  people  did  the  United  States  contain  when  Washington 

was  inaugurated  ?      Which  of  the  States  contains  more  people  to-day 


208 


THE    NEW    REPUBLIC    AND    ITS    PEOPLE. 


The  smaller  square 
represents  the  population 
of  the 
United  States  in  I79O, 
3,929,214. 

The  larger  square 
represents  the  population 
of 
New  York  in  1880, 
5,082,871, 

than  the  whole  country  did  in  Washington's  time  ?  How  many  people 
will  the  census  of  1890  doubtless  show?  This  will  be  how  many  times 
the  population  of  1790?  In  what  region  were  these  three  or  four 

millions  of  people  that  formed  the  population  settled  when  the  Constitu 
tion  was  adopted  ?  Where  was  the  center  of  population  ?  What  was 
almost  the  only  great  highway  of  commerce  ?  What  did  one  find  in 
traveling  up  into  the  country  ?  Where  was  there  an  end  of  settlements  ? 
Were  there  any  settlements  west  of  the  mount 
ains  ?  Where  ?  What  was  the  western  line  of 
the  territory  of  the  United  States?  How  far  away 
did  the  forests  and  prairies  on  the  Mississippi  seem  ? 
What  familiar  modes  of  travel  in  our  time  were 
wanting  in  the  first  years  of  the  republic  ?  What 
was  one  of  the  commonest  modes  of  travel  from 
one  town  to  another  ?  On  what  did  the  length  of 
the  voyage  depend  ?  How  long  did  it  take  to  go 
from  Boston  to  New  York  by  stage  ?  From  New 
York  to  Philadelphia  ?  How  did  many  trav 

elers  make  journeys  ?  How  were  large  rivers  usu 
ally  crossed  ?  But  what  ruder  ways  of  getting  a 
horse  and  carriage  across  a  river  prevailed  in  some  places  ?  What  was 
probably  the  most  comfortable  of  all  the  modes  of  travel  at  this  time  ?  To 
what  country  was  the  horse  that  ambled  naturally  peculiar  ?  How  were 
these  natural  pacers  regarded  in  Europe  ?  Where  were  the  chief 

towns  situated  in  Washington's  time?  What  town  was  an  exception  to 
this?  Why  were  large  trading-towns  not  possible  away  from  water-car 
riage  in  any  State  but  Pennsylvania  ?  How  was  the  interior  trade  of  Penn 
sylvania  carried  on  ?  How  many  Conestoga  wagons  were  employed  in 
the  trade  of  Philadelphia  ?  What  made  Philadelphia  the  chief  town  of 
North  America  at  that  time  ?  How  were  the  mails  mostly  carried 

at  that  time  ?  How  often  were  newspapers  printed  ?  What  was  their 
general  character  ?  Were  there  schools  in  those  days  ?  What 

is  said  of  schools  in  New  England  ?  What  was  the  character  of  the 
schools  ?  What  were  boys  taught  ?  What  education  was  given  to 
girls?  Which  was  the  oldest  college  in  the  country?  What  college 
was  next  in  age  ?  Which  was  third  ?  Why  was  there  little  that 

cOuld  be  called  literature  or  art  for  a  long  time  after  the  settlement  of 
the  colonies  ?  What  were  the  early  books  mostly  about  ?  At  what  time 
did  there  come  to  be  a  considerable  interest  in  science  and  literature  ? 
What  American  gained  a  world-wide  fame  for  a  great  discovery  ?  What 
did  he  discover?  What  Americans  had  gained  fame  in  England  as 
painters  ? 


THE    NEW    REPUBLIC    AND    ITS    PEOPLE. 


209 


I.  Election  and  inauguration  of  Washington.  Study  by  topics. 

II.  Population  of  the  country,     i.  Number.     2.  Distribution. 
III.  Modes  of  travel,     i.  By  water.     2.  By  stage.     3.  By  private  car 
riage.     4.  On  horseback. 
I V7  Mail-carrying. 
V.  Colleges. 
VI.  Literature  and  art. 


CHAPTER    XXXV. 

Home  and  Society  in  Washington's  Time. 

NOT  only  did  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  the  Lack  of  modem 

r    r^t         •  i        ,    TTT       i   •  'i  conveniences. 

time  of  President  Washington,  have  no  railroads  and  no 
steamboats,  but  they  lacked  a  great  number  of  other  con 
veniences.  Telegraphs  and  telephones  were  unknown. 
Electric  lights  are  an  invention  of  our  own  time,  but  our 
ancestors  did  not  even  have  gas  or  kerosene-oil.  Lamps 
of  any  kind  were  almost  unknown ;  houses  were  lighted 
with  tallow-candles,  though  some  of  the  people  made 
candles  of  a  green  wax  derived  from  the  berries  of  the 
wax-myrtle  tree.  The  poorest  people  burned  a  wick  in 
a  vessel  containing  a  little  grease,  or  lighted  pieces  of 
pitch-pine  on  the  hearth.  With  such  lights,  it  was  no 
great  virtue  that  they  went  to  bed  early.  Even  the 
streets  of  large  towns  were  lighted  with  dim  lanterns. 
Stoves  for  heating  were  almost  unknown ;  those  for 
cooking  were  not  yet  dreamed  of.  Wood  was  the  only 
fuel  used  in  houses.  Blacksmiths  burned  charcoal. 

There   were  few  mines  and  very  few  manufactures.   Life  among  the 
Wool  or  flax  was  prepared  and  spun  at  home,  and  then 
woven  into  plain  homespun  cloths  for  men's  and  women's 
wear.     The  greater  part  of  the  people  were  farmers,  and 


210 


HOME    AND    SOCIETY    IN    WASHINGTON  S    TIME. 


Habits  of  the 
backwoodsmen. 


Negro  slaves. 


Traits  of  life  at 
the  South. 


the  farmer  rarely  spent  money.  What  his  family  ate  and 
wore  was  produced  at  home.  The  rough  shoes  worn  in 
winter  were,  perhaps,  bought  of  a  neighboring  cobbler, 
but  they  were  sometimes  made  at  home.  The  children, 
and,  in  many  cases,  the  parents  themselves,  went  barefoot 
in  summer.  Many  plows,  wagons,  and  sleds  were  made 
on  the  farm.  In  many  parts  of  the  country  the  plow  was 
unknown,  and  the  pack-horse  or  rude  sledge  took  the 
place  of  the  wagon.  The  farming  was  generally  of  the 
roughest  kind,  but  the  land  was  new  and  fertile. 

There  were  many  backwoodsmen  who  had  a  dress  of 
their  own.  They  wore  loose  hunting-shirts  of  deer-skin 
or  homespun,  a  fur  cap,  moccasins,  and  buckskin  leggins. 
These  woodsmen  lived  by  hunting,  by  trapping,  by  pol 
ing  boats  and  driving  pack-horses,  by  small  Indian  trad 
ing,  and  sometimes  by  petty  farming.  Until  after  the 
Revolution,  mechanics  and  workingmen  wore  leathern 
breeches. 

Of  the  nearly  four  millions  of  people  in  the  United 
States  in  1790,  about  one  seventh  were  negro  slaves. 
These  slaves  were  found  in  every  State  except  Massa 
chusetts  and  Maine,  which  was  then  a  part  of  Massa 
chusetts.  But  they  were  few  in  the  Northern  States. 
Of  the  Northern  States  New  York  had  the  most  slaves — 
more  than  twenty  thousand.  Nearly  seven  eighths  of  all 
the  slaves  were  in  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  the  two 
Carolinas.  These  were  the  lands  of  tobacco,  indigo,  and 
rice  culture. 

In  these  States  country  life  preserved  aristocratic 
forms.  Here,  until  after  the  Revolution,  the  oldest  son  of 
the  family  usually  inherited  the  land,  according  to  'the 
custom  of  the  old  English  law.  Some  of  the  great  plant- 


HOME    AND    SOCIETY    IN    WASHINGTON  S    TIME. 


211 


HAT   WORN    IN 
WASHINGTON'S    TIME. 


ers  lived  like  nobles.  They  were  accustomed  to  manage 
public  affairs,  and  from  this  class  came  some  of  the  most 
eminent  statesmen  of  the  period  following  the  Revolu 
tion.  Virginia  was  called  "  the  Mother  of  Presidents." 
But  the  poorer  people  at  the  South  had  little  or  no 
chance  for  education,  and  were  generally  rude  and  illit 
erate.  There  were  few  towns  in  the  Southern  States, 
very  few  mechanics,  and  little  of  the  ship-building  and 
manufactures  that  were  soon  to  make  New  England 
rich.  But  in  Washington's  time  the  Southern  States 
were  the  richest  as  well  as  the  most  populous.  If  they 
had  but  little  town  life,  there  was  much  social  gayety 
in  the  plantation-houses. 

The  so-called  cities  of  the  United  States,  at  the  time  society  in  the 
of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  were  only  what 
would  now  be  counted  towns  of  moderate  size.  But  in 
each  of  these  little  capitals  there  was  an  aristocracy  that 
affected  the  style  and  fashion  of  the  English  gentry. 
Gentlemen  and  ladies  gathered  at  fashionable  houses  in 
the  afternoon,  and  spent  the  time  in  talking,  and  sipping 
tea  from  dainty  little  china  cups.  Sometimes  large  par 
ties  rode  down  to  a  public  garden  in  the  country,  or  a 
tavern  by  the  sea-side,  to  drink  tea.  In  most  of  the  chief 
towns  there  were  held  once  in  two  weeks  "  assemblies," 
or  balls.  At  these  assemblies  there  were  stately  minuets 
and  country-dances,  and  much  money  \vas  lost  and  won 
at  card-tables  in  a  room  prepared  for  fashionable  gam 
bling,  which  was  then  one  of  the  recognized  amusements 
of  good  society. 

About  the  time  of  the  Revolution  gentlemen  wore 
their  hair  long,  and  powdered  it  white.  Ladies  dressed 
their  hair  in  a  lofty  tower.  One  fine  lady  of  the  time 


HIGH    HEAD-DRESS 
OF    THE    TIME. 


212 


HOME    AND    SOCIETY    IN    WASHINGTON'S    TIME. 


Costume  in 

Washington's 

time. 


Comparative    dis 
comfort  of  the 
life  of  the  time. 


Questions  for 
study. 


paid  six  hundred  dollars  a  year  to  her  hair-dresser. 
Gentlemen,  as  well  as  ladies,  wore  bright  colors  and  a 
variety  of  rich  fabrics,  so  that  a  fashionable  assembly  pre 
sented  a  gay  appearance. 

But,  with  all  this  gayety  in  the  upper  ranks  of  society, 
life  was  less  comfortable  then  than  now.  The  common 
people  lived  hardly,  with  few  comforts  and  fewer  luxu 
ries.  Even  the  rich,  with  all  their  loaded  tables  and  fine 
show,  lacked  the  substantial  comforts  of  our  modern  life. 
There  was  more  drinking  to  excess  then,  and  there  was 
less  refinement  in  speech  and  manners,  than  there  is  now. 


Name  some  of  the  conveniences  for  traveling  about  in  our  time  which 
the  people  of  Washington's  time  lacked.  What  means  of  lighting  our 
houses  have  we  which  they  had  not  ?  How  did  they  light  their  houses 
after  dark?  What  kind  of  wax  did  they  sometimes  make  candles  of  ? 
What  did  the  poorest  people  have  ?  What  is  said  of  stoves  for  heating  ? 
What  of  cooking-stoves  ?  What  kind  of  fuel  did  they  use  ?  What  did 
blacksmiths  use?  What  is  said  of  mines  and  manufactures  in 

that  day  ?  Where  did  the  people  get  cloth  for  their  clothes  ?  What 
was  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people  at  that  time  ?  Why  did  the  farmer 
spend  little  money  ?  What  is  said  of  shoes  ?  Where  did  the  farmer  get 
his  plows  and  wagons  ?  Was  the  plow  everywhere  in  use  ?  What  took 
the  place  of  the  wagon  in  many  parts  of  the  country  ?  What  was  the 
general  character  of  farming  ?  How  did  the  frontiersman  dress  ? 

What  pursuits  did  the  backwoodsman  follow  ?  What  was  the  peculiarity 
of  the  dress  of  a  mechanic  or  workingman  in  the  days  following  the 
Revolution  ?  What  portion  of  the  population  of  the  United  States 

was -composed  of  slaves  in  1790?  Where  were  they  found?  What 
Northern  State  had  the  most  slaves  ?  In  what  four  States  were  seven 
eighths  of  the  slaves  found  ?  What  crops  were  grown  in  these  States  ? 

What  was  remarkable  in  the  life  of  the  four  States  in  which  were 
the  most  slaves  ?  How  was  the  landed  property  inherited  ?  How  did 
the  great  planters  live  ?  To  what  were  they  accustomed  ?  What  kind 
of  men  were  some  who  came  from  this  class  ?  What  was  the  condition 
of  the  poorer  people  in  the  Southern  States  ?  What  is  said  of  towns 
in  the  Southern  States?  Where  was  there  much  social  gayety? 

What  sort  of  places  were  the  American  cities  in  the  time  of  Washing 
ton  ?  What  is  said  of  fashionable  society  in  each  of  these  towns  ?  What 


HOME    AND    SOCIETY    IN    WASHINGTON'S    TIME.  21  1 

of  the  tea-parties?     What  can  you  tell  about  the  assemblies?     What 
were  the  two  chief  amusements  at  these  balls  ?  How  did  gentle 

men  wear  their  hair  about  the  time  of  the  Revolution  ?  How  did  ladies 
dress  their  hair  ?  What  is  said  of  the  colors  worn  at  that  time  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  comfort  of  the  modes  of  living  at  that  time  ? 
What  was  the  state  of  morals  as  compared  with  the  morals  of  our  time  ? 
How  did  our  forefathers  compare  with  people  of  our  time  in  refinement 
of  speech  and  manners  ? 

I.  Lighting  and  warming  of  houses.  Study  by  topics. 

II.  Dress  and  habits. 

1.  Of  farmers. 

2.  Of  backwoodsmen. 

III.  The  prevalence  of  slavery. 

IV.  Society  in  the  States  having  the  most  slaves. 
V.  Society  in  town. 

VI.  Fashionable  dress. 


CHAPTER    XXXVI. 
Washington's  Presidency,  from    1 789  to   1 797- 

IN  1791   the  capital  of  the  country  was   removed  to  Removal  of  the 

r»i    -i      i     i     i   •  „!  , -i     •*        i          111  capital  from  New 

Philadelphia,  to  remain  there  until  it  should  be  perma-  York  to  Phiiadei- 
nently   fixed   on    the    Potomac.      President   Washington  phia>  I7QI' 
lived  in  Philadelphia,  and   there  Congress    held    its  ses 
sions. 

Washington  was  elected   by  the  unanimous  vote  of  Washington  not 

a  partisan. 

the  country,  and  he  was  re-elected  in  1792  without  oppo 
sition.  He  kept  himself  aloof  from  political  parties,  and 
tried  to  be  impartial.  But  his  preference  for  a  strong 
central  government  attached  him  rather  to  the  party 
called  Federalist  than  to  its  opponents. 

The  Federalist  party  had  first  taken  its  name  in  the  The  Federalist 

party. 

struggle  to  secure  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  which 
that  party  favored.  Federalists  were  generally  in  favor 


214 


WASHINGTON  S    PRESIDENCY. 


The  Republican 
party. 


Hamilton  and 
Jefferson  the 
great  party 
leaders. 


of  strengthening  the  central  government.  They  also 
liked  to  see  the  government  conducted  with  some  pomp 
and  ceremony,  after  the  English  way.  The  Federalist 
party  was  strong  in  the  cities,  and  among  people  of 
wealth  and  those  devoted  to  commerce.  Such  people  in 
that  day  were  generally  aristocratic  in  their  feelings,  and 
leaned  to  English  ways.  In  the  war  between  England 
and  France  the  sympathies  of  the  Federalists  were  in 
favor  of  England  and  against  France. 

The  party  opposed  to  the  Federalists  was  called  at 
first  the  Republican  and  afterward  the  Democratic  party. 
(It  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  Republican  party  of 
our  time.)  The  members  of  this  party  were  afraid  that 
the  central  government  would  grow  too  strong,  and  per 
haps  overthrow  the  liberties  of  the  people.  They  wished 
to  increase  the  power  of  the  States  and  diminish  that  of 
the  United  States.  They  cherished  ideas  of  individual 
liberty  and  equality,  and  were  afraid  of  an  aristocracy. 
The  old  Republican  or  Democratic  party  of  that  day 
sympathized  with  France,  which  had,  in  the  great  Revo 
lution  of  1789,  overthrown  the  monarchy  and  set  up  a 
republic,  and  the  Republicans  disliked  England.  Many 
of  them  at  one  time  showed  their  partisanship  by 
wearing  the  tricolored  cockade  worn  by  republicans  in 
France.  The  Republican  party  in  America  wished  to 
bring  in  republican  manners  and  simple  tastes,  and  they 
objected  to  the  stately  ceremonies  which  Washington 
and  the  Federalists  liked. 

The  great  leader  of  the  Federalists  was  General  Alex 
ander  Hamilton,  who  did  everything  in  his  power  to 
strengthen  the  government  of  the  United  States.  The 
Republicans  were  led  by  Thomas  Jefferson,  the  author  of 


WASHINGTON  S    PRESIDENCY. 


215 


Alexander  Hamilton.— This  great 
man  was  born  in  the  Island  of  Nevis,  in 
the  West  Indies,  in  January,  1757.  His 
father  was  poor,  and  he  was  put  into  a 
counting-house.  At  fifteen  years  of  age 
he  wrote  for  the  "  St.  Christopher's  Ga 
zette  "  an  account  of  a  hurricane  that  had 
just  desolated  the  Leeward  West  India 
Islands.  The  remarkable  ability  of  this 
description  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
chief  men  of  the  place,  and  the  boy  was 
sent  to  the  American  continent  to  be 
educated.  In  1774,  when  but  seventeen 
years  of  age,  while  a  student  in  King's 
College  (now  Columbia  College),  in  New 
York,  he  made  a  speech  on  the  Revolu 
tionary  side  at  a  great  meeting  in  the 
fields,  which  at  once  stamped  him  as  a 
wonderful  youth.  He  also  wrote  sever 
al  anonymous  pamphlets  that  attracted 
great  attention,  and  were  attributed  to  the 
leading  men  of  the  party.  In  1776,  when 
he  was  but  nineteen,  he  took  command 
of  an  artillery  company,  and  so  distin 
guished  himself  at  the  battle  of  White 
Plains  and  in  the  retreat  across  New  Jer 
sey  that  Washington  put  him  on  his  own 
staff.  He  was  employed  by  Washington 
in  many  delicate  and  confidential  mis 
sions,  and  he  distinguished  himself  in 
more  than  one  battle.  He  led  the  as 
sault  on  one  of  the  British  outworks  at 
Yorktown.  His  great  work  lay  in  his 
efforts  to  persuade  the  American  people 
to  adopt  the  Federal  Constitution,  by 
which  the  national  existence  was  firmly 
established.  As  the  first  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  he  held  Congress  firmly 
to  the  duty  of  paying  every  dollar  of  the 
national  debt  at  its  face.  He  also  pre 
vailed  on  Congress  to  adopt  the  debts 
incurred  by  the  States  in  carrying  on  the 
war,  and  he  thus  established  the  credit 
of  the  nation.  He  retired  from  office  on 
account  of  poverty,  but  his  law  practice 
was  afterward  very  profitable.  He  was 
killed  in  a  duel  with  Aaron  Burr  in  1804. 


ALEXANDER    HAMILTON. 


the  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence.    Hamilton  was 
Secretary  of  the  Treas 
ury  and    Jefferson    was 
Secretary    of    State    in 
Washington's  first  cab 
inet,  so  that  both  par 
ties  were  represented   in 
the   cabinet  at  the     same 
time,  a  state  of  things  never 
seen  nowadays. 

During"  Washington's     Indian  troubles 

at  the  West. 

administration  there  be 
gan  those  troubles  with  the 
Indian  tribes  which  have 
plagued  the  government 
and  the  people  of  the  front 
iers  from  that  day  to  this. 
The  English  government 
refused  to  surrender  forts 
which  it  held  among  the 
Indian  tribes  in  what  is 
now  Ohio,  and  encouraged 
the  savages  to  hostilities. 
There  arose  in  consequence 
a  most  deadly  and  cruel 
war  between  the  white  set 
tlers  in  Kentucky  and  the 
tribes  living  on  the  north  side  of  the  river.  More  than 
fifteen  hundred  Kentucky  settlers  had  been  killed  in 
seven  years,  and  very  many  carried  away  into  a  cruel 
captivity.  The  horrible  slaughters  of  men,  women,  and 


2l6 


WASHINGTON  S    PRESIDENCY. 


Harmer's 
1790. 


defeat, 


KPNTUCKY    CAPTIVES. 


children  in  Kentucky  gave 
that  State  the  name  of  "  the  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground." 

General  Harmer  was  sent  against  the  Indians  in  1790, 
but  from  carelessness  on  his  part,  and  a  lack  of  discipline 
among  his  troops,  the  white  soldiers  were  cut  to  pieces 
by  the  savages  under  Little  Turtle. 

General  St.  Clair  was  sent  against  these  same  Indians 
in  the  following  year.  He  allowed  himself  to  be  sur 
prised  by  Little  Turtle  and  a  strong  force  of  Indians, 
who  routed  and  almost  ruined  his  army.  The  Indians 


WASHINGTON'S  PRESIDENCY. 


217 


butchered   the  wounded   with    the    most   brutal    cruelty  st.  ciair-s  de 
feat,  1791. 
while  St.  Clair's  army  was  in  flight. 

Washington    was  greatly    distressed    at    this    defeat.   Wayne's  victory 

on  the  Maumee, 

He  now  selected  General  Wayne,  who  had  gained  dis-  1794. 
tinction    in    the    Revolution,    and    whose    courage    was 
such  that  he  was  called  "  Mad  Anthony  Wayne."     But 

he    was   as    prudent   as    he 

was    brave. 

called     him 


Anthony  Wayne. — General  Wayne 
was  born  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylva 
nia,  in  1745.  He  early  showed  a  fond 
ness  for  military  life.  He  received  a 
good  education  for  the  time,  and  became 
a  land-surveyor.  During  the  troub 
lous  times  of  1774  and  1775  Wayne  de 
voted  himself  to  drilling  military  com 
panies  in  his  own  county.  He  entered 
the  army  as  colonel  in  1776,  and  distin 
guished  himself  in  many  actions.  His 
most  notable  exploit,  perhaps,  was  the 
storming  of  Stony  Point,  on  the  Hudson. 
This  formidable  work  he  carried  at  mid 
night  by  a  bayonet-charge,  the  soldiers' 
guns  being  empty.  He  afterward  han 
dled  a  small  force  in  Georgia  in  such  a 
way  as  to  hold  in  check  a  much  larger 
body  of  British  troops.  It  was  his  careful 
organization  and  bold  execution  of  vari 
ous  enterprises  during  the  Revolution 
which  caused  his  selection  by  Washing 
ton  to  retrieve  the  fortunes  of  the  Indian 
war  after  St.  Clair's  defeat.  When  he 
returned  from  his  successful  expedition 
against  the  Indians  he  was  received  in 
Philadelphia  in  triumph.  He  was  sent 
in  1796  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the 
Western  forts,  and  died  in  December  of 
that  year  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie. 


The     Indians 
;<  The     Black 

Snake,"      and      they      also 
called  him  "  The  Chief 
who     never     Sleeps." 
After  trying  in  vain 
to  make  peace  with 
the  Indians,  Wayne 
attacked     and     de 
feated    them,    driv 
ing  them  from  their      \ 
hiding-places  by  a  bay 
onet-charge.       This    bat-         ANTHONY  WAYNE. 

tie  was  fought  in  1794,  on 
the    banks  of   the    Maumee 
River,    in    northern    Ohio. 
It    brought    peace    to    the 
frontier  for  a  while. 

There  was  about  this  time  a  rebellion  in  western 
Pennsylvania,  known  as  "  the  Whisky  Insurrection." 
The  people  of  western  Pennsylvania  raised  Indian  corn. 
The  roads  over  the  mountains  were  such  that  they  could 
not  well  haul  this  corn  to  market,  so  they  fell  to  making 
it  into  whisky,  in  which  shape  it  was  less  bulky  and 
more  easily  carried.  The  new  United  States  tax  on 


The  whisky 
rebellion,  1794. 


218 


WASHINGTON  S    PRESIDENCY. 


Retirement  and 
death  of  Wash 
ington. 


Questions  for 
study. 


whisky  interfered  with  this  business,  and  the  people  rose 
against  the  revenue  officers.  Washington  sent  troops  to 
enforce  the  law,  and  the  people  submitted  after  the  ring 
leaders  of  the  rebellion  had  fled. 

Washington  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for  the  third 
time,  and  in  September,  1796,  the  "  Father  of  his  Coun 
try  "  issued  a  farewell  address,  full  of  good  advice.  At 
the  end  of  his  term,  in  March,  1797,  he  retired  to  Mount 
Vernon,  where  he  spent  his  closing  years  in  peace. 
He  died  December  14,  1799,  in  the  last  month  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Of  the  many  great  men  of  that 
century,  he  was,  though  not  the  most  gifted,  probably 
the  most  illustrious.  The  whole  United  States  paid 
honor  to  his  memory,  and  to  this  time  his  is  the  only 
American  birthday  honored  as  a  public  holiday. 


To  what  city  was  the  capital  removed  in  1791  ?     Was  it  expected  that 
Philadelphia  would  remain  the  capital?  Did  Washington  have 

any  rival  candidate  when  he  was  elected  the  first  time  ?  Was  there  any 
opposition  to  his  second  election  ?  Did  he  belong  to  any  party  ?  To 
which  party  did  his  sympathies  incline  ?  In  what  struggle  did  the 

Federalist  party    first   take  that  name?      Was  the   Federalist  party  in 

favor  of  or  opposed  to  the  Con 
stitution  ?  How  did  the  Fed 
eralists  feel  about  strengthen 
ing  the  central  government  of 
the  United  States  ?  How  did 
they  feel  about  the  use  of  dig 
nified  ceremonies  in  conduct 
ing  the  government  ?  Where 
was  the  Federalist  party  strong  ? 
Which  did  they  prefer,  Eng 
land  or  France  ?  WThat 

was  the  party  opposed  to  the  Federalists  called  ?  Of  what  were 
the  members  of  this  party  afraid  ?  As  between  the  several 
State  governments  and  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
which  did  the  old  Republicans  wish  to  see  strengthened  ?  What 


WAYNE'S    CAMPAIGN    AGAINST 
THE    INDIANS. 


WASHINGTON  S    PRESIDENCY. 


219 


ideas  did  they  cherish  ?  Of  what  were  they  afraid  ?  As  between 
France  and  England,  which  did  the  Republicans  favor?  What  change 
had  taken  place  in  the  government  of  France  in  1789?  What  kind 
of  manners  and  tastes  did  the  Republican  party  wish  to  bring  in? 

Who  was  the  great  leader  of  the  Federalists  ?  Who  was  the  leader 
of  the  Republicans?  What  office  did  Hamilton  hold  in  Washington's 
first  Cabinet  ?  What  was  Jefferson's  place  in  the  Cabinet  ?  Are  the 
two  great  parties  represented  in  this  way  at  the  same  time  now? 

\Vhat  had  the  English  government  to  do  with  the  Indian  troubles  of 
Washington's  time  ?  Where  were  the  forts  which  the  English  refused  to 
give  up  ?  What  name  did  Kentucky  get  on  account  of  the  horrors  of  In 
dian  war?  Who  was  sent  against  the  Indians  in  1790?  What 
was  the  result  of  Harmar's  expedition  ?  Wrho  was  sent  against 
the  savages  in  1791  ?  What  happened  to  St.  Clair's  army  ?  How 
did  Washington  feel  about  St.  Clair's  defeat  ?  WThom  did  Washington 
select  to  fill  St.  Clair's  place?  What  was  Wayne  called?  But  was 
"Mad  Anthony  Wayne"  reckless?  \Vhat  name  did  the  Indians  give 
him  ?  WThat  else  did  they  call  him  ?  Did  Wayne  try  to  make  peace 
with  the  Indians  ?  How  did  he  attack  them  ?  Where  was  this  battle  of 
1 794  fought?  W7hat  was  the  result  ?  What  was  the  rebellion  in 
Pennsylvania  at  this  time  called  ?  What  did  the  people  of  this  region  do 
with  their  corn  ?  What  tax  interfered  with  their  business  ?  \Vhat  did 
the  people  do  ?  What  did  President  Washington  do  ?  What  was  the 
outcome  of  the  rebellion  ?  Why  was  Washington  not  elected  a 
third  time?  WThat  sort  of  an  address  did  he  issue  in  1796?  To  what 
place  did  he  retire  at  the  close  of  his  term  ?  When  did  he  die  ?  How 
does  he  compare  with  the  many  other  great  men  of  the  eighteenth  cent 
ury  ?  (On  what  day  do  we  celebrate  his  birthday  ?) 

I.  Washington  the  President  and  Philadelphia  the  capital.  study  by  topics. 

II.  The  two  political  parties. 

1.  The  Federalists  and  their  opinions. 

2.  The  Republicans  and  their  opinions. 

3.  The  leaders  of  the  parties. 

III.  The  Indian  troubles.  i. 

1.  Their  causes. 

2.  Harmar's  expedition  in  1790. 

3.  St.  Clair's  expedition  in  1791. 

4.  Wrayne's  expedition  in  1794. 

IV.  The  WThisky  Insurrection. 

V.  Retirement  and  death  of  Washington. 

In  what  State  is  Philadelphia  situated  ?     In  what  State  is  the  Maumee  River  ?    Geography. 
In  what  part  of  Ohio  did  Wayne  fight  the  Indians  ?     Into  what  great  lake  does  the 
Maumee  flow  ?    In  what  direction  does  this  lake  lie  from  Wayne's  battle-field  ? 


220 


TROUBLES  WITH  ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE. 


Grounds  of  com 
plaint  against 
England. 


Jay's  treaty. 


CHAPTER    XXXVII. 

Troubles   with    England    and    France.  —  Presidency   of 
John   Adams. 

WHEN  the  English  government  acknowledged  the  in 
dependence  of  the  United  States,  in  1783,  there  remained 
still  in  the  hands  of  English  troops  certain  military  posts 
in  the  Indian  country  which  were  within  the  territory  of 
the  United  States.  In  violation  of  the  treaty,  the  English 
government  retained  these  posts  among  the  Indians,  and, 
by  the  encouragement  given  to  the  tribes,  kept  alive  the 
Indian  war.  When  Wayne  defeated  the  Indians  on  the 
Maumee,  as  we  have  related  in  the  preceding  chapter,  he 
found  Canadians  fighting  on  the  side  of  the  Indians,  and 
he  drove  them  before  him  under  the  very  guns  of  a  fort 
held  by  the  English,  who  did  not  dare  to  aid  the  savages 
and  their  allies.  There  was  also  much  anger  in  America 
against  the  English  government  on  account  of  the  illegal 
seizure  of  American  vessels  by  British  cruisers. 

To  prevent  a  new  war  with  Great  Britain,  Washing 
ton  sent  John  Jay  to  England  in  1794  to  make  a  treaty. 
"  Jay's  Treaty,"  as  it  was  called,  was  very  unpopular  in 
America,  especially  with  the  members  of  the  Repub 
lican  party,  who  thought  that  it  yielded  too  much 
to  England.  But  it  was  confirmed  by  Washington 
and  the  Senate,  for,  according  to  the  Constitution, 
every  treaty  made  with  a  foreign  nation  must  be 
agreed  to  by  the  Senate.  It  provided  for  the 
surrender  of  the  Western  forts  by  England,  and  it 
prevented  a  war  with  Great  Britain,  which  would 
have  been  a  misfortune  to  so  weak  a  country  as  ours 


TROUBLES  WITH  ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE. 


221 


Adams,  1796. 


was  at  that  time.  When  a  war  with  England  came  at 
last,  in  1812,  the  United  States  had  nearly  twice  as  many 
people  as  it  had  when  the  Jay  treaty  was  made. 

This  treaty  with   Great  Britain  was  exasperating  to  France  and  the 

Jay  treaty. 

the  French  government,  which  was  then  engaged  in  war 
with  England.  As  France  had  helped  the  United  States 
to  gain  its  independence,  the  French  expected  the  assist 
ance  of  America  in  their  new  war  with  England.  Wash 
ington  wisely  kept  this  country  free  from  alliances  with 
either  of  the  contending  nations. 

In  1796  John  Adams,  the  candidate  of  the  Federalist  Election  of  John 
party,  was  chosen  President  over  Thomas  Jefferson,  who 

was   the    candidate   of    the 

John  Adams  was  the  son  of  a  farmer.          T->  i   i  •  TV 

He  was  born  in  Braintree,  Mass.,  in  ,735.  Republicans,  Or  Democrats. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard,  taught  school 
for  two  years,  and  began  the  practice  of 
law  when  he  was  twenty-three  years  of 
age.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
Stamp-Act  agitations  from  1765  onward. 
He  removed  to  Boston  in  1768,  and  soon 
became  a  leading  lawyer  and  a  chief  of 
the  Revolutionary  party.  Adams  was 
one  of  the  foremost  men  in  the  Congress 
of  1774  and  1775,  and  was  one  of  the  com 
mittee  to  prepare  the  Declaration  of  In 
dependence.  He  was  one  of  the  commis 
sioners  to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  peace 
with  England,  and  was  minister  at  Lon 
don  for  three  years.  He  was  Vice-Presi- 
dent  during  the  whole  of  Washington's 
presidency,  and  in  1796  was  elected  to 
succeed  Washington  as  President.  He 
was  an  able  and  courageous  man,  honest 
and  true  to  his  convictions,  but  vain, 
irritable,  and  somewhat  quarrelsome. 
His  peculiarities  had  something  to  do 
with  his  unpopularity  and  his  defeat 
when  he  ran  for  the  presidency  a  second 
time.  He  died  on  the  4th  of  July,  1826, 
exactly  fifty  years  after  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 


JOHN    ADAMS. 


of 


The     administration 
Adams    was    mostly 
pied    with    the    difficulties 
with    France.     That    country,   after   the   great   Revolu 
tion   that   overthrew   the    monarchy   in    1789,    had    now 


Discourteous 
behavior  of  the 
OCCU-    French  Direc 
tory. 


222 


TROUBLES  WITH  ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE. 


CANNONEER,    1797. 

The  Directory 
seek  to  extort 
money  from  the 
United  States. 


"  Not  one  cent 
for  tribute  !  " 


SEAMAN,    1798. 

Peace  made 
with  Napoleon 
Bonaparte. 


Removal  of  the 
capital  to  Wash 
ington,   1800. 


fallen  into  the  hands  of  a  government  called  the  "  Di 
rectory."  It  was  composed  of  five  directors.  The  suc 
cesses  which  their  armies  achieved  under  the  command 
of  the  rising  young  general,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  made 
the  Directory  very  overbearing.  When  the  United 
States  sent  a  new  minister  to  Paris,  the  French  gov 
ernment  refused  to  receive  him,  and  presently  ordered 
him  to  leave  the  country. 

In  1797,  President  Adams,  who  desired  to  avoid  a  war 
if  possible,  sent  three  envoys  to  France,  having  assur 
ances  that  they  would  be  received  with  honor.  But 
the  American  envoys  were  informed  that,  in  order  to 
secure  a  peace,  the  United  States  must  make  a  loan  to 
the  French  government  and  pay  secret  bribes  to  the 
members  of  the  Directory. 

The  envoys  refused  this  dishonorable  demand,  and, 
when  it  was  known  in  America,  the  popular  cry  became, 
''Millions  for  defense,  but  not  one  cent  for  tribute!" 
The  tricolored  cockade  was  no  longer  worn,  but  a  black 
cockade  was  put  on  by  those  in  favor  of  a  war  with 
France.  "  Hail,  Columbia,"  then  a  new  song,  became 
universally  popular.  Ships  were  built,  an  army  was 
raised,  and  Washington  was  made  commander-in-chief. 

But  the  French  did  not  wish  a  war,  and  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  who  had  now  overthrown  the  French  Direct 
ory,  made  a  new  agreement  with  the  United  States  in 
September,  1800.  Thus  the  infant  country  again  escaped 
a  foreign  war. 

In  the  year  1800  the  government  was  removed  from 
Philadelphia  to  Washington  city.  In  1790  Congress  had 
resolved  to  fix  the  permanent  capital  on  the  Potomac 
River,  and  the  selection  of  the  site  was  left  to  Washing- 


TROUBLES  WITH  ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE. 


223 


ton  himself.  When  the  government  moved  there,  in  1800, 
the  place  was  almost  a  wilderness.  The  few  people  liv 
ing  in  the  new  town  were  scattered  over  the  whole  re 
gion,  and  one  sometimes  had  to  go  one  or  two  miles 
through  a  forest  to  see  his  next-door  neighbor,  though 
both  were  living  within  the  "Federal  City,"  as  Wash 
ington  had  named  it. 

It    was   thought   desirable  that   the   national   capital  The  District  of 

Columbia. 

should  not  be  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  State.  A 
tract  ten  miles  square  was  given  by  Virginia  and  Mary 
land  to  form  the  District  of  Columbia.  But  the  portion 
taken  from  Virginia  was  afterward  ceded  back  to  that 
State.  The  District  of  Columbia  is  governed  wholly  by 
laws  made  in  Congress,  in  which  its  inhabitants  have  no 
representative. 

Where  did  the  English  government  hold  posts  that  were  on  American    Questions  for 
territory  ?     What  effect  did  the  keeping  of  these  posts  have  on  the  In-   study- 
dians  ?     Whom  did  Wayne  find  fighting  among  the  Indians  when  he  de 
feated  them  on  the  Maumee  ?     By  whom  was  the  fort  held  near  which 
Wayne  defeated  the  savages  ?  How  did  the  American  people  feel 

toward  the  English  government  at  this  time  ?  What  other  cause  of 
anger  toward  England  was  there  ?  Of  what  was  there  great  danger  ? 
Whom  did  Washington  send  to  England  in  1794?  What  was  Jay  sent 
to  do  ?  How  was  Jay's  treaty  received  by  the  people  ?  What  did  the 
members  of  the  Republican  party  think  of  it  ?  What  did  Washington 
and  the  Senate  do  about  it  ?  What  has  the  Senate  to  do  with  treaties  ? 
What  good  did  the  treaty  do  ?  Why  would  a  war  with  England  have 
been  a  great  misfortune  at  that  time  ?  How  did  the  French  gov 

ernment  feel  about  the  Jay  treaty  ?  What  was  the  relation  between 
France  and  England  at  that  time  ?  Why  did  France  expect  the  United 
States  to  help  her  in  a  war  with  England  ?  What  did  Washington  do  ? 
How  did  many  members  of  the  Republican  party  show  their  sympathies 
with  France?  Who  was  chosen  President  in  1796?  Who  was 

the  candidate  opposed  to  Adams  ?  Of  what  party  was  Adams  the  can 
didate?  What  party  supported  Jefferson?  With  what  country 
did  we  have  difficulty  in  Adams's  time  ?  What  was  the  government  of 
France  at  this  time  called  ?  How  many  directors  were  there  ?  With 

16 


224 


TROUBLES  WITH  ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE. 


Study  by  topics. 


Geographical 
studies. 


whom  was  France  at  war  ?  What  young  general  was  fighting  the  battles 
of  the  French  ?  (What  did  General  Napoleon  Bonaparte  afterward  be 
come?)  What  effect  did  Bonaparte's  victories  have  on  the  Directory? 
How  did  the  Directory  treat  the  minister  sent  by  the  United  States? 

How  many  envoys  did  President  Adams  send  to  France  in  1797? 
What  information  was  given  to  these  envoys  ?  How  did  they  treat  this 
demand  for  money  ?  When  their  refusal  to  pay  money  became  known  in 
America,  what  was  the  popular  cry  ?  What  kind  of  a  cockade  was  worn 
by  those  in  favor  of  a  war  with  France  ?  What  song  became  popular  ? 

What  preparations  for  war  were  made  ?  Who  was  appointed  to 
command  the  army?  Who  had  by  this  time  overthrown  the  French 
Directory  ?  What  did  Napoleon  do  with  reference  to  this  country  ? 

In  what  year  was  the  government  removed  from  Philadelphia  ?  To 
what  place  was  it  removed  ?  Who  had  selected  the  site  ?  What  was 
the  condition  of  the  place  when  the  government  was  removed  to  it  in 
1800?  What  name  had  Washington  given  it?  How  was  the 

District  of  Columbia  formed  ?  How  is  it  governed  ? 

I.  Difficulties  with  England. 

1.  The  Western  posts. 

2.  Illegal  seizures  of  American  vessels. 

3.  The  Jay  treaty. 

II.  Presidential  election  of  1796. 

III.  Difficulties  with  France. 

1.  The  Directory  refuse  to  receive  an  American  minister. 

2.  The  Directory  seeks  a  bribe  to  keep  the  peace. 

3.  Patriotic  excitement  against  France. 

4.  Measures  for  defense. 

5.  A  new  agreement. 

IV.  The  capital  removed  to  Washington,  1800. 

On  what  river  is  Washington  city  ?  Into  what  bay  does  the  Potomac  flow  ?  In 
what  direction  is  Washington  from  Philadelphia  ?  From  Baltimore  ?  From  Rich 
mond,  Va.  ? 


The  alien  and 
sedition  laws. 


CHAPTER    XXXVIII. 
Election  of  Jefferson.— War  with  Tripoli. 

THE  Federalists  favored  a  strong  government.  In 
the  excitement  caused  by  the  troubles  with  France,  very 
stringent  laws  were  passed  by  them.  Foreigners  were 


THOM*S    JEFFERSON. 


226  ELECTION    OF    JEFFERSON. WAR    WITH    TRIPOLI. 


Defeat  of  the 
Federalist  party 
in  1800.      Services 
rendered  by  the 
Federalists. 


The  Republican 
party  and  its 
work. 


How  the  Presi 
dent  was   elected 
at  first. 


required  to  live  in  America  fourteen  years  be 
fore  they  could  be  naturalized.  By  what  was 
called  the  "  Alien  Law,"  the  President  was 
given  authority  to  send  out  of  the  country, 
without  trial,  any  "  alien  "  or  unnaturalized  for 
eigner.  By  the  "  Sedition  Law,"  speakers  and 
newspaper  writers  were  to  be  severely  punished 
for  "  libeling "  the  officers  of  the  government. 
Many  of  the  people  thought  the  alien  law  took  away 
the  right  of  trial  by  jury,  and  that  the  sedition  law 
attacked  free  speech  and  a  free  press. 

In  the  presidential  election  of  1800,  John  Adams  was 
the  Federalist  candidate  a  second  time,  but  he  was  de 
feated,  and  the  Federalist  party  never  was  able  to  elect 
another  President.  The  Federalists  had  secured  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution ;  they  had  made 
the  national  government  strong  ;  and  they  had  begun 
the  work  of  paying  the  national  debt  in  full,  and  so 
making  the  credit  of  the  government  good.  No  party 
ever  did  a  better  work  than  the  Federalists  did  in  bring 
ing  a  bankrupt  and  disorderly  confederacy  into  a  firm 
union. 

But  the  Federalists  leaned  too  much  to  the  English 
notions  of  government  that  had  prevailed  before  the 
Revolution.  The  Republicans  held  more  to  the  equality 
of  men  ;  they  trusted  the  people,  and  believed  in  progress 
toward  a  larger  personal  liberty.  The  Federalist  move 
ment  made  us  a  nation  ;  but  the  movement  represented 
by  the  old  Republican  party  made  us  republicans  and 
Americans. 

It  was  the  intention  of  those  who  framed  the  Consti 
tution  that  the  people  should  not  vote  for  particular 


ELECTION    OF    JEFFERSON. WAR    WITH    TRIPOLI. 

men  for  the  presidency.  They  were  to  choose  in  each 
State  a  certain  number  of  men  called  "  electors."  These 
were  to  select  a  President.  But,  instead  of  choosing 
eminent  men,  and  leaving  the  choice  of  a  President  to 
them,  the  people  vote  for  electors  pledged  beforehand 
to  cast  their  votes  for  the  candidates  of  their  party.  The 
people  thus  vote  for  the  President.  It  was  provided  at 
first  that  each  elector  should  vote  for  two  candidates  for 
President.  The  candidate  who  received  the  highest 
number  was  to  be  the  President,  the  one  having  the 
next  highest  was  to  be  Vice-President.  The  effect  of 
this,  in  1796,  was  to  make  John  Adams  President,  and 
his  opponent,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Vice-President.  The 
President  and  Vice-President  thus  belonged  to  oppo 
site  parties. 

In    1800   the   Republicans  resolved  to  elect  Jefferson  struggle  between 
President  and  Aaron  Burr  Vice-President.     But,  as  the   BUTT^I^O,  and 
only  way  of  electing  a  Vice-President  was  by  voting  for  £££3»££ 
him  as  one  of  the  two  candidates  for  President,  it  hap-  foliowed- 
pened  that  both  Jefferson  and   Burr  received   the  votes 
of   all   the    Republican   electors,  and   had,  therefore, 
exactly  the  same  number  of  electoral  votes,  although 
nobody   had    thought  of    Burr  for    President.     The 
Constitution   provided   then,   as   it   does   now,  that 
the  choice  between  the  two,  in  case  of  a  tie-vote, 
should  be  by  the  House  of  Representatives.     The 
Federalists  disliked  Jefferson  in  particular,  as  the 
great  chief  of  the  Republicans ;  the  most  of  them, 
therefore,  voted   for  Burr.      This  produced  a  new 
tie  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  there  was  AARON  BURR> 

danger  that  the  4th  of  March  would  arrive  and  find 
the  country  without  a  President ;  but,  after  a  long 


228 


ELECTION    OF    JEFFERSON. — WAR    WITH    TRIPOLI. 


AMERICAN    SEAMAN    IN 
JEFFERSON'S    TIME. 

Prosperity  of 
American    com 
merce. 


War  with  the 
Barbary  pirates, 
1801. 


struggle,  some  of  the  Federalists  cast  blank  votes,  and 
allowed  Jefferson  to  be  elected.     This  dangerous  strug 
gle  led  to  a  change  in  the  Constitution,  by  which  the 
electors    were    to    vote    for    but    one    candidate    for 
President  and  one  for  Vice-President.     This  method 
of  voting  for  electors  still  prevails. 

During  Jefferson's  time,  the  United  States  was  at 
peace   with  all  the  great  powers.     The  wars  raging 
in    Europe    had    injured    the    commerce   of    England 
and    France.      Foreign    merchants,    whose    countries 
were  at  war,  preferred    to  send   goods  in   American 
vessels,   to    prevent   their   being    captured    by    the   ene 
my.      In    this   way   American    commerce    became    very 
prosperous. 

The  little  Mohammedan  states,  along  the  southern 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  had  long  carried  on  a  pirati 
cal  warfare  against  the  trade  of  Christian  countries. 
The  nations  of  northern  Europe  paid  them  a  yearly 
tribute  to  protect  their  ships  from  robbery.  The  United 
States  was  obliged  to  redeem  from  slavery  Americans 
captured  by  the  Dey  of  Algiers,  and  also  to  pay  trib 
ute.  But  in  1 80 1  the  Pasha  [pash-aw'J  of  Tripoli 
[trip'-o-ly],  having  been  refused  additional  presents, 
broke  into  open  war. 

This  war  may  almost  be  said  to  mark  the  birth  of  the 
American  navy.      It  was  a  period  in  which  Americans 
were  fond  of  dangerous  exploits.     The  officers  and  men 
of  this  small  sea-force  performed   acts  of  daring  before 
Achievements  of    Tripoli  which  have  never  been  forgotten,  and  which  yet 
icaVnlTy  inch's  serve  for  an  example  to  their  successors.     In  many  ac- 
war.  Peace,  1805.   tjons  Americans  boarded  the  pirate-ships,  and  fought  in 
desperate    hand-to-hand  encounters,  with  swords,  pikes, 


AMERICAN    SOLDIERS 
ABOUT    1800. 


STEPHEN    DECATUR. 


ELECTION    OF    JEFFERSON. — WAR    WITH    TRIPOLI.  22Q 

and  bayonets.     The  frigate  Philadelphia,  having  run  on 
rocks,   was  captured    by  the   Tripolitans,  and  the  crew 
reduced  to  slavery.      Lieutenant    Decatur  ran    into  the 
harbor  at   night   in  a  ketch,  boarded   the    frigate   and 
burned    her,  escaping    with    his    men    by  rowing  his 
little   boat  under  a  storm   of   fire  from   the  enemy's 
batteries.     After  four  years  of  blockade  and  war,  the 
obstinate  ruler  of  Tripoli  was  brought  to  terms.     He 
made  a  treaty  of  peace  in  1805. 

But  in   1812,  Algiers,  another  of   the   Barbary      $ 
powers,  declared  war  against   this   country,   capt 
ured   American  vessels,  and   reduced   the  crews  to 
slavery.     The  same  Stephen  Decatur,  who  as  a  lieu 
tenant  burned  the   Philadelphia,  was  sent  to  the  Medi- 

The  later  war 

terranean   Sea,  in    1815,  as   commodore  of   a   squadron,  with  Algiers. 
He  captured  the  chief  vessels  of  the   Dey,  and  forced  tribute,  1815. 
that   prince   to   release    his   prisoners,   and   to   come   on 
board   the   commodore's   ship   and    sign  a  treaty.     The 
United    States   never  afterward   paid   tribute   to   any  of 
the  pirate  powers. 

What  were  the  names  of  the  two  parties  in  the  United  States  at  Questions  for 
this  time?  (See  Chapter  XXXVI.)  What  kind  of  a  government  did  study, 
the  Federalists  favor  ?  What  kind  of  laws  were  passed  by  them  ? 
During  what  excitement  did  the  Federalists  pass  these  stringent  laws  ? 
How  long  did  they  require  foreigners  to  remain  in  the  country  before 
they  could  be  naturalized  ?  What  is  an  alien  ?  \Vhat  power  did  the 
Alien  Law  give  to  the  President  ?  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  se 
dition  ?  (Ans.  The  raising  up  of  factions  in  opposition  to  the  govern 
ment.)  What  is  it  to  libel  any  one  ?  (Ans.  To  defame  or  expose  to  con 
tempt  by  a  writing  or  by  printed  matter.)  What  offenses  did  the  "  Sedi 
tion  Law"  propose  to  punish  ?  What  did  many  of  the  people  think  of 
the  Alien  Law  ?  What  of  the  Sedition  Law  ?  Who  was  the  candi 

date  of  the  Federalist  party  in  1800?  Had  John  Adams  been  the  Fed 
eralist  candidate  before?  Had  he  been  elected?  (Chapter  XXXVII.) 
What  took  place  in  this  election  ?  Did  the  Federalist  party  ever  again  . 


230 


ELECTION    OF    JEFFERSON. — WAR    WITH    TRIPOLI. 


elect  their  candidate  for  President  ?  What  party  had  secured  the  adop 
tion  of  the  Constitution  ?  What  had  the  Federalists  done  about  the  na 
tional  debt  ?  To  what  notions  of  government  did  the  Federalists 
lean  ?  To  what  did  the  Republicans  hold  ?  In  what  kind  of  progress 
did  they  believe  ?  What  did  the  Federalist  movement  do  for  us  ?  What 
did  the  movement  represented  by  the  old  Republican  party  do  for  us  ? 
What  was  the  intention  of  those  who  framed  the  Constitution  in  re 
gard  to  voting  for  a  President  ?  What  were  the  people  in  each  State  to 
choose  ?  What  were  the  electors  to  do  ?  Did  the  people  leave  the 
choice  to  the  electors  ?  Do  the  people  really  elect  the  President  ?  How 
were  the  electors  to  vote?  If  each  elector  voted  for  two  candidates  for 
the  presidency,  how  was  the  Vice-President  chosen  ?  What  effect  did 
this  have  in  1796  ?  Whom  did  the  Republicans  resolve  to  elect  for  Presi 
dent  in  1800?  Who  was  their  candidate  for  Vice-President?  What 
was  the  result  ?  When  the  electors  fail  to  make  a  choice,  who  is  to  elect 
a  President  ?  Why  did  most  of  the  Federalists  in  the  House  of  Repre 
sentatives  vote  for  Aaron  Burr  ?  Did  the  House  of  Representatives  suc 
ceed  in  electing  at  first  ?  What  danger  was  there  ?  How  did  the  elec 
tion  come  out  at  last?  What  change  was  now  made  in  the  Constitu 
tion?  What  was  the  character  of  our  relations  with  the  great 
powers  during  Jefferson's  time  ?  What  effect  did  the  European  wars 
have  on  our  commerce  ?  Why  did  foreign  merchants  prefer  to  ship 
goods  in  American  vessels  ?  What  kind  of  warfare  did  the  little 
Mohammedan  states  carry  on?  Where  were  these  states  situated? 
What  did  the  nations  of  northern  Europe  do  to  protect  their  commerce  ? 
To  what  ruler  did  the  United  States  pay  money  to  redeem  captives  and 
for  tribute  ?  Which  one  of  the  rulers  of  these  Barbary  states  broke 
into  open  war  with  the  United  States  in  1801  ?  What  relation  does 
this  war  hold  to  the  history  of  the  navy  of  the  United  States  ?  How  did 
the  officers  and  men  before  Tripoli  behave  ?  What  took  place  when 
they  boarded  the  ships  of  the  enemy  ?  Relate  the  story  of  the  burning 
of  the  frigate  Philadelphia?  What  did  Decatur  afterward  be 
come  ?  Which  of  the  Barbary  powers  afterward  declared  war  against 
this  country?  Who  commanded  the  expedition  against  Algiers  in  1815  ? 

What  was  the  result  ? 

I.  The  Federalist  party  and  its  de 
feat. 
II.  The  Republican  party. 

III.  Difficulties    in    the    presidential 

election. 

IV.  Change  in  the  Constitution. 

V.  Prosperity    of    American    com 
merce. 
VI.  Wars  with  the  Barbary  pirates. 


ELECTION    OF    JEFFERSON. WAR    WITH    TRIPOLI.  23! 

What  are  the  names  of  the  four  Barbary  states  that  lie  on  the  coast  of  the  Medi-  Geography, 
terranean  Sea  ?  Which  is  the  most  westerly  ?  Which  the  most  easterly  ?  What 
country  in  Europe  lies  north  from  Tripoli  ?  What  country  in  Europe  lies  north  from 
Morocco  ?  What  country  lies  next  to  Tripoli  on  the  east  ?  [Ans.  Egypt.]  What 
do  you  know  about  Egypt  ?  Which  of  the  Barbary  states  lies  between  Algiers  and 
Tripoli  ?  Through  what  strait  would  American  ships  have  to  pass  to  reach  Algiers 
or  Tripoli  ?  [Ans.  The  Strait  of  Gibraltar.] 


CHAPTER    XXXIX. 
The  Settlement  of  the  Great  Valley. 

BEFORE  the  Revolution,  only  a  few  people  had  gone  pioneers  before 

,          A  ,,         ,  -.  _.  .  —,,  the  Revolution. 

over  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The  country  to  the  west 
of  this  was  shut  off  from  all  intercourse  with  the  rest  of 
the  world,  and  was  infested  by  tribes  of  fierce  and 
cruel  Indians,  who  lived  in  villages  for  the  most 
part  widely  separated,  but  who  resisted  the  efforts 
of  the  white  men  to  occupy  any  portion  of  the 
uninhabited  wilderness  west  of  the  mountains. 
But,  some  years  before  the  Revolution,  Daniel 
Boone  and  other  daring  men,  from  North  Caro 
lina  and  Virginia,  penetrated  into  the  fertile 
lands  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  formed 
settlements. 

Some   of   the   colonies   had   been   chartered    to    run  Territory  north 

of  the  Ohio  river 

through  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  these  claimed  all  the  ceded  to  the  gen- 
territory  west  of  them  as  far  as  the  United  States  extend 
ed — that  is,  to  the  Mississippi  River.  The  Virginia  char 
ter,  which  was  the  oldest,  made  the  line  of  that  colony 
run  "  west  and  northwest."  Under  this  charter  Virginia 
claimed  most  of  the  territory  north  of  the  Ohio  River, 
and  all  of  that  which  now  forms  Kentucky.  The  terri 
tory  lying  north  of  the  Ohio  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States  by  Virginia  and  the  other  States  claiming  it. 


DANIEL    BOONE. 


232 


THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  GREAT  VALLEY. 


The  Northwest 
Territory  estab 
lished  by  the 
"  Ordinance  of 
Eighty-seven." 


Great  rush  of 
emigrants  to  the 
West. 


Rude  and  danger 
ous  life  of  the 
first  settlers  west 
of  the  mountains. 


In  1787  this  territory  was  organized  as  "The  North 
west  Territory,"  and  its  government  was  regulated  by 
an  act  which  has  since  become  very  celebrated.  It  is 
commonly  known  as  "  The  Ordinance  of  Eighty-seven," 
from  the  year  in  which  it  was  adopted.  The  Ordinance 
of  Eighty-seven  declared  that,  in  the  Northwest  Terri 
tory,  all  children  of  a  father  who  died  without  a  will 
should  inherit  the  estate  equally,  thus  doing  away  with 
the  aristocratic  privileges  given  to  the  oldest  son  under 
the  English  and  colonial  laws.  It  also  forbade  slavery  in 
the  territory  north  of  the  Ohio.  This  ordinance  made 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin  free 
States. 

Soon  after  the  adoption  of  this  ordinance  and  the  pur 
chase  of  the  Indian  title  to  the  land,  people  began  to  pour 
into  the  Western  country,  now  opened  for  settlement.  A 
large  number  of  Revolutionary  officers  and  soldiers,  im 
poverished  by  the  war,  were  among  these  settlers.  The 
first  emigrants  carried  their  few  goods  over  the  mount 
ains  on  pack-horses.  At  Pittsburg  or  Wheeling  most  of 
them  embarked  in  large  flat-boats  roughly  built  of  green 
lumber.  In  these  they  floated  down  the  Ohio  to  one 
of  the  new  settlements  on  its  banks.  The  flat-boat  was 
then  broken  up,  and  its  planks  used  in  building  the 
settler's  cabin.  Pennsylvania  wagons,  after  a  while, 
took  the  place  of  the  pack-horse  in  the  journey  over 
the  mountains  to  Pittsburg. 

The  people  of  this  interior  country  were  almost  shut 
out  from  the  world.  They  raised  flax  and  sometimes 
grew  wool,  and  spun  and  wove  at  home.  Their  spin 
ning-wheels  and  looms  were  made  by  themselves.  For 
chairs  they  made  rude  stools,  their  tables  and  bedsteads 


THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  GREAT  VALLEY. 


233 


were  such  as  they  could  make,  and  they  used  wooden 
bowls  for  dishes.  They  tanned  their  own  leather,  and 
made  rude  shoes  at  home.  The  husks  of  Indian  corn 
were  used  for  making  various  articles,  such  as  rope, 
horse-collars,  brooms,  and  chair-bottoms.  Barrels  and 
bee-hives  were  made  by  sawing  hollow  trees  into  sec 
tions.  By  splitting  one  of  these  sections  a  child's  cradle 
was  constructed.  For  tea  they  drank  a  decoction  of  sas 
safras-root  or  the  leaves  of  the  crop-vine.  Their  sugar 
they  got  from  the  maple-tree.  Their  small  boat  was  a 
canoe  made  from  a  single  log,  or  a  pirogue  [pee-rogue'], 
which  was  a  canoe  enlarged  by  splitting  it  in  the  middle 
lengthwise  and  inserting  a  plank.  The  danger  from  In 
dians  was  so  great  for  many  years  that  the  settlers  never 
went  to  their  fields  without  carrying  their  rifles. 

Whatever   supplies    the    Western  settlers    got,    they   Pack-horse  and 

,        r  •  i  r     i  flat-boat  trade. 

brought  from  the  towns  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  mount 
ains,  by  means  of  pack-horses  and  wagons.  For  these 
goods  they  exchanged  furs,  ginseng,  and  other  light  arti 
cles.  The  produce  of  Western  farms  was  too  heavy  to  be 
packed  across  the  mountains.  It  could  only  be  sold  by 
floating  it  thousands  of  miles  down  the  Ohio  and  Missis 
sippi  Rivers  to  New  Orleans.  This  was  done  in  very 
large  flat-boats,  which  were  rowed  down  the  river  with 
great  sweeps,  but  could  not  be  brought  back  against  the 
current.  The  flat-boat  men  got  home  by  taking  passage 
on  ships  sailing  from  New  Orleans  to  Virginia  or  Mary 
land,  and  then  crossing  the  mountains  to  Pittsburg. 

But,  as  there  was  a  necessity  for  some  trade  up  the   Boats  and  boat- 

men  on  the   Ohio 

river  as  well   as  down,  there  were  presently  used    the  and  Mississippi. 
"  bargee  "  and  the  "  keel-boat,"  both  of  which  had  sharp 
ened  bows,  and  could  be  toilsomely  forced  up  against  the 


234 


THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  GREAT  VALLEY. 


Purchase  of 
Louisiana,  1803. 


stream  by  setting  poles,  oars,  and  sails  in  turn,  and  which 

sometimes  were  towed,  or  "  cordelled,"  by  the  boatmen 

walking  along  the  shore.     Four  months  were  consumed 

in    the    voyage    from    New 

Orleans  to  Pittsburg.     The 

boatmen     were     rude     and 

lawless,  and  navigation  was 

rendered  dangerous  by  the 

Indians     and     highwaymen 

that   infested    the    banks  of 

the  rivers. 

Louisiana,  which  then  in 
cluded  almost  the  whole  re 
gion  between  the  Mississippi 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
had  been  ceded  by  France 
to  Spain  in  1762.  Spain 
wished  to  deny  to  our  peo 
ple  the  right  to  navigate  the 
great  river  that  formed  our 
western  boundary,  and  the 
people  west  of  the  Allegha- 
nies  wished  our  government 
to  seize  the  whole  of  Lou 
isiana.  In  1800  Louisiana 
was  ceded  back  to  France. 
In  1803  two  commissioners 
were  sent  to  France  by  Pres 
ident  Jefferson,  with  instruc 
tions  to  buy  for  the  United 
States,  if  possible,  a  part  of  Louisiana,  including  New  Or 
leans  and  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi.  But  Napoleon, 


Louisiana  Territory. — The  region 
about  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  was 
first  explored  by  La  Salle  (see  page  117), 
and  the  first  settlements  in  that  region 
were  made  by  the  French  in  1699.  ^n 
1722  New  Orleans  was  made  the  capi 
tal  of  the  colony.  In  1727  wives  were 
sent  to  the  planters  by  the  government, 
in  imitation  of  the  plan  adopted  for 
peopling  Virginia  a  hundred  years  ear 
lier.  In  1762,  after  the  English  had 
taken  Canada  (Chapter  XXIII),  the 
province  of  Louisiana  was  ceded  to 
Spain.  For  a  long  time  indigo  was 
grown,  but  in  1794  sugar  was  successful 
ly  raised,  and  the  colony  was  rendered 
prosperous  at  once.  There  had  been 
much  trouble  between  Spain  and  the 
United  States  about  the  navigation  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  the  Western  people 
wished  to  seize  New  Orleans  and  the 
lower  Mississippi.  The  United  States 
desired  to  buy  a  portion  of  Louisiana, 
but  in  1800  Bonaparte  procured  its  ces 
sion  back  to  France.  He  entertained, 
along  with  other  dazzling  schemes,  the 
project  of  rebuilding  the  French  power  in 
America.  Monroe  and  Livingston  were 
commissioned  by  President  Jefferson  to 
buy  from  France,  if  possible,  the  small 
portion  of  Louisiana  so  much  desired  by 
the  United  States,  in  order  to  secure  the 
free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi ;  but 
Napoleon  surprised  the  American  com 
missioners  by  offering  to  sell  the  whole 
vast  territory.  French  Louisiana  in 
cluded  in  whole  or  in  part  the  States  of 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa, 
Minnesota,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado, 
and  the  Territories  of  Dakota,  Montana, 
Wyoming,  and  the  Indian  Territory — 
that  is  to  say,  there  are  at  present  twelve 
very  large  States  and  Territories  almost 
wholly  made  from  Louisiana  as  bought 
from  France  in  1803. 


THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  GREAT  VALLEY. 


235 


who  then  ruled  France,  fearing  that  England  would  seize 
the  territory,  took  a  sudden  resolution  to  sell  all  of  Lou 
isiana  to  the  United  States.  For  this  the  United  States 
paid  fifteen  million  dollars.  By  this  purchase  the  country 
acquired  a  great  deal  more  territory  than  all  she  had  be 
fore  possessed,  and  there  was  opened  to  her  the  prospect 
of  becoming  one  of  the  greatest  nations  on  the  earth. 

Aaron  Burr,  who  had   been  Vice-President  in  Jeffer-  Aaron  Burr1 

conspiracy. 

son's  first  term,  had  not  been  re-elected.  After  Louisiana 
was  ceded  to  the  United  States,  Burr  formed  a  con 
spiracy  to  detach  Louisiana  and  some  of  the  Western 
States  from  the  Union,  and  to  revolutionize  a  part  of 
Mexico.  He  enlisted  soldiers  in  Ohio,  and  started  down 
the  river;  but  he  was  arrested  and  tried  for  treason. 
For  want  of  evidence  he  was  not  convicted. 


What  was  the  condition  of 
the  country  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghany  Mountains  before  the 
Revolution  ?  By  whom  was  it 
inhabited  ?  How  did  these  In 
dians  live  ?  How  did  they 
treat  the  efforts  of  the  white 
men  to  occupy  any  portion  of 
the  land  west  of  the  mountains? 
What  daring  man  is  particular 
ly  mentioned  as  having  pene 
trated  into  the  country  west  of 
the  mountains  ?  Within  what 
two  of  our  present  States  did 
Boone  and  other  bold  men 
plant  settlements  before  the 
Revolution  ?  From  what 
States  did  these  men  emi 
grate  ?  How  far  to  the 
west  did  the  land  granted  by 
charter  to  some  of  the  colonies 


236 


THE    SETTLEMENT    OF    THE    GREAT    VALLEY. 


-Qe 


run  ?  When  these  colonies  became  States 
after  the  Revolution,  what  did  they  claim  ? 
How  was  the  line  of  Virginia  to  run  accord 
ing  to  its  charter  ?  What  territory  did  Vir 
ginia  and  other  States  cede  to  the  United 
States  ?  What  was  this  territory 

north  of  the  Ohio  River  called  when  it  was 
organized  ?  Wrhat  was  the  act  called  which 
established  the  government  of  this  territo 
ry  ?  Why  was  it  called  "  The  Ordinance 
of  Eighty-seven  "  ?  What  provision  did  the 
Ordinance  of  Eighty-seven  make  in  regard 
to  the  inheritance  of  property  ?  What  privi 
leges  were  thus  done  away  with  ?  What 
did  the  Ordinance  of  Eighty-seven  enact 
regarding  slavery  ?  What  five  States  cut 
out  of  this  territory  became  free  States — that 
is,  States  forbidding  the  holding  of  slaves  ? 

What  took  place  after  the  passage  of  the  Ordinance  of  Eighty- 
seven  ?  Who  were  among  these  settlers  ?  How  did  the  emigrants 
carry  their  goods  over  the  mountains  ?  How  did  they  descend  the  Ohio  ? 
What  took  the  place  of  the  pack-horse  in  crossing  the  mountains  after 
a  while  ?  How  did  the  people  of  the  interior  country  get  clothes  ? 

How  did  they  get  spinning-wheels  and  looms  to  spin  and  weave  with  ? 
What  sort  of  furniture  did  they  have  ?     Tell  how  they  procured  leather 

and  shoes.  What 
did  they  make  of 
corn-husks  ?  How 
did  they  make  bar 
rels,  bee-hives,  and 
cradles  ?  What  tea 
did  they  use  ?  What 
sugar  ?  What  was 
their  small  boat  ? 
How  was  a  larger 
boat,  or  pirogue, 
made  ?  What  is  said 
of  danger  from  In 
dians  ?  How 
did  the  settlers  get 
supplies  from  else 
where  ?  How  did 
they  sell  their  prod 
uce  ?  How  did  the 


THE    SETTLEMENT    OF    THE    GREAT    VALLEY. 

flat-boat  men  get  home  again  ?  What  kinds  of  boats  were  intro 

duced  that  could  get  up  stream  ?  By  what  means  were  these  boats 
forced  upward  against  the  current  ?  What  kind  of  men  were  the  boat 
men  ?  By  what  dangerous  enemies  were  the  shores  infested  ?  Who 
had  explored  the  country  about  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  ?  (Page 
117.)  To  what  nation  did  France  cede  Louisiana  in  1762?  What 
region  did  Louisiana  cover  at  this  time?  What  right  did  Spain  wish 
to  deny  to  our  people  ?  What  did  the  Western  people  wish  our  people 
to  do?  To  whom  did  Spain  cede  Louisiana  in  1800?  For  what  pur 
pose  did  President  Jefferson  send  two  commissioners  to  France  in 
1803  ?  Why  did  Napoleon  resolve  to  sell  Louisiana  to  the  United 
States?  How  much  did  the  United  States  pay  for  Louisiana?  Was 
Louisiana  as  then  bounded  larger  or  smaller  than  the  rest  of  the  coun 
try  ?  What  high  office  had  Aaron  Burr  held  in  Jefferson's  first 
term  ?  What  conspiracy  did  he  form  after  he  ceased  to  be  Vice-Presi 
dent  ?  What  did  he  hope  to  detach  from  the  Union?  What  other 
country  did  he  hope  to  revolutionize  in  part  ?  What  happened  to  him  ? 
Why  was  he  not  convicted  ? 

I.  The  pioneers.  Study  by  topics' 

II.  The  Northwest  Territory. 

III.  The  Ordinance  of  Eighty-seven. 

IV.  The  great  emigration  after  1787. 
V.  How  the  people  lived. 

VI.  Flat-boat,  keel-boat,  and  barge. 
VII.  The  purchase  of  Louisiana. 
VIII.  Burr's  treason. 

Through  what  States  do  the  Alleghany  Mountains  run  ?  In  what  direction  ?  Geography. 
On  which  side  of  the  Alleghanies  is  the  Ohio  ?  In  what  direction  does  it  flow  ?  Into 
what  river  does  it  empty  ?  In  what  general  direction  does  the  Mississippi  flow  ? 
What  large  city  near  its  mouth  ?  What  large  city  is  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio  ?  In 
descending  the  Ohio  from  Pittsburg  to  New  Orleans,  in  what  direction  would  a  boat 
sail  ?  What  States  and  Territories  have  been  in  whole  or  in  part  cut  out  of  Louisi 
ana  as  it  was  when  the  United  States  bought  it  ? 


FIFTH     REVIEW.— FROM    THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    REVOLU 
TION    TO   THE    LOUISIANA    PURCHASE. 

|"  The  new  State  Constitutions. 

Formation  of  the  Con-  J    The  Articles  of  Confederation,  1781. 
stitution.  (XXXIII.)    ]    The  Constitutional  Convention,  1787. 
The  Constitution  ratified  in  1788. 


238 


REVIEW. — FROM    REVOLUTION    TO    LOUISIANA    PURCHASE. 


Government  under  the 
Constitution. 

(XXXIII.) 


Population    in    Wash 
ington's  time. 

(XXXIV.) 


Civilization   in   Wash 
ington's  time. 

(XXXIV.) 


Home-life  in  Washing 
ton's  time.  (XXXV.) 


Society    in    Washing 
ton's  time.  (XXXV.) 


Washington  President. 
(XXXVI.) 


The  old  political  par 
ties.  (XXXVI.) 


Three  divisions  of  government. 
Legislative. 
Executive. 
Judicial. 

The  Federal  system. 
State  governments. 
United  States  government. 
Freedom    of   religion,    of    the    press,    and    of 
speech. 

Washington  inaugurated,  1789. 
Population  in  1790. 
Increase  in  one  hundred  years. 
Settlements  chiefly  on  the  coast. 
Westward  movement  of  population. 

Modes  of  travel. 

Freight  carried  by   wagons,  pack-horses,  and 

small  boats. 

The  mails  and  newspapers. 
Education. 
[_  Science,  literature,  and  art. 

f  Absence  of  modern  conveniences. 
Farm-life  in  that  time. 
Backwoodsmen. 
Negro  slaves  North  and  South. 

Society  at  the  South. 
Society  in  the  cities. 

Tea-parties,  country  excursions,  and  balls. 
Dress  of  gentlemen  and  ladies. 
Life  less  comfortable  and  refined  than  in  our 
time. 

Capital  removed  from  New  York  to  Philadel 
phia,  1791. 
Washington  twice  elected  without  opposition. 

The  Federalist  party. 

Its  rise. 

Its  policy. 

Its  inclination  to  England. 

The  Republican  or  Democratic  party. 

Its  policy. 

Its  sympathy  with  France. 

Hamilton  and  Jefferson  the  party  leaders. 


REVIEW. — FROM   REVOLUTION    TO   LOUISIANA    PURCHASE. 


Military       events  '     in 
Washington's  time. 
(XXXVI.) 


Troubles 
land. 


with     Eng- 
(XXXVII.) 


Close  of  Washington's 

career.         (XXXVI 

and  XXXVII.) 

Troubles  with  France. 
(XXXVII.) 

The  new  capital. 

(XXXVII.) 

Overthrow  of  the  Fed 
eralists.  (XXXVIII.) 


Jefferson  elected,  1800. 
(XXXVIII.) 


Indian  troubles  at  the  West. 
Manner's  defeat,  1790. 
St.  Clair's  defeat,  1791. 
Wayne's  victory,  1794. 
The  Whisky  Rebellion,  1794. 

Causes  of  dissatisfaction. 
The  Jay  treaty. 

Washington  retires,  1797. 
John  Adams  succeeds  him. 
Washington's  death,  1799. 

France  annoyed  by  the  Jay  treaty. 
French  "  Directory  "  seek  to  extort  money. 
War  with  France  threatened. 
New  treaty  with  France,  1800. 

Washington  city. 

The  District  of  Columbia. 

Alien  and  sedition  laws. 
Defeat  of  the  Federalist  party,  1800. 
Services  rendered  by  the  Federalists. 
The  old  Republican  party  and  its  work. 

Old  system  of  electing  the  President. 
The  struggle  between  Jefferson  and  Burr. 
Change  in  the  mode  of  electing  Presidents. 


f  Tribute  paid  to  the  pirates. 

War  with  Barbary  pi-  j    War  with  Tripoli,  1801-1805. 
rates.     (XXXVIII.)    j    Brilliant  success  of  the  navy. 
[_  War  with  Algiers,  1815. 


The    opening    of    the 
West.       (XXXIX.) 


Purchase  of  Louisiana. 

(XXXIX.) 
I 

Aaron  Burr's  conspiracy 


Pioneers  before  the  Revolution. 

Ownership  of  Western  territory  disputed   by 

different  States. 

Northwest  Territory  ceded  to  the  United  States. 
The  Ordinance  of  1787. 
Emigrants  descend  the  Ohio. 
Rude  life  of  first  settlers. 
Trade  by  boat  and  pack-horse. 

France  cedes  Louisiana  to  Spain,  1752. 
Spain  re-cedes  Louisiana  to  France,  1800. 
Louisiana  sold  to  the  United  States,  1803. 

(XXXIX.) 


2JLO       BEGINNING    OF    THE    SECOND    WAR    WITH    ENGLAND. 

CHAPTER    XL. 
Beginning  of  the  Second  War  with   England. 

Search  of  ships  DURING  Jefferson's  administration  the  English  govern- 

and  impressment  t     " 

of  American  sea-    ment  was  involved  in  a  long  war  with  Napoleon,  who  had 


men 


made  himself  Emperor  of  the  French,  and  had  conquered 
a  great  part  of  western  Europe.  During  this  war  Eng 
land  was  in  need  of  seamen  for  the  navy.  The  officers  of 
the  English  navy  were  allowed  to  impress  British  seamen 
from  merchant-vessels — that  is,  to  force  them  to  serve 
on  men-of-war.  But  England  had  also  long  claimed  the 
right  to  impress  her  own  subjects  when  found  on  ships 
of  other  nations.  Every  man  born  in  Great  Britain  who 
sailed  before  the  mast  in  an  American  vessel  was  liable 
to  be  seized  by  an  English  man-of-war.  More  than  this, 
English  naval  officers  were  allowed  to  judge  whether  a 
man  was  a  native  of  England  or  not,  and  thousands  of 
natives  of  America  were  impressed  on  British  ships.  It 
was  very  exasperating  to  Americans  to  have  their  ships 
stopped  on  the  high-seas  and  searched,  and  their  citizens 
forced  to  serve  in  the  navy  of  a  foreign  power.  But  Eng 
land  was  all-powerful  on  the  sea,  and  the  United  States 
had  to  bear  with  such  insults  or  give  up  sailing  ships, 
interference  with  During  this  war  between  England  and  France,  which 
shook  the  whole  civilized  world,  our  country  tried  to  be 
neutral.  But  England  wished  to  interrupt  our  trade  with 
the  countries  under  control  of  France,  while  Bonaparte 
issued  orders  to  check  our  trade  with  England.  The  de 
crees  which  these  two  powers  issued  one  after  the  other 
became  so  severe  at  last  that  our  ships  could  not  sail  to 
any  port  without  the  greatest  danger  of  being  seized  by 


our  commerce. 


BEGINNING    OF    THE    SECOND    WAR    WITH    ENGLAND.        24! 

the  cruisers  of  one  or  the  other  power.  As  the  English 
were  much  stronger  at  sea  than  the  French,  they  did  us 
the  more  harm. 

If   our  country  had    been  strong,  it  would    not  have  The  embargo 

of  1807. 

borne  such  outrages,  but  it  was  then  far  from  being  pre 
pared  for  a  war  with  England.  President  Jefferson  was 
very  anxious  to  avoid  war,  and  to  go  on  paying  off  the 
debt  of  the  country,  which  was  his  leading  purpose. 
The  President  thought  that  the  United  States  might  get 
the  offensive  decrees  repealed  by  stopping  all  its  trade 
with  the  outside  world.  An  act  was  therefore  passed  in 
December,  1807,  forbidding  the  departure  of  vessels  from 
American  ports.  This  was  known  as  "  The  Embargo  of 
1807,"  or  "  Jefferson's  Embargo."  The  embargo  was  the 
only  very  unfortunate  act  of  Jefferson's  administration, 
which,  up  to  this  time,  had  been  most  popular.  It  was 
like  destroying  our  own  commerce  to  keep  others  from 
ruining  it.  While  our  ships  rotted  in  port,  English  ships 
got  the  trade  we  had  lost.  New  England  and  New 
York  suffered  heavily  by  the  destruction  of  their  com 
merce,  and  there  were  even  some  hot-headed  people  in 
the  Eastern  States  who  talked  of  dissolving  the  Union. 
The  embargo  was  called  a  "  terrapin  policy,"  as 
though  the  country  had  pulled  its  head  and  feet  into 
its  shell,  as  a  terrapin  does  when  frightened.  The  em 
bargo  lasted  about  fourteen  months.  The  law  was  re 
pealed  in  1809. 

In  1808,  James  Madison,  of  Virginia,  was  elected  to  Election  of 
succeed  Jefferson.     He  was  the  candidate  of  the  Repub 
lican,  or  Democratic,  party,  for,  notwithstanding  the  un 
popularity   of   the   embargo,   the    Federalist    party   was 
now  so  much  in  the  minority  that  it  carried  but  a  little 


BEGINNING    OF    THE    SECOND    WAR    WITH    ENGLAND. 


GEORGE    CLINTON. 

Indian  war  in 
the  Northwest. 
Battle  of  Tippe- 
canoe,  1811. 


over  one  fourth  of  the  elec 
toral  vote.  George  Clin 
ton,  of  New  York,  was 
elected  Vice-President. 

In  1811  the  irritation 
of  the  American  people 
against  England  was  in 
creased  by  the  outbreak 
of  an  Indian  war  in  the 
Northwest.  It  was  be 
lieved  that  English  agents 
furnished  arms  to  the  In 
dians  and  encouraged  their 
hostility  to  the  settlers. 
The  Indians  were  at  this 
time  under  the  control  of 
the  great  Shawnee  chief 
Tecumseh  and  his  broth 
er,  who  was  called  "  the 
Prophet,"  and  who  pre 
tended  to  speak  by  inspi- 
_.,^_  ration.  In  July, 
1811,  General  Har 
rison,  Governor  of 
Indiana  Terri 
tory,  fought  a 


Tecumseh  and  "the  Prophet."— 
These  two  Indians  were  brothers,  born  at 
the  same  time,  and  of  the  Shawnee 
tribe.  Tecumseh  was  a  warrior,  while 
his  brother  wrought  upon  the  supersti 
tions  of  the  Indians  by  falling  into  trances 
and  pretending  to  be  a  prophet.  He 
carried  about  a  string  of  sacred  beans  and 
other  objects  of  reverence.  He  and  Te 
cumseh  deserted  their  own  tribe  and  set 
tled  on  the  Wabash,  where  the  fame  of 
the  prophet's  visions  drew  multitudes  of 
Indians  from  various  tribes  to  him. 
When  any  chief  or  other  influential  man 
opposed  the  schemes  of  the  brothers,  the 
Prophet  had  influence  enough  to  have 
him  put  to  death  for  witchcraft.  Tecum 
seh  took  the  extreme  ground  that  all  the 
country  belonged  to  all  the  tribes  in 
common,  and  that  the  tribes  who  had 
sold  their  lands  to  the  white  men  had 
done  what  they  had  no  right  to  do.  He 
wished  to  force  the  government  to  give 
up  all  lands  north  of  the  Ohio.  He 
traveled  from  tribe  to  tribe,  trying  to 
form  a  confederacy  of  all.  The  battle 
of  Tippecanoe  was  fought  in  his  absence, 
and  the  defeat  of  the  Indians  there  de 
ranged  his  plans.  But  the  successes  of 
the  British  in  the  Northwest  revived  his 
scheme.  He  was  made  a  brigadier-gen 
eral  in  the  British  army,  and  at  the  sur 
render  of  Detroit  the  British  general 
Brock  put  his  own  scarf  on  Tecumseh  as 
a  mark  of  distinction.  The  wily  Shaw 
nee,  though  fond  of  this  decoration,  put 
the  scarf  on  Round  Head,  an  older  war 
rior  of  the  Wyandott  tribe.  Tecumseh 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames, 
in  Canada,  in  1813.  He  was  one  of  the 
ablest  men  produced  by  the  Indian  race, 
and  it  is  to  his  credit  that  he  never 
countenanced  the  barbarous  custom  of 
torturing  prisoners. 


THE    PROPHET.' 


battle  with   the    Indians   at  Tippecanoe   and 
defeated   them.     Tecumseh,  who  was   absent 

when   this    defeat    took    place,    afterward    en 
tered  the  British  service. 

In  June,  1812,  the  United  States  declared 

war  against  England.     Preparations  were   im- 


BEGINNING    OF    THE    SECOND    WAR    WITH    ENGLAND. 


243 


mediately  made  for  invading-  Canada ;  but  the  Amer 
icans  had  rushed  into  war  without  being  ready,  and 
they  met  nothing  but  disaster  at  first. 

The    Canadian   authorities,    on   the  other   hand,    had   Declaration  of 

war,  1812.     Eng- 

taken  every  precaution  against  invasion.  The  first  blow  HSH  successes. 
was  struck  by  them  in  the  far-off  wilderness.  Fort 
Mackinaw,  on  an  island  in  the  straits  between  Lake 
Michigan  and  Lake  Huron,  was  captured  by  a  force  of 
English  and  Indians  before  the  American  commander 
there  had  heard  of  the  declaration  of  war.  This  removed 
all  restraint  from  the  already  hostile  savages  of  the  up 
per  country,  and  gave  to  the  English  the  support  of  the 
Indian  tribes. 

General  Hull,  who  had  been  sent  to  invade  Canada  surrender  of  De- 

troit  by  General 

by  way  of  Detroit,  was  now  an  old  man,  unfit  to  com-  HUH. 
mand.  He  showed  dullness  and  timidity,  and  when 
attacked  in  Detroit  by  a  force  of  English,  Canadians, 
and  Indians,  he  surrendered  that  post  on  the  i6th  of 
August,  to  the  great  grief  of  his  troops  and  the  indig 
nation  of  the  whole  country. 


In  what  war  was  the 
English  government  in 
volved  during  Jefferson's 
administration  ?  What  had 
Napoleon  made  himself  ? 
What  had  he  conquered  ? 
What  had  England  great 
need  of  ?  How  did  the 
English  navy  get  sailors  ? 
Could  an  English  seaman 
escape  by  embarking  on 
the  ships  of  another  nation  ? 
Did  he  escape  if  he  was 
naturalized  in  another  country  ?  Who  was  allowed  to  judge  whether  a 
seaman  was  an  Englishman  or  not  ?  What  happened  to  many  Amer- 


Questions 
for  study. 


244 


BEGINNING    OF    THE    SECOND    WAR    WITH    ENGLAND. 


ican  seamen?  Why  could  not  our  country  resist  such  insults  to  its 
flag  ?  What  part  did  the  United  States  wish  to  take  in  this  war  that 

shook  the  civilized  world  ?  What  did  England  do  against  our  trade  ? 
What  did  France  do  ?  Which  nation  did  us  the  more  harm,  England  or 
France  ?  Why  did  England  hurt  us  the  more  ?  What  was  Jef 

ferson's  favorite  purpose  at  this  time  ?  How  did  he  think  the  country 
should  proceed  to  get  the  decrees  of  England  and  France  repealed  ? 
How  was  all  our  trade  with  the  outside  world  to  be  stopped  ?  What 
was  this  Embargo  Act  called  ?  What  was  the  effect  of  the  embargo  in 
regard  to  our  trade  ?  What  was  its  effect  on  New  York  and  New  Eng 
land  ?  What  kind  of  a  policy  was  it  called  ?  Why  a  terrapin  policy  ? 
How  long  did  the  embargo  of  1807  last?  Who  was  chosen 

President  in  the  election  which  took  place  in  1808?  From  what  State 
did  Madison  come?  What  party  elected  Madison?  Who  was  chosen 
Vice-President  ?  What  increased  the  irritation  of  the  American 

people  against  England  in  1811  ?  What  connection  had  the  Indian  war 
with  our  quarrel  with  England  ?  Who  controlled  the  hostile  Indians  at 
this  time?  To  what  tribe  did  Tecumseh  originally  belong?  What  was 
his  brother  called  ?  Why  was  he  called  "the  Prophet"?  Who  fought 
a  battle  with  the  Indians  at  Tippecanoe  ?  In  what  year  did  the 

United  States  declare  war  against  England  ?  How  well  were  the  Ameri 
cans  prepared  for  this  war  ?  What  befell  them  at  first  ?  What 
had  the  Canadian  authorities  done  with  respect  to  the  war  ?  Where 
did  they  strike  the  first  blow  ?  What  effect  did  the  capture  of  Mack 
inaw  by  the  British  have  on  the  Indian  tribes  ? 
What  general  was  sent  to  invade  Canada  by  way 
of  Detroit  ?  What  kind  of  a  man  was  he  ?  What 
did  he  do  when  attacked  ?  How  did  his  troops  feel 
about  the  surrender  ?  How  did  the  country  feel  ? 

I.  The  search  of  American  ships  and  the  impress 
ment  of  sailors. 

II.  The   interruption  of  our  trade   by  unjust  de 
crees. 

III.  Jefferson's  embargo,  1807   1809. 

IV.  Election  of  Madison. 
V.  War  with  Tecumseh. 

VI.  Declaration  of  war  with  England. 
VII.  Fall  of  Fort  Mackinaw. 
VIII.  Surrender  of  Detroit. 


Louisville 

fv 


Where  is  Tippecanoe  ?     In  what  direction  from  Louisville  ?     Where  is  Detroit  ? 
In  what  direction  is  Mackinaw  from  Detroit  ? 

Schouler's  "History  of  the  United  States."    Hildreth's  "History  of  the  United 
States."   McMaster's  "  History  of  the  American  People."    Mrs.  Seelye's  "Tecumseh." 


THE    NAVY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 

CHAPTER    XLI. 
The  Navy  in  the  War  of   1812. 

PRESIDENT   MADISON   was   re-    i— —  ^     Bad  state 

ally    averse    to    the    war,    and    he    j  army6 

was  a  vacillating  leader.  The 
generals  appointed  at  first  were 
mostly  Revolutionary  officers,  too 
old  to  be  good  commanders. 
They  were  selected  for  political 
reasons.  The  soldiers  were  high- 
spirited,  but  undisciplined.  They 
sometimes  refused  to  obey  a  dis 
agreeable  order,  or  to  follow  an 
unpopular  commander ;  sometimes 
they  turned  about  and  went  home.  They  even  threat 
ened  the  life  of  a  general  whom  they  thought  guilty 
of  cowardice. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  government  at  the   begin-  Attempt  to  in- 

vade  Canada. 

ning  of  the  war  had  been  to  invade  Canada.  But  the  old 
General  Dearborn,  who  had  command  of  the  army  on 
the  Canadian  frontier,  was  inefficient.  The  troops  were 
brave,  and  some  of  the 


JAMES    MADISON. 


James  Madison. —Madison,  the 
fourth  President,  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1751.  During  the  Revolution  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Virginia  Legislature,  and 
later  a  member  of  Congress.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  that  framed 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  one  of  the  ablest  advocates  of  its 
adoption.  He  was  Secretary  of  State  in 
Jefferson's  administration,  and  succeed 
ed  Jefferson  as  President,  serving  two 
terms.  He  retired  from  the  presidency 
in  1817,  and  died  in  1836. 


officers  distinguished  them 
selves  in  various  battles, 
but  the  conquest  of  Can 
ada  proved  a  difficult  task. 
Old  General  Hull,  as  we 
have  seen,  contrived  to 
lose  Detroit  and  the  whole 
Northwest, 


246 


THE    NAVY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


Neglect  of  the 
navy  at  the  be 
ginning  of  the 
war. 


Naval  victories 
over  the  Guer- 
riere,  the  Frolic, 
the  Macedonian, 
and   the  Java. 


The  old  Republican  party  of  that  day,  which  was  the 
party  advocating  the  war,  had  always  professed  a  dis 
like  for  a  navy.  In  preparing  for  war,  the  whole  reli 
ance  had  been  upon  the  army,  and  the  little  navy  had 
been  neglected.  The  success  of  our  soldiers  was  not 
doubted,  but  it  seemed  folly  for  a  few  ships  to  encoun 
ter  the  navy  of  Great  Britain,  which  was  then  com 
pletely  "  mistress  of  the  seas."  Yet  in  the  first  year  of 


CONSTITUTION    AND    GUERRIERE. 


the  war  the  failures  of  the  army  under  weak  officers 
were  overwhelming,  and  the  country  was  only  saved 
from  complete  discouragement  by  the  bold  triumphs  of 
the  daring  little  navy. 

The  powerful  English  frigate  Guerriere  [geh-re-air] 
was  utterly  disabled  and  captured  in  an  hour  and  ten 
minutes  after  she  had  engaged  the  American  frigate 
Constitution.  This  gave  the  greatest  pleasure,  because 
the  defeat  of  an  English  man-of-war  on  the  ocean  was  up 


THE    NAVY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


247 


When  the  frigate  United  States  capt 
ured  the  British  frigate  Macedonian,  a 
young  officer,  who  bore  the  official  report 
of  the  victory  to  the  capital,  entered  a 
large  public  assembly,  escorted  by  two 
other  officers,  and  presented  the  ensign 
of  the  Macedonian  to  Mrs.  Madison,  the 
wife  of  the  President.  The  assembled 
guests  cheered  and  wept  with  enthusi 
asm,  while  the  young  officer's  mother 
and  sisters,  who  were  present,  embraced 
him,  delighted  that  he  had  come  safely 
out  of  the  battle. 


to  that  time  almost  unheard 
of.  Quickly  after  this  tri 
umph  came  that  of  the 

j 

sloop-of-war  Wasp  over     fa 
the  English  sloop  Frol- 
ic.      One   of  the    most 
notable  captures  was  that 
of  the  Macedonian  by  the 
frigate  United  States,  under 


BRITISH    FLAG. 


command    of    Stephen 

young    man,    had    captured    and    set    fire 


Decatur,  the  same  who,  as  a 
to  the  Phila 
delphia,  under  the  batteries  of  Tripoli  (page  229).  The 
year  was  closed  by  the  capture  of  a  fourth  man-of-war, 
the  frigate  Java.  This  was  effected  by  the  Constitution, 
which  was  nicknamed  "  Old  Ironsides."  Under  three 
different  commanders  this  ship  won  brilliant  victories  in 
the  war. 

There  were  other  victories  than  these  we  have  men-  courage 

lean  seamen  in 

tioned,  and  some  defeats,  but  the  prowess  of  American  battle, 
seamen  excited  admiration  everywhere.  It  was  a  war 
for  sailors'  rights,  and  the  sailors  were  deeply  interested 
in  it.  The  adventurous  character  of  American  life  in  that 
day  had  developed  a  spirit  of  personal  daring  well  suited 
to  naval  warfare.  Such  was  the  emulation  of  officers  that 
in  boarding  an  enemy's  ship  they  actually  pulled  one  an- 
other  back  in  some  instances,  so  eager  was  every  one  to 
get  over  the  side  of  the  hostile  vessel  first.  One  Ameri 
can  seaman  on  the  Constitution,  in  her  battle  with  the 
Java,  remained  on  deck  in  a  dying  condition  until  the 
enemy  surrendered,  when  the  poor  fellow  raised  himself 
with  one  hand  and  gave  three  cheers,  and,  falling  back, 
expired, 


SEAMAN,     1815. 


248 


THE    NAVY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


Battle  of  Lake 
Erie,  1813. 


Death  of  Law-  There  were  many  affecting  examples  of  courage  in 

these  contests.  In  the  losing  fight  of  the  Chesapeake 
with  the  Shannon,  when  Captain  Lawrence  was  car 
ried  below  mortally  wounded,  he  said,  "  Don't  give 
up  the  ship  !  "  These  words  became  a  battle-cry  in 
the  navy,  and  a  watchword  for  brave  men  in  diffi 
cult  circumstances  from  that  time  to  this. 

The   exploits  of   a  little   navy,   pitted   against 
the  greatest  maritime  power  the  world  had  ever 
seen,  set  the  people  wild.     When  the  commanders 
of   successful  vessels  returned  to  port,  cities  welcomed 
Admiration  for      them    with    banquets,    State    Legislatures    voted    them 

the  navy. 

swords,  and   the  general  government  struck  medals  in 
their  honor. 

A  little  fleet  was  launched  on  Lake  Erie  in  1813,  and 
its  officers  and  men  were  anxious  to  rival  the  glory  of 
the  American  ships  at  sea.     In  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie, 
fought   this   year,  Commodore    Perry   hung   up    for   his 
signal  "  Don't  give  up  the  ship !  "  the  dying  words  of 
Lawrence.     When  his  flag-ship  was  riddled  and  disabled 
by  the  enemy,  he  got  into  a  small  boat  and  was  rowed 
to  another  vessel,  standing  upright  while  the  enemy  was 
raining  shot  about  him.     Reaching  the  ship  Niagara,  he 
sailed  down  on  the   British  line  and   broke  it,  and  at 
length     compelled     the     whole     fleet    to    surrender. 
"  We  have  met  the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours — two 
ships,    two    brigs,    one    schooner,    and    one    sloop," 
Perry  wrote   to    General    Harrison   at   the    close   of 
the  battle. 

A    similar    engagement    took    place    on    Lake 
Champlain.      While    the    battle    of    Plattsburg  was 
raging  on  the  land,  the   British   squadron,  superior 


THE    NAVY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


249 


in  men  and  guns,  attacked   the  American   ships   under  Battle  of  Lake 

Champlain,  1814. 

Macdonough.  The  battle  lasted  two  hours  and  twenty 
minutes,  and  resulted  in  the  surrender  of  the  English 
ships.  So  severe  was  the  fight,  that  not  a  sound  mast 
was  left  in  either  squadron — the  masts  were  splinters 
and  the  sails  were  rags. 

Many  private  vessels  were  fitted  out  under  authority 
of  the  government  as  privateers.  These  scoured  the 
seas,  and  captured  or  destroyed  above  sixteen  hundred 
British  ships.  The  seamen  on  them  fought  with  the  same 
splendid  courage  as  their  brethren  in  the  navy.  The 
swiftest  of  these  privateers  were  "  Baltimore  clippers." 


MACDONOUGH. 


Privateers  in  the 
War  of  1812. 


How  was  the  country  prepared  for  the  War  of  1812?     What  kind    Questions  for 
of  a  leader  was  President  Madison  ?     Of  what  sort  were  the  generals    study- 
selected  at  first  ?     For  what  reasons  were  they  chosen  ?     What  was  the 
character  of  the  soldiers  ?     In  what  way  did  they  show  their  lack  of  dis 
cipline?  What  was  the  main  purpose  of  our  government  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war?     Who  was  in  chief  command  of  our  troops  on  the 
Canadian  frontier ?     What  kind  of  a  general  was  he?     What  had  Gen 
eral  Hull  contrived  to  do  ?  How  did  the  old  Republican  party  of 
that  day  feel  about  a  navy  ?     What  was  thought  of  the  chance  for  success 
with  our  little  navy?     How  was  the  country  saved  from 
discouragement  in  the  first  year  of  the  war?  What 
ship  of  ours  captured  the  Guerriere  ?     Why  did  this  vic 
tory  excite   pleasure   and    surprise   in    America  ?      What 
commander  captured  the  Macedonian  ?     How  had  he  dis 
tinguished   himself  when   he  was  young?     What  victory 
closed  the  year?     What  nickname  was  given  to  the  frigate 
Constitution  ?                  What    is    said    of    the   prowess   of 
American  seamen  ?      Why  were  sailors  interested  in  the 
War  of  1812?     What  effect  had  the  adventurous  nature 
of  American  life   in  that  day  on   the  character  of  Amer 
icans  ?      How  did   officers  show  their  eagerness    for  dis 
tinction  in  boarding  an  enemy's  ship  ?     What  anecdote  is 
told  of  a  dying  seaman  ?                 What  did  Captain  Law 
rence,    of   the    Chesapeake,   say   when    he    was    mortally 
wounded  ?      What   effect    did    these   words  have   on    the 
navy  ?    Have  they  been  of  use  to  others  since  that  time  ? 


250 


THE    NAVY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


Geography. 


Books. 


What  kind  of  a  maritime  power  was  Great  Britain  at  this  time? 
What  was  the  effect  of  the  naval  victories  on  the  American  people  ? 
How  were  the  successful  commanders  treated  ?  What  motto  did 

Commodore  Perry  show  on  his  ship  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  ?  What 
did  he  do  when  his  flag-ship  was  disabled  ?  What  did  he  write  to  Gen 
eral  Harrison  when  the  battle  was  over  ?  Who  commanded  the 
American  ships  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain  ?  What  battle  was 
raging  on  the  land  at  the  same  time  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  fight 
on  the  water?  What  was  the  condition  of  the  ships  at  its  close? 

How  many  British  ships  were  destroyed  during  this  war  by  priva 
teers  ?  What  is  the  difference  between  a  privateer  and  a  ship  of  war  ? 

What  sort  of  ships  were  the  fastest  of 
these  vessels  ? 

Failures  of  the  army  at  first. 
Successes  of  the  navy  on  the  seas. 
Courage  of  American  seamen. 
Exultation  at  naval  victories. 
The  battle  of  Lake  Erie. 
VI.  The  battle  of  Lake  Champlain. 

Describe  Lake  Erie.  What  States  touch  it  ?  Describe  Lake  Champlain.  What  is 
west  of  it  ?  What  State  on  its  eastern  shore  ?  What  province  at  its  northern  end  ? 

Cooper's  "History  of  the  United  States  Navy."  Schouler's  "History  of  the 
United  States."  Hildreth's  "  History  of  the  United  States." 


CHAPTER    XLIL 
The  Army  in  the  War  of  1812. 

Harrison  ap-  GENERAL  WINCHESTER,  also  a  veteran  of  the  Revolu- 

pointed  to  com 
mand  the  North-    tion,  was  appointed  to  succeed  General  Hull,  after  the 

latter  had  surrendered  Detroit.  But  the  Kentuckians, 
who  formed  the  most  important  element  in  the  North 
western  army,  were  unwilling  to  serve  under  anybody 
but  Harrison,  the  hero  of  Tippecanoe,  and  the  govern 
ment  yielded  to  their  wishes. 
Defeat  of  win-  General  Winchester,  who  commanded  a  part  of  Harri- 

chester  on  the 

river  Raisin,  1813.   son's  army,  was  defeated  on  the  river  Raisin,  in  Michi- 


THE    ARMY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


251 


When  Proctor,  whose  force  was  much 
stronger  than  Harrison's,  sent  a  demand 
for  the  surrender  of  the  fort,  Harrison 
answered,  "  Tell  General  Proctor  that,  if 
he  shall  take  the  fort,  it  will  be  under 
circumstances  that  will  do  him  more 
honor  than  a  thousand  surrenders." 


gan.  He  surrendered  his  men  to  the  British  general, 
Proctor,  a  very  brutal  man,  who,  to  his  eternal  infamy, 
left  the  wounded  Americans  to  be  massacred  and  plun 
dered  by  the  Indians  of  his  army.  The  Americans  were 
roused  to  revenge,  and  the  war-cry  of  the  enraged  West 
ern  troops  became,  "  Remember  the  river  Raisin ! " 
In  the  spring  of  1813,  General  Proctor,  with  a  great 

force  of  English  soldiers 
and  Indians  under  Tecum- 
seh,  laid  siege  to  Harrison's 
little  army  in  Fort  Meigs. 
Harrison  and  his  troops 
contrived  to  thwart  every 
endeavor  to  capture  the  fort  until  re-enforcements 
arrived,  when  the  enemy  gave  up  the  siege  and  retired. 

In  the  summer  follow 
ing,  Fort  Stephenson,  a 
weak  stockade  with  a  sin 
gle  six -pound  gun,  was 
brilliantly  defended  by  a 
young  Kentucky  officer 
named  Croghan,  with  only 
a  hundred  and  sixty  men, 
against  a  force  many  times 
as  strong,  commanded  by 
General  Proctor. 

In  September,  1813, 
Perry's  victory  on  Lake 
Erie  was  won  (see  page 
248).  This  turned  the  scale, 
and  opened  the  way  for  a 
forward  movement  by  Gen- 


Croghan  was  only  twenty-one  years 
old,  and  Harrison  wished  him  to  abandon 
the  post.  The  English  tried  to  persuade 
Croghan  to  surrender  to  avoid  a  massa 
cre,  but  the  answer  was  that  when  the 
fort  should  be  given  up  there  would  not 
be  found  a  man  alive  in  it.  Croghan 
shifted  his  six-pounder  from  one  angle 
to  another,  to  give  the  impression  that 
he  had  several  heavy  guns.  When  the 
fort  was  assaulted  at  its  weakest  part, 
the  Kentucky  riflemen  opened  a  deadly 
fire.  But  the  brave  English  soldiers  at 
length  reached  the  ditch,  and  began 
to  chop  down  the  stockade.  The  six- 
pounder,  which  had  been  double-loaded 
with  grape-shot  and  slugs,  and  concealed 
where  it  covered  the  whole  ditch,  was 
suddenly  fired.  Hardly  a  man  of  the  as 
sailing  party  escaped,  and  the  English 
army  retreated  the  next  morning.  Dur 
ing  the  night  which  followed,  Croghan's 
men,  not  daring  to  open  the  gate,  let 
down  water  to  the  wounded  Englishmen 
outside,  and  at  length,  by  means  of  a 
trench,  brought  them  in  and  cared  for 
them. 


Siege  of  Fort 
Meigs  by  Proctor 
and  Tecumseh, 
1813. 


INFANTRYMAN, 
1812-1834. 


Croghan's  gallant 
defense  of  Fort 
Stephenson,  1813. 


Battle  of  the 
Thames  ;  death  of 
Tecumseh,  Octo 
ber,  1813. 


252 


THE    ARMY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


DRESS    OF  A    FRENCH 

CANADIAN    ABOUT    THAT 

TIME. 


Attempts   to  con 
quer  Canada  not 
successful.      Bat 
tle  of  Lundy's 
Lane,  1814. 


FRENCH    CANADIAN 
WOMAN. 

English  attempt 
to  invade  the 
United  States, 
1814. 


In  Harrison's  general  orders  in  start 
ing  for  Canada  after  Perry's  victory  he 
said  :  "  Kentuckians,  remember  the  river 
Raisin !  but  remember  it  only  while 
victory  is  suspended.  The  revenge  of  a 
soldier  can  not  be  gratified  upon  a -fallen 
enemy." 


eral  Harrison's  army.  Har 
rison  retook  Detroit,  crossed 
into  Canada,  and  pursued 
Proctor's  army,  which  he 
overtook  at  length  on  the 
river  Thames.  In  a  short 

and  sharp  battle,  fought  here  on  the  ist  of  October, 
1813,  Harrison  defeated  Proctor  and  his  Indian  allies. 
The  brave  chief  Tecumseh  was  killed  in  this  battle,  and 
the  English  army  was  utterly  routed.  Proctor,  dread 
ing  the  revenge  of  the  Americans  for  his  cruelties, 
ran  away  in  a  carriage.  The  battle  of  the  Thames, 
and  the  death  of  the  warlike  Tecumseh,  broke  up  the 
confederacy  of  the  Indian  tribes,  and  brought  peace 
to  the  frontier. 

Though  Harrison  and  his  Westerners  succeeded  so 
well,  the  attempted  invasion  of  Canada  to  the  eastward 
proved  a  failure  under  the  lead  of  the  feeble  old  generals 
who  had  survived  from  the  Revolution.  But  the  rise 
of  young  generals — Brown,  Scott,  and  Ripley — to  com 
mand  changed  the  aspect  of  affairs,  and  an  invasion  of 
Canada  was  made  in  the  summer  of  1814.  Fort  Erie 
was  taken,  and  the  battle  of  Erie  fought  and  won  by  the 
Americans  early  in  July.  The  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane 
was  stubbornly  contested,  and  lasted  till  midnight.  The 
Americans  were  left  in  possession  of  the  field,  but  the 
next  day  they  retreated.  Before  winter  set  in,  the  Ameri 
cans  retired  to  their  own  side  of  the  Niagara  River. 

The  English,  having  now  peace  in  Europe,  had  been 
able  to  send  re-enforcements  to  Canada,  and  in  this 
same  summer  of  1814  they  attempted  an  invasion  of 
the  United  States,  by  Lake  Champlain,  the  way  so  often 


THE    ARMY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


253 


traveled  before  by  French  and  English  expeditions.  But 
the  naval  victory  won  near  Plattsburg  by  Commodore 
Macdonough  (see  the  preceding  chapter),  and  the  re 
sistance  made  by  the  Americans  in  the  battle  of  Platts 
burg,  fought  at  the  same  time,  turned  the  British  back 
again. 

But  the  British  invasion,  by  way  of  Chesapeake  Bay,   Battle  of  Bia- 

riTA  i         T-»     •    •    i     i          i      i     densburg  ;  fall  of 

was  more  successful.     In  August,  1814,  the  British  landed  Washington,  1814. 
in  Maryland  an  army  stronger  than  any  that  could   be 
brought  to  meet  it.     On  the  24th  of  August  a  battle  was 
fought   at   Bladensburg    [bla'-dens-burg],  in   Mary 
land,  which  resulted  in  a  victory  for  the  English, 
who  entered  Washington,  and  burned  the  Capitol 
and  most  of  the  public  buildings.     The  same  force 
that  had  taken  Washington  attacked  Baltimore  by 
land  and   water,  but  the  vigorous  defense  of  that 

THE    STAR-SPANGLED    BAN-  v 

place  forced  the  British  to  retire.     It  was  during-    NER  °F  1814-    AFTER  1795 

THE     FLAG     HAD      FIFTEEN     STARS 

this  conflict  that  the  song-  called  "  The  Star-Spangled    AND  AS  MANY  STRIPES,  UNTIL 

1818,     WHEN     THE    STRIPES    WERE 

Banner"    WaS    Written.  REDUCED    TO    THIRTEEN    AGAIN, 

WITH   AS  MANY  STARS  AS 'STATES. 

The  persuasions  of  Tecumseh  and  his  brother, 

the  Prophet,  had  raised  up  a  war  party  among  the  Creek  war  with  the 
Indians,  who  dwelt  mostly  in  southern  Alabama.  A  large 
part  of  the  nation,  under  the  lead  of  a  half-breed  chief 
named  Weathersford,  or  "  Red  Eagle,"  made  war  on 
their  white  neighbors  and  on  the  Indians  of  their  own 
tribe  who  were  disposed  to  be  friendly  to  the  United 
States.  British  agents  supplied  these  Indians  with  arms. 
Weathersford,  like  Tecumseh,  had  a  prophet  to  help 
him,  who  had  been  initiated  into  the  office  by  Tecum- 
seh's  brother.  This  chief;  also,  discouraged  the  bar 
barities  of  the  Indians,  but  he  could  not  restrain  them, 
and  cruel  outrages  of  torture  and  massacre  took  place. 


254 


THE  ARMY  IN  THE  WAR  OF  1812. 


Overthrow  of  the 
Creeks  ;  rise  of 
General  Jackson. 


Jackson  seizes 
Pensacola. 


MAJOR-GENERAL, 


Jackson's  victory 
at  New  Orleans, 
January  8,  1815. 


Peace  of  Ghent, 
1814. 


General  Jackson,  then  an  officer  of  the  Tennessee 
militia,  led  a  force  into  southern  Alabama,  and,  after 
conquering  the  greatest  difficulties  and  fighting  many 
bloody  battles,  he  broke  the  power  of  the  Creeks,  so  that 
Weathersford  himself  entered  Jackson's  tent  and  surren 
dered.  This  was  in  April,  1814.  Jackson,  from  being  a 
commander  of  volunteers,  was  now  made  a  major-gen 
eral,  and  put  in  command  of  the  troops  in  the  Southwest. 

Florida  was  at  this  time  in  possession  of  Spain, 
which  was  at  peace  with  the  United  States.  But  that 
power  was  secretly  in  sympathy  with  England,  and 
English  troops  made  Pensacola,  in  Florida,  a  base  of 
operations  against  Mobile.  With  his  usual  fiery  zeal, 
Jackson  marched  into  Spanish  territory,  captured  Pensa 
cola,  and  dislodged  the  British.  He  then  retired. 

Jackson  hastened  to  New  Orleans,  which  was  soon 
threatened  by  a  large  British  force.  With  an  energy 
unsurpassed  perhaps  in  modern  history,  he  formed  an 
army  out  of  the  men  and  material  within  his  reach, 
and  built  defenses  against  the  British  approach.  He 
formed  companies  of  free  colored  men,  and  he  even  took 
the  convicts  out  of  prison  to  make  soldiers  of  them. 
After  several  preliminary  battles,  the  English  endeavored 
to  carry  Jackson's  works  by  storm  on  the  8th  of  January, 
1815.  But  Jackson's  preparations  were  so  thorough, 
that  the  enemy  was  repulsed  with  a  frightful  loss  of 
twenty-six  hundred  men.  The  Americans  lost  but  eight 
killed  and  thirteen  wounded.  Sir  Edward  Pakenham, 
the  British  commander,  was  killed,  and  the  attack  on 
New  Orleans  was  abandoned. 

When  this  battle  was  fought,  peace  had  already  been 
made,  but  the  news  had  not  yet  reached  this  country. 


THE    ARMY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


255 


The  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Ghent  [pronounce 
G  hard],  in  Belgium,  on  the  24th  of  December,  1814. 
By  the  terms  of  this  treaty,  neither  Great  Britain  nor 
the  United  States  gained  anything.  The  right  of  search 
ing  American  vessels  was  not  mentioned  in  the  treaty  ; 
but  the  war  had  shown  Great  Britain  that  the  right  to 
search  could  no  longer  be  maintained  against  a  spirited 
nation,  and  American  ships  have  never  been  searched 
from  that  time  to  this. 

The   war  had    caused  a  great  deal   of   suffering  and   suffering  caused 

by  the  war. 

misery  in  this  country,  by  the  derangement  of  business, 
the  destruction  of  property,  and  the  loss  of  life.  The 
news  of  the  peace  was  hailed  with  the  greatest  delight. 


Who  was  appointed  to  succeed  Hull  in  command  of  the  Northwest 
ern  army  ?  What  post  had  Hull  surrendered  ?  Were  the  soldiers  willing 
to  serve  under  Winchester  ?  Whom  did  the  Kentuckians  desire  to  have 
for  commander?  Of  what  battle  was  Harrison  the  hero?  (Against 
whom  was  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe  fought  ?)  In  what  State  is  the  bat 
tle-ground  of  Tippecanoe  ?  \Vhere  was  General  Winchester  de 
feated  ?  In  which  of  the  States  as  since  formed  is  the  river  Raisin  ? 
To  what  British  general  did  Winchester's  troops  sur 
render  ?  What  took  place  after  the  surrender  ?  What 
was  the  war-cry  of  the  Western  troops  after  this  ? 

To  what  fort  did  General  Proctor  lay  siege  in 
the  spring  of  1813  ?  Who  commanded  the  Indians  in 
this  siege  ?  What  was  the  result  of  this  siege  ? 

Who  defended  Fort  Stephenson  ?  What  was  the 
result  of  this  defense  ?  What  did  Harrison  do 

after  Perry's  victory  ?  Where  did  Harrison  overtake 
Proctor's  army  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle 
of  the  Thames  ?  What  chief  was  killed  here  ?  What 
effect  on  the  Indians  did  the  defeat  of  the  English 
and  the  death  of  Tecumseh  have  ?  How  did 

the  attempted  invasion  of  Canada  to  the  eastward 
succeed  ?  \Vhat  effect  did  the  rise  of  younger  gen 
erals  have?  What  battle  lasted  until  midnight? 
Who  held  possession  of  the  field  ?  Did  the  Amer- 


Questions  for 
study. 


IS 


256 


THE    ARMY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


icans  remain  in  Canada?  By  what  road  did  the 

English  attempt  to  invade  the  United  States?  Had 
this  road  been  used,  before  for  invasion  ?  (see  pages 
123  and  178).  What  naval  officer  commanded  in  the 
battle  of  Lake  Champlain  during  this  invasion  ?  (see 
the  preceding  chapter).  What  was  the  result  of  the 
defeat  on  the  water  and  the  resistance  offered  at  the 
same  time  in  the  battle  of  Plattsburg  ?  What 

British  invasion  was  more  successful  ?  What  battle 
was  fought  during  this  invasion  ?  In  what  State  is 
Bladensburg?  Who  won  the  victory  in  this  battle? 
What  happened  in  Washington  afterward  ?  What 

other  city  was  attacked  during  this  invasion  ?  Was 
it  taken?  What  well-known  song  was  written  during  this  attack? 
What  had  raised  a  war  party  among  the  Creek  Indians  ?  What 
chief  led  them  ?  Where  did  they  get  supplies  of  arms  ?  In  what 
respects  was  \Veathersford  like  Tecumseh  ?  Did  he  succeed  in  re 
straining  his  savages  ?  W7ho  led  a  force  against  the  Creeks  ? 
Where  were  the  Creeks  settled  ?  What  came  of  Jackson's  war  with 
them  ?  What  nation  possessed  Florida  at  this  time  ?  What 
led  Jackson  to  march  on  Pensacola  ?  What  did  he  accomplish  by 
this?  When  New  Orleans  was  threatened,  what  did  Jackson  do?' 
What  happened  on  the  8th  of  January,  1815,  when  the  British  attacked 
Jackson's  works  ?  Where  was  the  treaty  of  peace  made  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  terms  of  this  treaty  ?  What  is  said  of  the  claim  to  search 
American  vessels  ?  What  was  the  effect  of  the  war  in  America  ?  How 
was  the  news  of  the  peace  received  ? 

I.  Harrison  and  the  war  in  the  Northwest. 

1.  Harrison  put  in  command. 

2.  The  defeat  and  massacre  on  the  river  Raisin. 

3.  The  siege  of  Fort  Meigs. 

4.  The  defense  of  Fort  Stephenson  by  Crog- 

han. 

5.  The  invasion  of  Canada  and  the  battle  of 

the  Thames. 

II.  The  war  on  the  Niagara  frontier  and  eastward. 

1.  Failure  of  old  generals. 

2.  Invasion  of  Canada  under  new  officers. 

3.  Invasion  of  the  United  States  by  way  of 

Champlain. 

III.  Invasion  by  way  of  the  Chesapeake. 

a.  Bladensburg.      b.  Washington,     c.   Balti 
more. 


THE    ARMY    IN    THE    WAR    OF    l8l2. 


257 


IV.  Jackson   and  the  war  in 

the  Southwest. 

1.  War  with  the  Creeks. 

2.  Invasion  of  Florida. 

3.  Defense  of  New  Or 

leans. 

V.  The  peace. 

i.  Harrison's  campaign  :  In  what 
States  and  what  part  of  each  State  are 
the  sites  of — the  battle  on  the  river 
Raisin  ;  Fort  Meigs ;  Fort  Stephenson  ;  Detroit  ?  Where  is  the  site  of  the  battle 
of  the  Thames  ?  2.  Campaign  on  the  Niagara  frontier  :  Where  was  Fort  Erie  ? 
Lundy's  Lane  ?  3.  The  Eastern  campaign :  Where  is  Plattsburg  ?  4.  In  what  Ge°SraPhy- 
State  is  Bladensburg  ?  What  direction  from  Washington  ?  By  what  bay  would 
ships  approach  Baltimore  ?  5.  Jackson's  campaign  :  Where  is  Pensacola  ?  In 
what  direction  from  New  Orleans  ?  On  what  river  is  New  Orleans  ?  By  what  sheet 
of  water  did  the  British  approach  it  ? 


Hall's  "  Life  of  Harrison."    Mrs.  Seelye's  "  Life  of  Tecumseh."    Lossing's  "War 
of  1812."     Parton's  "  Life  of  Jackson."    G.  C.  Eggleston's  "  Red  Eagle." 


Books. 


CHAPTER    XLIII. 
Expansion  of  the  Union. 

LET  us  now  go   back  to  the  period  immediately  fol-  Vermont  ad 
mitted  as  the 
lowing  the  adoption  of  the   Constitution,  and  trace  the  fourteenth  state, 

birth  of  new  States.  The  first  State  admitted  was 
Vermont.  The  territory  which  now  forms  Vermont 
was  claimed  by  New  Hampshire,  which  granted  the 
land  to  settlers.  For  this  reason  it  was  called  "  The 
New  Hampshire  Grants."  New  York  claimed  it  also, 
and  tried  to  make  the  people  buy  their  lands  over 
again.  But  the  "  Green  Mountain  Boys "  kept  up  an 
independent  government  of  their  own  throughout  the 
Revolution.  In  1791  the  State  was  admitted  under 
the  name  of  Vermont,  a  word  of  French  derivation 

GENTLEMAN'S    RIDiNG- 

'  Green  Mountain."  DREss>  EARLY  PART  OF 

THE    CENTURY. 


258 


EXPANSION    OF    THE    UNION. 


Kentucky,  the 
fifteenth  State, 
1792.     Tennessee, 
the  sixteenth, 
1796. 


HAIR    DRESSED    LIKE 
HELMET,    ABOUT    1806. 


Ohio,  the  seven 
teenth,  1803. 


Louisiana,  the 
eighteenth,  1812. 


Kentucky  was  a  part  of  Virginia,  and  was  settled  by 
Virginians,  who  took  with  them  their  slaves,  their  agri 
cultural  habits,  and  their  military  spirit.  With  the  con 
sent  of  Virginia,  Kentucky  was  separated  from  that  State 
and  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1792.  The  people  of  this 
country  have  generally  emigrated  in  pretty  straight  lines 
to  the  westward.  As  Virginians  broke  over  the  mount 
ains  into  Kentucky,  so  North  Carolinians  crossed  into  the 
valleys  of  Tennessee.  North  Carolina  gave  up  her  right 
to  the  territory  west  of  the  mountains  soon  after  the  Con 
stitution  was  formed,  and  what  is  now  Tennessee  was 
part  of  the  Southwestern  Territory,  until  it  was  admitted 
to  the  Union  in  1796. 

These  two  States,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  had 
slaves.  But  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  as  we  have  seen 
on  page  232,  did  not  allow  slaveholding  in  the  terri 
tory  north  of  the  Ohio  River  ;  so  that  all  the  States 
formed  out  of  that  territory  were  free  States  from  the 
beginning.  In  the  two  years  following  the  passage  of 
this  ordinance,  twenty  thousand  people  made  their  way 
down  the  Ohio  River.  But  the  Indian  wars  checked 
the  settlement  of  the  country  until  after  Wayne's  vic 
tory  (see  page  217).  Ohio  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
February  19,  1803.* 

It  was  more  than  nine  years  before  another  State  was 
admitted.  In  1812  the  southern  part  of  the  great  terri 
tory  bought  from  France  was  admitted,  under  the  name 
of  Louisiana  —  the  name  at  first  given  to  the  whole. 
Thus,  when  the  War  of  1812  began,  the  old  Union  of 
thirteen  States  had  increased  to  eighteen. 


TURBAN    HEAD-DRESS, 

WORN    EARLY    IN    THIS 

CENTURY. 


*  This  is  the  correct  date,  according  to  late  investigations. 


EXPANSION    OF    THE    UNION. 


259 


The  second  war  with  England,  and  particularly  the 
naval  battles  and  the  crushing  defeat  which  Jackson  in 
flicted  on  the  British  troops  at  New  Orleans,  made  the 
United  States  respected  in  Europe  as  it  had  never  been 
before.  Emigrants  began  to  flock  to  America.  The 
peace  with  the  Indians  caused  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
then  called  "  The  Far  West,"  to  fill  up  rapidly.  In  more 
than  thirty  years  after  the  Revolution,  only  five  States 
were  added  to  the  Union  ;  but  the  next  six  States  were 
admitted  in  six  successive  years — Indiana,  next  west  of 
Ohio,  in  1816.  The  defeat  of  the  Creeks  had  opened  the 
Southwest ;  and  the  new  State  of  Mississippi,  between 
Tennessee  and  Louisiana,  was  admitted  in  1817.  Illinois, 
west  of  Indiana,  was  admitted  in  1818  ;  and  Alabama  filled 
the  gap  between  Mississippi  and  Georgia  in  1819.  In 
1820  the  District  of  Maine,  long  attached  to  Massachu 
setts,  though  separated  from  it  geographically,  was  ad 
mitted  as  an  independent  State. 

By  1820,  therefore,  all  the  territory  east  of  the  Missis 
sippi  except  the  extreme  northern  portion,  now  included 
in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  had  been  made  into  States, 
and  the  State  of  Louisiana  had  been  made  out  of  the 
territory  which  had  been  bought  from  France.  But, 
by  this  time,  a  new  State  on  the  west  of  the  Missis 
sippi  River  was  knocking  at  the  door  of  the  Union. 
This  was  Missouri.  Over  the  admission  of  this  State 
there  was  a  great  debate,  lasting  through  three  sessions 
of  Congress. 

The  cause  of  this  debate  was  the  fact  that  Missouri 
proposed  to  come  in  as  a  slave  State.  The  bringing  of 
slaves  into  the  United  States  had  been  forbidden  in  1808. 
The  States  north  of  the  southern  line  of  Pennsylvania 


Rapid  expansion 
after  the  war. 
Indiana,  the  nine 
teenth,  1816. 
Mississippi,  the 
twentieth,  1817. 
Illinois,  the 
twenty-first,  1818. 
Alabama,  the 
twenty-second, 
1819.     Maine,  the 
twenty-third, 
1820. 


OPERA    HEAD-DRESS, 

EARLY    IN    THE 

CENTURY. 


Debate  over  the 
application  of 
Missouri. 


EVENING    DRESS    IN 
JEFFERSON'S   TIME. 


260 


EXPANSION    OF    THE    UNION. 


State  of  the 
slavery   question. 


CHILD'S    DRESS    IN    THE 
EARLY    YEARS    OF   THE 

19TH    CENTURY. 


Missouri  brings 
up  a  new  phase 
of  the  question. 


WALKING-COSTUME, 
1807. 


The  Missouri 
Compromise. 
Missouri  the 
twenty-fourth 
State  admitted, 
1821. 


had  all,  before  1820,  taken  measures  to  free  their  slaves. 
The  States  south  of  the  southern  line  of  Pennsylvania, 
having  much  of  their  wealth  in  slaves,  and  cultivating 
crops  that  seemed  to  require  their  labor,  had  by  this  time 
mostly  given  up  the  thought  of  freeing  their  slaves.  So 
that  there  were  now  two  classes  of  States  in  the  Union : 
free  States  and  States  having  slaves.  Each  of  these 
divisions  of  the  Union  was  afraid  that  the  other  would 
get  control  of  the  country.  It  had  usually  been  the 
custom,  in  admitting  new  States,  to  bring  in  one  from 
the  North  and  one  from  the  South,  to  keep  the  bal 
ance  good. 

But  Missouri  brought  up  a  new  question.  According 
to  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  the  States  north  of  the  Ohio 
had  all  come  in  as  free  States ;  but  those  to  the  south  of 
that  river  had  been  allowed  to  enter  as  slaveholding 
States.  Louisiana  had  been  purchased  as  slaveholding 
territory,  and  was  admitted  as  a  slave  State.  But  now 
the  question  arose  whether  all  the  great  region  bought 
from  France  was  to  be  added  to  the  Southern  side  of 
the  scale.  Missouri  was  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
so  far  north  as  to  seem  to  break  into  the  line  of  free 
States. 

Most  of  the  people  at  the  North  wished  all  the  new 
territory  made  into  free  States  ;  most  of  the  people  at 
the  South  wished  to  have  it  all  open  to  settlement  by 
Southern  people  with  slaves.  The  question  was  finally 
decided  by  letting  Missouri  come  in  as  a  slave  State,  but 
slavery  was  at  the  same  time  forever  forbidden  in  the 
rest  of  the  territory  north  of  the  southern  line  of  Mis 
souri.  Thus  all  the  territory  to  the  north  and  west  of 
that  State  would  be  free.  This  was  known  as  the  Mis- 


EXPANSION    OF    THE    UNION. 


souri  Compromise.  It  was  adopted  in  1820,  and  Missouri 
was  finally  admitted  in  1821.  Henry  Clay,  the  most 
famous  of  the  orators  and  political  leaders  of  the  day, 
was  very  active  in  promoting  this  measure. 

The  "  Old  Thirteen"  had  now  grown  to  twenty-four.  Growth  of  PoPu- 
The  expansion  of  the  nation  in  population  and  wealth 
was  very  rapid.  In  1820  there  were  more  than  nine 
and  a  half  million  people  in  America.  This  was  about 
three  times  as  many  as  there  were  when  the  Revo 
lutionary  War  was  ended. 


Which  was  the  first  State  admitted  to  the  Union  after  the  adoption  of  Questions  for 
the  Federal  Constitution  ?     What  was  Vermont  called  before  it  became  a   study- 
State  ?     Why  was  it  called  the   New  Hampshire  Grants  ?     What  State 
besides  New  Hampshire  claimed  Vermont?     Why  are  the  people  of  Ver 
mont  called  the  "Green  Mountain  Boys "?     What  mountains  are  there 
in  Vermont  ?     Why  was  the  State  called  Vermont  when  it  was  admitted 
to  the  Union  in  1791  ?  Of  what  State  was  Kentucky  a  part  ?     By 

whom  was  it  settled  ?  What  did  Virginians  take  with  them  when  they 
went  to  Kentucky  ?  How  could  Congress  admit  a  part  of  a  State  into 
the  Union  as  a  new  State  ?  Whose  consent  was  given  to  it  ?  In  what 
direction  have  the  people  of  this  country  generally  moved  when  they  emi 
grated  ?  From  what  State  did  most  of  the  first  settlers  in  Tennessee 
come  ?  When  did  North  Carolina  give  up  its  right  to  what  is  now  Ten 
nessee  ?  Was  it  formed  into  a  State  before  1800?  What  was 
the  difference  between  the  Siates  on  the  south  side  of  the  Ohio  River  and 
those  on  the  north  ?  Why  were  there  no  slaves  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Ohio  River  ?  WThat  is  said  of  the  emigration  to  the  Western  country  in 
the  years  following  the  famous  Ordinance  of  1787  ?  Was  Ohio  admitted 
to  the  Union  before  or  after  1800?  What  was  the  next  State  ad 
mitted  after  Ohio  ?  How  did  Louisiana  come  to  belong  to  the  United 
States  ?  What  part  of  the  old  French  province  of  that  name  was  admit 
ted  as  Louisiana  ?  In  what  year  was  Louisiana  admitted  ?  What  hap 
pened  to  the  country  in  that  year?  How  many  States  were  there  in  the 
Union  when  the  War  of  1812  broke  out?  What  impression  did 
the  War  of  1812  make  in  Europe  ?  What  battle  of  that  war  excited  par 
ticular  attention  in  Europe  ?  What  effect  did  this  have  on  emigration  ? 
What  caused  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  fill  up  rapidly?  How  many  States 
were  added  to  the  Unitm  in  the  space  of  one  generation  after  the  Revolu- 


262  EXPANSION    OF    THE    UNION. 

tion,  if  we  count  a  little  more  than  thirty  years  as  representing  a  genera 
tion  of  people?  In  1816  and  afterward  for  a  number  of  years  one  State 
was  admitted  each  year :  for  how  many  years  did  this  happen  ?  Of 

all  the  territory  that  had  belonged  to  the  United  States  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolution — that  is,  of  all  the  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi  River — how 
much  remained  to  be  formed  into  States  in  1820?  What  was  the  first 
State,  lying  mostly  west  of  the  Mississippi,  to  be  admitted  to  the  Union  ? 
Was  Louisiana  admitted  before  the  War  of  1812  or  afterward?  What 
was  the  next  State  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  ask  for  a  place  in  the 
Union  ?  (From  what  country  did  we  get  the  territory  out  of  which  Mis 
souri  is  formed  ?)  Through  how  many  sessions  of  Congress  did  the  de 
bate  over  the  admission  of  Missouri  last  ?  What  was  the  cause  of 
this  debate  ?  At  what  time  had  the  bringing  of  slaves  into  the  United 
States  been  forbidden  ?  What  had  Pennsylvania  and  the  States  north  of 
it  done  about  slavery  before  1820?  Why  had  the  States  to  the  south 
ward  retained  their  slaves?  How  did  the  two  divisions  in  the  Union  feel 
about  each  other  ?  In  bringing  States  into  the  Union,  how  had  the 
balance  been  kept  good  ?  How  did  the  new  States  north  of  the 
Ohio  differ  from  those  south  of  that  river  ?  Were  there  slaves  in  Louis 
iana  before  the  United  States  bought  it  ?  What  new  question  arose 
when  Missouri  offered  to  come  in  ?  Was  the  greater  part  of  Missouri 
north  or  south  of  the  line  between  the  free  States  and  the  slave 
States?  What  did  the  Northern  people  wish  regarding  the  new  ter 
ritory  ?  How  did  most  of  the  Southern  people  feel  about  it  ?  How 
was  the  question  decided  ?  What  was  this  decision  called  ?  In  what 
year  was  the  Missouri  Compromise  made  ?  What  statesman  took 
a  leading  part  in  promoting  it?  What  had  he  advocated  in  1812? 
To  what  number  had  the  States  increased  by  this  time  ?  How 
many  people  were  there  in  the  United  States  in  1820?  How  many 
times  as  many  as  the  people  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  less  than 
forty  years  before  ? 

Study  by  topics.  I.  States  admitted  between  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  in  1787 

and  the  War  of  1812. 
i.  Vermont,    1791.     2.  Kentucky,    1792.     3.  Tennessee,   1796. 

4.  Ohio,  1803.     5.  Louisiana,  1812. 
II.  States  admitted  between  the  second  war  with  England  and  the 

Missouri  Compromise. 
i.  Indiana,  1816.     2.  Mississippi,    1817.     3.  Illinois,    1818.     4. 

Alabama,  1819.     5.  Maine,  1820. 
III.   Missouri  Compromise. 

i.  The  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  1808.  2.  The  abolition  of 
slavery  in  the  Northern  States.  3.  Division  of  the 
States  into  two  classes.  4.  A  new  question  raised  re- 


EXPANSION    OF    THE    UNION. 


263 


garding  slavery  in  the  territory  bought  from    France. 
5.  How  the  question  was  decided. 
IV.  Expansion  of  population  by  1820. 

On  the  blackboard,  or  on  a  large  sheet  of  manila  paper,  draw  a  Blackboard 
map  of  the  Union  as  it  was  in  1787,  shading  the  old  thirteen  States,  illustration, 
or  tinting  them  with  colored  crayons. 
Let  the  new  States  mentioned  in  this 
chapter  be  put  in  outline.  Then,  as  each 
State  is  reached  in  topical  recitation,  let 
it  be  shaded  or  tinted  like  the  rest,  and 
the  growth  of  the  Union,  step  by  step, 
will  be  represented. 


The  geographical  study  with  reference  to  this  chapter  should  have  for  its  first  ob 
ject  the  acquiring  of  a  definite  knowledge  of  the  relative  location  of  each  of  the  new 
States  mentioned  in  the  chapter.  For  this  purpose  consult  the  list  in  the  topics  above, 
and  let  a  description  of  the  location  of  each  State  and  its  surroundings  accompany 
the  topical  recitation.  Fix  in  the  mind  by  reference  to  the  map  the  great  east  and 
west  line  between  the  free  and  slave  States  in  1820,  and  the  great  north  and  south  line 
mostly  along  the  Mississippi,  between  the  territory  possessed  by  the  United  States 
after  the  peace  with  England  in  1783  and  the  territory  purchased  from  France  in 
1803. 


Geography. 


264 


FROM  MONROE  TO  VAN  BUREN. 


JAMES    MONROE. 


Monroe's  presi 
dency  ;  the  era  of 
good-feeling. 


James  Monroe,  fifth  President,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1754.  As  soon  as  he 
had  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  Col 
lege,  in  1776,  he  joined  the  Revolution 
ary  army.  He  distinguished  himself  in 
several  battles.  He  was  minister  to 
France  and  to  England,  and  was  Secre 
tary  of  State  when  Madison  was  Presi 
dent.  He  was  inaugurated  President 
March  4,  1817,  and  served  eight  years. 
After  leaving  the  presidency  he  was  very 
poor.  He  died  in  New  York  on  the 
4th  day  of  July,  1831.  He  was  the  third 
President  to  die  on  the  4th  of  July. 


Purchase  of 
Florida  from 
Spain,  1821. 


CHAPTER    XLIV. 

From    Monroe   to  Van   Buren.— Rise   of   Whigs   and 
Democrats. 

A  GREAT  part  of  the  expansion  of  the  Union  by 
the  admission  of  new  States,  described  in  the  pre 
ceding  chapter,  took  place  in  the  presidency  of 
James  Monroe,  who  was 
chosen  to  that  office  in 
1816.  Monroe  was  a 
man  of  even  temper, 
with  very  little  party 
feeling,  and  with  the 
greatest  desire  to  be  just 
and  to  act  wisely.  He  was 
very  popular,  and  his  ad 
ministration  was  called  "  the 
era  of  good-feeling."  The  Federal  party  being  now 
almost  extinct,  Monroe  was  re-elected  in  1820  without 
any  opposing  candidate. 

Next  to  the  Missouri  Compromise,  of  which  we  have 
spoken  in  the  preceding  chapter,  the  most  remarkable 
event  of  Monroe's  adminis 
tration  was  the  purchase  of 
the  Peninsula  of  Florida 
from  Spain.  This  was  com 
pleted  in  1821,  and,  General 
Jackson,  who  had 
seized  part  of  Flor 
ida  during  the  War 


SPANISH    STANDARD. 


of    1812,   and   again 


Florida. — (For    the    early    discovery 
and  exploration  of  Florida,  see  page  116.) 
French  Protestants  made  a  settlement  in 
i    Florida  in  1564,  but  they  were  nearly  all 
I    cruelly  put  to  death  by  Spaniards  in  1565. 
j    In  this  year  the   Spaniards   founded   St. 
Augustine,  the  oldest  town  in  the  present 
I    United    States.     In    the   treaty   of   1763, 
!    Spain    ceded    Florida   to    England.      In 
1783   it   was   ceded   back   to   Spain.      In 
1821  it  was  conveyed  to  the  United  States 
j    by  Spain,  and  in  1845  it  was  admitted  to 
the  Union  as  the  twenty-seventh  State. 


FROM  MONROE  TO  VAN  BUREN. 


265 


in  the  Seminole  War  of  1818,  having  both  times  to  relin 
quish  it  again,  was  now  sent  to  receive  the  new  prov 
ince  from  the  Spanish  governor. 

In   1823  the  countries  in  America  to  the  south  of  us,  Announcement 

of  the   "  Monroe 

which  had  been  colonies  of  Spain,  were  striving  to  estab-  Doctrine,"  1823. 
lish  themselves  as  independent  republics,  and  it  was 
feared  that  an  alliance  of  European  nations  would  help 
Spain  to  subdue  them.  President  Monroe,  therefore,  sent 
a  message  to  Congress,  in  which  he  announced  what  has 
always  since  been  known  as  "  The  Monroe  Doctrine." 
This  doctrine  was,  that  the  United  States  would  object  to 
any  attempt  on  the  part  of  European  powers  to  "  extend 
their  system  "  of  interference  to  "  any  part  of  this  hemi 
sphere."  This  was  a  declaration  of  independence  for  the 
whole  of  America.  The  United  States  still  maintains  the 
principle  as  stated  by  Monroe. 

Monroe,  who  went  out  of  office  in   1825,  was  the  last 

President     connected     with 
the  Revolution. 

For    want    of    any    issue  John  Quincy 

Adams  elected 

between  them,  both  the  old  by  the  House  of 

,  •          i       j  .  Representatives 

parties  had  gone  to  pieces,  in  Ig24 
and  new  ones  were  not  yet 
formed.  There  were  four 
candidates  for  the  presiden 
cy  in  1824:  Crawford,  Jack 
son,  Adams,  and  Clay.  No 
one  of  these  got  a  major 
ity  of  the  electoral  votes, 
and  the  duty  of  electing  a 
president  devolved  on  the 
House  of  Representatives. 


John  Quincy  Adams,  the  sixth 
President,  was  the  son  of  John  Adams, 
the  second  President.  He  was  born  in 
Braintree,  Mass.,  in  1767.  He  studied  in 
France  and  Holland,  and  spent  some  time 
in  Sweden,  Denmark,  Russia,  and  Eng 
land  while  yet  a  boy.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  when  he  was  twenty 
years  old,  and  studied  law.  He  was  at 
various  times  American  minister  at  the 
courts  of  Holland,  England,  Prussia,  and 
Russia,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  negotiate  the  treaty  with  England  at 
the  close  of  the  War  of  1812.  He  was 
Secretary  of  State  in  Monroe's  Cabinet, 
and  President  of  the  United  States  from 
1825  to  1829.  When  he  quitted  the  presi 
dency  he  did  not  leave  public  life,  but 
sat  in  the  lower  house  of  Congress  from 
1831  to  1848,  and  this  was  the  most  brill 
iant  part  of  his  career.  At  eighty  years 
of  age  he  was  still  called  "  The  old  man 
eloquent."  He  died  in  the  Capitol  at 
Washington  in  1848. 


266 


FROM  MONROE  TO  VAN  BUREN. 


John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachu 
setts,  was  chosen.  The  administra 
tion  of  Adams  was  a  stormy  and 
unpopular  one.  He  was  extremely 
honest  and  faithful,  but,  like  his 
father,  John  Adams,  he  had  no 
gift  for  winning  friends.  He  could 
not  bend  to  the  people ;  his  cold 
manners  and  his  disregard  for 
the  opinions  of  others  made  him 


JOHN    QUINCY    ADAMS. 


Election  of  An 
drew  Jackson  in 
1828. 


enemies, 
ing  his 
re  -  elec 
tion. 

In  1828  Andrew  Jack 
son,  of  Tennessee,  was 
chosen  President,  taking 
office  in  March,  1829.  He 
was  re- 
elected 
in  1832, 
and  held 


who  succeeded  in  prevent- 


Andrew  Jackson,  the  seventh  Presi 
dent,  was  born  in  North  Carolina  in 
1767.  He  joined  the  Revolutionary 
army  in  South  Carolina  when  he  was  but 
fourteen  years  old.  He  studied  law  and 
settled  in  Nashville,  Tenn.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  United  States  Senate  and 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Tennes 
see  before  he  became  distinguished  as  a 
soldier.  His  military  achievements  are 
told  in  Chapter  XLII.  He  was  President 
from  1829  to  1837.  As  the  first  President 
that  had  risen  from  the  ranks  of  the  com 
mon  people,  he  was  very  popular,  and 
was  supposed  to  represent  the  American 
ideas  of  the  time.  He  was  called  "Old 
Hickory  "  by  his  admirers.  He  died  in 
1845. 


ANDREW    JACKSON. 


office  in 

all  for  eight  years.  Jackson  was 
a  man  sincerely  patriotic  and  hon 
est,  but  self-willed  and  of  a  violent 
temper. 

He  was  the  first  President  who 
turned  out  of  government  office  the 
men  who  were  opposed  to  him,  ap 
pointing  his  own  friends  in  their 
places.  He  vetoed  a  great  many 


FROM  MONROE  TO  VAN  BUREN. 


267 


acts  of  Congress.     He  succeeded  in  breaking  down  the  character  of 

Jackson's  admin- 

United  States  Bank,  which,  up  to  that  time,  had  kept  istration. 
the  public  moneys.  He  vetoed  almost  all  the  measures 
proposed  for  the  promotion  of  roads  and  other  "  internal 
improvements"  by  the  general  government.  Jackson 
set  his  face  against  the  doctrine  advanced  by  John  C. 
Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  in  his  time,  that  a  State 
could  "  nullify  "  a  law  of  the  United  States.  The  busi 
ness  of  the  United  States  with  other  nations  was  con 
ducted  during  Jackson's  administration  with  great  spirit 
and  ability,  and  the  country  was  respected  abroad. 

As    the    moderate    and     peaceful    administration    of  Rise  of  the  whig 

and  Democratic 

Monroe  caused  the  dissolution  of  the  old  Federal  Parties, 
and  Republican  parties,  so  the  administration  of  a 
man  of  strong  party  feeling 
and  of  stormy  temper  like  Jack 
son  made  new  party  divisions. 
Jackson  loved  his  friends  and 
hated  all  opponents.  The  coun 
try  came  to  be  divided  into 
Jackson  men  and  anti- Jack 
son  men.  The  Jackson  men 
claimed  to  succeed  to  the  old 
Democratic  -  Republican  party, 
and,  retaining  one  of  the 
names  by  which  it  was  known, 
they  were  called  "  Democrats." 
Those  who  were  opposed  to 
Jackson  were  called  "  Whigs," 

a  name  formerly  applied  in  England  to  the  party 
opposed  to  the  arbitrary  power  of  the  king.  The 
principal  feature  of  American  politics  for  about  twen- 


JOHN    C.     CALHOUN. 


268 


FROM  MONROE  TO  VAN  BUREN. 


ty  years  was  the  rivalry  of  the  Whig  and   Democratic 
parties. 
Differences  be-  The    main  differences   between  the  Whig  party  and 

tween  the  parties. 

the  Democratic  were  : 

1.  That   the    Whigs   advocated    the    re-establishment 
of  the  United  States  Bank  ;   the  Democrats  opposed  it. 

2.  The    Whigs    were    in    favor    of    the    building    of 
roads  and   canals  at  the  expense  of  the   United   States. 
The  Democrats  did  not  be 
lieve   that   the    government 

of  the  Union  should  under 
take  "  internal  improve 
ments,"  as  roads  and  canals 
were  then  called. 

3.  The  Whigs  generally 
wished  to  increase  the  pow 
er  of  the  United  States  gov- 


HENRY   CLAY. 


Clay,  Calhoun,  and  Webster  are 
often  spoken  of  together.  They  were  the 
three  great  statesmen  of  what  is  some 
times  known  as  "  the  compromise  pe 
riod  "  of  American  history.  Henry  Clay 
was  born  in  Virginia  in  1777.  He  was  a 
poor  boy,  and  gained  his  education  with 
difficulty.  He  settled  in  Kentucky  as  a 
young  man,  and  long  represented  that 
State  in  the  House  of  Representatives 
and  the  Senate.  John  C.  Calhoun  was 
born  in  South  Carolina  in  1782,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  College.  Clay  and 
Calhoun  were  both  bold  advocates  of  the 
war  with  England  in  1812.  Webstei,  j 
who  was  born  in  the  same  year  with  Cal 
houn,  entered  Congress  in  1813,  during 
the  war.  From  this  time  these  three  men 
gradually  came  to  the  front  as  the  great 
est  masters  of  the  art  of  debate  the 
country  had  known.  Calhoun  was  a 
member  of  Monroe's  Cabinet,  Clay  of 
John  Quincy  Adams's,  Webster  of  Har 
rison's  and  Fillmore's.  But  they  were 
all  three  greatest  in  Congress.  Each  of 
them  desired  to  be  President,  but  all 
were  disappointed.  Calhoun  was  Vice- 
President  for  eight  years,  from  1825  to 
1833.  Clay  was  active  in  bringing  about 
the  Missouri  Compromise,  which  Cal 
houn  favored.  Later  than  this  Calhoun 
became  the  chief  advocate  of  the  doctrine 
that  the  States  were  sovereign,  and  that 
the  Union  was  a  compact  of  sovereign 
States.  Clay  and  Webster,  on  the  other 
hand,  were  advocates  of  the  authority  of 
the  Union.  Clay  was  the  author  of  the 
Compromise  of  1850,  which  Webster  fa 
vored.  Calhoun  died  in  1850;  Clay  and 
Webster  in  1852. 


FROM  MONROE  TO  VAN  BUREN. 


269 


ernment ;  the  Democrats  were 
more  in  favor  of  what  were 
called  States'  rights.  The 
Democrats  thought  that, 
whatever  power  the  Consti 
tution  did  not  expressly  give 
to  the  general  government, 
could  only  be  exercised  by 
the  States. 

The  great  leaders  of  the 
Whig  party  were  Henry 
Clay,  of  Kentucky,  and  Dan 
iel  Webster,  of  Massachusetts. 
These  were  two  of  the  great 
est  orators  the  country  has 
ever  known.  Another  orator  of  the  first  rank,  John  C.  The  ereat 

leaders,  Clay, 

Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  was  on  the  Democratic  side.   Webster,  and 
He  believed  in  the  power  of  a  State  to  "  nullify  "  a  law  of 
the  nation.     But  the  Democratic  party,  generally  agreed 
with  Jackson,  that  the  laws  of  the  United  States  wrere  su 
preme  until  the  courts  decided  them  unconstitutional. 

In   1836   Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York,  was  nomi-  Election  of  van 

Buren,  1836. 

nated  by  the  Democrats  and  elected  President.  He  fol 
lowed  the  policy  of  Jackson,  but  in  a  gentler  way.  He 
did  not  veto  any  bills  passed  by  Congress. 


DANIEL   WEBSTER. 


What  President  took  office  in  1816?     What  kind  of  a  man  was  Mon-    Questions  for 
roe  ?     How  was  he  liked  by  the  people  ?     What  was  his  administration    study- 
called?      What   was  remarkable  about   his   second    election    in    1820? 

What  territory  did  the  United  States  acquire  during  Monroe's  presi 
dency  ?  From  what  country  did  we  get  it  ?  Who  was  sent  to  take  pos 
session  of  Florida  in  1821  ?  Had  he  ever  been  there  before?  Under 
what  circumstances?  What  colonies  were  trying  to  establish 

themselves  as  independent    republics  ?     What  declaration  did    Monroe 


270 


FROM  MONROE  TO  VAN  BUREN. 


DRESS    OF   A    LADY 
TIME. 


make  in  1823  regarding  the  interference  of  European  nations  with  the 
affairs  of  America?  What  is  this  declaration  called?  Who  was 

the  last  of  the  Revolutionary  Presidents  ?  How  many  candidates  were 
there  for  President  in  1824?  What  happened  in  this  election?  Who 
was  chosen  by  the  House  of  Representatives  ?  How  did  the  administra 
tion  of  Adams  differ  from  that  of  Monroe  ?  What  was  John  Ouincy 
Adams's  character  ?  WTas  he  re-elected  ?  Was  his  father  elected  a 
second  time?  (See  page  226.)  Who  was  elected  in  1828? 

What  had  Jackson  done  before  this?  (See  page  254.)  What  kind 
of  a  man  was  Jackson  ?  What  did  he  do  in  regard  to  the  office 

holders  who  were  opposed  to  him  ?  What  was  his  course  regarding  acts 
of  Congress?  What  influence  did  he  have  on  the  United  States  Bank? 
What  course  did  he  take  regarding  roads  and  canals  ?  What  doctrine 
did  Calhoun  and  others  advocate?  How  did  Jackson  treat  this  doctrine 
of  "  nullification  "  ?  How  did  he  conduct  the  business  of  the  country 
with  foreign  nations?  What  effect  did  Jackson's  administration 

have  on  political  parties  ?  What  were  Jackson's  friends  called  ?  What 
were  those  opposed  to  Jackson  called  ?  For  about  how  many  years  did 
the  struggle  between  Democratic  and  Whig  parties  occupy  the  field  of 
American  politics  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  differences  between 

the  two  parties  in  regard  to  the  Bank  of  the  United  States.  In  regard  to 
internal  improvement.  Which  party  favored  States  rights  as  opposed  to 
the  power  of  the  general  government  ?  What  did  the  Democrats  think 
about  the  Constitution  ?  Who  were  the  great  leaders  of  the  Whig 

party  ?  What  great  orator  of  the  time  was  on  the  Democratic  side  ? 
How  did  the  Democrats  generally  feel  about  Calhoun's  theory  of  the 
right  of  a  State  to  "  nullify  "  the  acts  of  Congress  ?  Who  was 

chosen  President  in  1836  ?     By  what  party?     What  policy  did  he  fol- 
How  did  he  differ  from  Jackson  ? 

Monroe's  administration. 

1.  "  The  era  of  good  feeling." 

2.  The  acquisition  of  Florida. 

3.  The  "  Monroe  doctrine." 

John  Quincy  Adams's  administration. 

1.  Election  of  J.  O.  Adams. 

2.  His  character. 

III.  Jackson's  administration. 

1.  Jackson's  election  and  character. 

2.  His  course  with  regard  to — 

a.  Office-holders.  b.  Vetoes. 

c.  United  States  Bank.        d.  Internal  improvements. 

e.  Nullification.  /.  Foreign  affairs. 


FROM  MONROE  TO  VAN  BUREN. 


27 1 


IV.  New  parties. 

1.  Their  formation. 

2.  Their  differences. 

3.  Their  leaders. 

V.  Van  Buren's  administration. 

The  location  of  Florida  with  reference  to  Georgia  and  Alabama.     With  reference 
to  the  Spanish  possessions  in  Cuba. 


Geography. 


CHAPTER    XLV. 
The  Steamboat,  the   Railroad,  and  the  Telegraph. 

SOON  after  1800,  certain  changes 
began  in  ways  of  travel  that  have 
made  life  different  from  that  of  our 
forefathers.  We  have  seen  in  pre 
vious  chapters  that  travel  in  old 
times  was  very  slow.  Men  jogged 
along  day  after  day  and  week  after 
week  to  make  a  journey  of  hundreds 
of  miles  on  horseback,  or  they  were 
jolted  over  bad  roads  in  stage-wagons 
or  carriages.  Pack-horses  or  heavy 
wagons  carried  all  the  freight  that 
went  by  land.  Boats,  rowed  or  pushed  with  poles,  Modes  of  travel 

at  the  beginning 

went  slowly  up  and   down  the  rivers,  carrying  passen-  Of  the  i9th  cent- 
gers  and  freight.      Periaugers,  with  oars  and  sails,  and 
other  small   vessels,  plied   up  and  down  the   coast,  and 
all  the  ships  at  sea  were  propelled  by  sails. 

In  ships  our  people  made  great  improvements.     The   improvement  in 

ships  made  by 

"  Baltimore    clipper,      a   schooner    with    raking    masts —  Americans.   The 
that   is,   masts   that   slanted    backward — was  famous   for  *£™m 
its  speed.     Our  frigates  gained   advantages  in  the  War 


ROBERT    FULTON. 


272 


STEAMBOAT,    RAILROAD,    AND    TELEGRAPH. 


BALTIMORE    CLIPPER. 


of  1  8  12  by  being  better  sailers  than  the 
English  men-of-war.  At  a  later  period 
the  American  "  clipper-built  ships"  were 
the  swiftest  sailing-vessels  in  the  world. 
This  superiority  in  building  and  sail 
ing  swift  ships  has  remained  with  Amer 
ica  to  the  present  time,  as  recent  yacht- 
races  have  shown. 

After  the  invention  of  the  steam-en- 


's  first       gine  in   England,  attempts  were  made  in  France,  Scot- 

steamboat,  1807.  .  I'll! 

land,    and    America    to    build    boats   that    would    go    by 

steam.     But  Robert  Fulton,  an  American,  built  the  first 

really  successful  steamboat.     She  was  launched  in   1807, 

and     ran     between 

New  York  and  Al 

bany,  to  the  great 

wonder  of  all  who 

saw    her.      Steam 

boats     soon     after 

took   the    place   of 

keel  -  boats      (page 

233)    on  the   West 


FULTON'S    FIRST    STEAMBOAT. 


The  Erie  and 
other  canals. 


ern  rivers,  and  they  greatly  aided  in  the  rapid  develop 
ment  of  the  new  country. 

Steamboats  served  for  commerce  and  travel  where 
there  were  rivers  and  lakes.  But  how  should  the  traffic 
on  the  Western  rivers  and  the  Great  Lakes  be  connected 
with  the  rivers  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  the 
sea?  Canals,  long  used  in  Europe,  were  thought  of  for 
this  purpose,  and  Washington  was  much  interested  in  a 
proposed  canal  from  the  Potomac  to  the  Ohio  River. 
But  the  first  great  canal  in  this  country  was  that  from 


STEAMBOAT,    RAILROAD,    AND    TELEGRAPH. 


273 


THE    WAY   THAT    LITTLE 
GIRLS    DRESSED   WHEN 
S    A  CHILD. 


the  Hudson  River  to  Lake  Erie.  The  chief  promoter 
of  this  work  was  De  Witt  Clinton,  governor  of  New 
York.  It  was  eight  years  in  construction.  It  was  be 
gun  on  the  4th  of  July,  1817,  and  in  1825  its  comple 
tion  was  celebrated  by  a  procession  of  boats  from 
Albany  to  the  ocean,  where  Governor  De  Witt  Clin 
ton  poured  a  keg  of  Lake  Erie  water  into  the  sea,  as 
a  sign  of  their  union.  This  canal,  by  opening  a  trade 
with  the  West,  made  New  York  the  greatest  city  of 
the  United  States. 

But,  for  the  more  mountainous  country  of  the  Middle  GRANDMA 
States,  a  great  "  National  Road"  for  wagons  was  planned 
and  built  from  western  Maryland  as  far  as  the  western  The  "National 
part  of   Indiana.     The  extension  of    railroads  soon  ren 
dered  it  of  no  importance  as  a  national  work. 

But  the  greatest  change  of  all,  in  the  life  of  Ameri-  Railroads  intro 
duced  about  1830. 

cans,  was  made  by  the  railway,  which  was  introduced 
from  England.  The  first  railroads  were  merely  tracks 
of  iron  bars,  on  which  little  cars,  loaded  with  coal,  were 
drawn  from  the  mines.  The  first  railway  in  the  United 
States  was  but  two  miles  long,  and  was  used  only  for 
hauling  stone.  The  cars  were  drawn  by  horses.  The 
first  passenger-train  in  America  was  run  on  the  Balti 
more  and  Ohio  Railroad  in  1830,  but  the  cars  were 
drawn  by  horses  the  first  year.  The  extension  of  rail-  lf| 
ways  was  very  rapid  ;  they  changed  America  more  than  A  BONNET  OF  isao 
any  other  country,  because  here  the  distances  are  so 
great.  We  have  almost  as  many  miles  of  railway  as  all 
the  world  besides. 

The  first  passenger-cars  were  merely  stage-coaches  on  American  im 
provements  in 
.the  rails,  and  in  other  countries  they  still  keep  something  railroads. 


FIRST    STEAM 

PASSENGER-TRAIN 

IN    AMERICA. 


274 


STEAMBOAT,    RAILROAD,    AND    TELEGRAPH. 


of  this  form.  In  America  large,  airy  cars  for  passengers 
were  early  introduced,  and  the  parlor-car,  the  sleeping- 
car,  the  hotel-car,  and  the  dining-car  are  all  of  American 

origin,    and   are    little   used    elsewhere. 

The  street  tramway,  or  horse-railroad, 

and    the    elevated    railways    for    rapid 

travel  in  cities,  were  first  used  in  this 

country. 

The  electric  telegraph,  in  its  present 

practical    shape,   was   the    invention  of 

an     Amer 


S.     F.     B.     MORSE. 


ican  artist, 
S.  F.  B. 
Morse.  In 
old  times 
people  sent 
invention  of  the  messages  by  objects  shown 

electric  tele-  .  . 

graph.  on    high    ground,   by   lights 

displayed  at  night,  or  by 
bonfires  kindled  on  the  hills. 
Even  the  wild  Indians  sent 


Morse  had  gone  to  his  lodgings  in 
despair  on  the  last  night  of  the  session  of 
Congress.  There  were  a  large  number  of 
bills  in  advance  of  the  one  for  promoting 
the  telegraph.  But  the  next  morning 
the  daughter  of  Commissioner  Ellsworth 
called  at  his  lodgings  and  informed  him 
that  a  bill  had  passed  granting  $30,000  to 
build  an  experimental  telegraph  line. 
When  the  line  was  built  from  Washing 
ton  to  Baltimore,  this  young  lady  was  al 
lowed  to  dictate  the  first  dispatch,  which 
she  did,  sending  the  words,  "  What  hath 
God  wrought!"  The  first  public  news 
dispatch  brought  to  Washington  the  in 
telligence  that  James  K.  Polk  had  been 
nominated  for  President. 


Change  in  modes 
of  living  produced 
by  railroad  and 
telegraph. 


intelligence  across  the  plains 

by  waving  a  blanket  over  a  fire  and  thus  making  a 
"smoke-signal."  In  1835  Morse  set  up  and  worked  a 
telegraphic  wire.  But  it  was  nine  years  later  before 
he  could  persuade  Congress  to  appropriate  money  to 
set  up  the  first  line.  In  1844  the  first  message  was 
sent  from  Washington  to  Baltimore. 

The  introduction  of  the  railway  and  the  invention 
of  the  telegraph  have  completely  changed  the  condi 
tions  of  our  life.  In  former  times  it  was  weeks  after  a 
presidential  election  before  the  result  could  be  gener- 


STEAMBOAT,  RAILROAD,  AND  TELEGRAPH.        27$ 

ally  known.  So  wide  is  our  country  to-day  that,  if  intel 
ligence  had  to  be  carried,  as  formerly,  by  stage-coaches 
and  post-boys  on  horseback,  it  would  take  months  for 
an  important  event  to  be  known  in  remote  regions  of 
the  country.  Now,  every  important  bit  of  news  is  known 
from  end  to  end  of  the  country  in  a  few  hours.  Rail 
roads,  too,  have  made  distant  places  seem  near  together, 
and  distributed  the  comforts  of  civilization  to  the  most 
remote  parts  of  the  country. 


What  changes  began  to  take  place  soon  after   1800?     How  did  our   Questions  for 
forefathers  travel  by  land  ?     How  was  freight  carried  over  land  ?     What   study- 
means  of  conveyance  was  there  on  the  rivers?     What  kind  of  vessels 
sailed   along  the   coast  ?     How   were   all   the  ships  at  sea    propelled  ? 

What  kind  of  improved  ships  did  the  Americans  build  ?  What  advan 
tage  did  the  Baltimore  clipper  have  over  other  vessels  ?  How  were  its 
masts  arranged  ?  What  advantage  did  our  frigates  have  in  the  War  of 
1812  ?  What  is  said  of  the  relative  speed  of  some  of  our  sailing-vessels  at 
the  present  time  compared  with  those  of  other  countries  ?  .In  what 

country  was  the  steam-engine  invented?  In  what  countries  were  at 
tempts  made  to  build  steamboats  ?  Who  built  the  first  really  successful 
steamboat?  To  what  country  did  Fulton  belong?  Between  what  places 
did  his  first  steamboat  run  in  1807  ?  (What  water  would  a  boat  sail  on 
from  New  York  to  Albany  ?)  What  effect  did  the  invention  of  steam 
boats  have  on  the  new  country  west  of  the  Alleghanies  ?  What 
plan  was  thought  of  for  connecting  the  steamboat  commerce  and  travel 
on  the  Western  rivers  and  Great  Lakes  with  the  commerce  of  the  Eastern 
rivers  and  the  sea  ?  What  canal  project  was  Washington  interested  in  ? 
What  was  the  first  great  canal  in  this  country?  Who  was  the  chief  pro 
moter  of  this  work  ?  How  long  did  it  take  to  build  the  Erie  Canal  ? 
How  was  its  completion  celebrated  in  1825?  What  effect  did  the  Erie 
Canal  have  on  New  York  city?  What  plan  was  adopted  for  travel 
and  conveyance  of  freight  across  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ?  In  what 
State  did  the  National  Road  begin  ?  To  what  State  did  it  extend  ? 

In  what  country  did  the  railway  originate  ?  For  what  were  the  first 
railroads  used  ?  On  what  railway  was  the  first  passenger-train  in  the 
United  States  used?  How  were  the  cars  drawn  on  this  road  in  1830? 
Why  did  railroads  work  a  greater  change  in  American  life  than  in  that 
of  any  other  people?  What  country  has  the  most  miles  of  railway? 


276 


STEAMBOAT,  RAILROAD,  AND  TELEGRAPH. 


What  were  the  first  passenger-cars  like  ?  How  do  our  cars  differ 
from  most  of  those  in  other  countries  ?  What  forms  of  the  railway-car 
were  first  used  in  America?  In  what  country  was  the  electric 

telegraph  invented  ?  How  were  messages  sent  in  former  times  ?  How 
do  the  wild  Indians  telegraph  ?  Who  invented  our  present  system  of 
telegraphing  ?  How  long  was  it  after  he  began  to  work  at  it  before  he 
got  a  line  established  ?  Between  what  places  was  his  first  line  set 
up  ?  How  long  would  it  take  for  an  important  event  to  become 

known  in  remote  parts  of  our  great  country  if  we  had  only  the  stage 
coach  and  post-boy  on  horseback  ?  What  were  the  effects  of  railroad 
and  telegraph  on  our  life  ? 

study  by  topics.  I.  The  old  modes  of  travel. 

i.  By  land.      2.  By  water. 
II.  Improvements  in  navigation. 

i.  Swift  ships.      2.  The  steamboat.      3.  The  Erie  CanaL 

III.  Land-travel. 

i.  The  National  Road.      2.  The  railroad. 

IV.  The  telegraph. 

i.  Old  methods  of  signaling.      2.  Morse's  invention, 
V.  Effects  of  the  railroad  and  telegraph  on  our  life. 


MEXICAN    FLAG. 


The   "hard 
times"  of  1837. 


Harrison   elected 
President,  1840. 
His  death. 


CHAPTER    XLVI. 
Annexation  of  Texas.— Beginning  of  the  Mexican  War. 

DURING  the  administration  of  Van  Buren,  vari 
ous  causes  brought  on  severe  financial  distress  in 

1837.    The  "  hard  times" 

were    attributed    by  the 

people  to  the  hostility 
of  Van  Buren  to  the  banks. 

In  1840  General  William 
H.  Harrison  was  nominated 
by  the  Whigs  against  Van 
Buren.  The  canvass  of 
that  year  was  one  of  wild 
excitement.  The  Whigs,  to 


William  Henry  Harrison,  ninth 
President,  was  born  in  Charles  City 
County,  Virginia,  in  1773.  His  father 
was  Benjamin  Harrison,  Governor  of  Vir 
ginia.  He  was  educated  at  Hampden- 
Sidney  College.  He  entered  the  army  an 
ensign  in  1791,  and  was  aide-de-camp  to 
General  Wayne  in  his  campaign  in  Ohio 
(see  page  217).  He  was  afterward  Secre 
tary  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  delegate 
in  Congress,  the  first  Governor  of  Indiana 
Territory,  and  Superintendent  of  Indian 
Affairs.  His  military  life  is  told  in  Chap 
ters  XL  and  XLII  of  this  book.  His 
death  took  place  in  1841. 


ANNEXATION    OF    TEXAS. THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


277 


please  the  popular  feeling  of  the 
time,  boasted  that  their  candi 
date  lived  in  a  log-cabin  and 
drank  hard  cider.  They  drew 
log -cabins  on  wheels  in  their 
processions.  It  is  known  in  the 
history  of  American  politics  as 
the  "  Log-cabin  and  Hard-cider 
Campaign."  Harrison  was  tri 
umphantly  elected,  and  was  in 
augurated  amid  wild  rejoicings. 
But  he  died  in  one  month  after 
the  beginning  of  his  term. 

John  Tyler,  of  Virginia,  who 

had  been  elected  Vice-Pres-  Tyier  President, 
ident    in    the    "  Hard-cider 
Campaign,"    became    Presi 
dent  on  the  death  of   Har- 


WILLIAM    H.     HARRISON. 


John  Tyler,  born  in  Virginia,  1790. 
He  was  a  member  of  Congress  and  Gov 
ernor  of  Virginia.  Died  1862. 


rison.  He  did  not  sympathize  with 
his  party  in  their  views  regarding 
the  bank  question,  and  when  Con 
gress  passed  a  bill  for  its  re-estab 
lishment  he  vetoed  the  measure. 
This  act  brought  on  him  the  an 
ger  of  the  Whigs  and  a  suspicion 
of  bad  faith.  His  whole  adminis 
tration  was  passed  in  dissension 
with  the  party  that  elected  him, 
and  he  left  office  without  honor. 
In  1844  the  Whigs  nominated 
the  eloquent  Henry  Clay  for  Presi 
dent  ;  the  Democrats  nominated 


JOHN    TYLER, 


278 


ANNEXATION    OF    TEXAS. THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


; 


Texas  becomes 
an  independent 
country,  and  is 
annexed  to  the 
United  States. 


Opposition  to  the 
annexation  of 
Texas. 


James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee.  Polk, 
who  advocated  the  annexation  of  Tex 
as,  was  elected. 

The  most  important  event  of  Ty 
ler's  administration  was  the  passage 
of  a  bill  for  the  annexation  of  Texas, 
which  was  accomplished  just  before 
Tyler  gave  up  office  to  Polk.  Texas 
had  been  one  of  the  States  of  the  Re 
public  of  Mexico.  A  large  number  of 
Americans  had  settled  on  grants  of 
land  there.  These  came  into  collision 
with  the  Mexican  government,  which 
was  arbitrary  and  oppressive,  and  an 
armed  revolution  broke  out  in  Texas  in  1835.  Tne 
Texans  were  commanded  by  General  Sam  Houston,  and 
after  several  defeats  achieved  their  independence.  For 
about  ten  years  Texas  was  an  independent  country,  and 
was  treated  as  such  by  several  European  nations  as  well 
as  by  the  United  States.  It  was  annexed  to  the  United 
States  by  treaty,  and  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1845. 
In  territory  it  is  about  the  size  of  France. 

The  annexation  of  Texas  was  strongly  opposed  by 
many  people  in  the  United  States  because  its  laws 
allowed  slavery,  and  it  


JAMES    K.     POLK. 


would  be  an  addition  to 
the  power  of  the  slave- 
holding  States.  Its  annex 
ation  was  also  opposed  by 
many  of  the  Whigs,  who 
feared  a  war  with  Mexico,  for  Mexico  had  never  given 
up  its  hope  of  reconquering  Texas. 


James  K.  Polk,  born  in  Tennessee, 
1795.  He  was  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  at  one  time,  and  was 
nominated  for  the  presidency  in  prefer 
ence  to  Martin  Van  Buren,  because  the 
latter  was  opposed  to  the  immediate  an 
nexation  of  Texas.  Polk  died,  1849. 


ANNEXATION    OF    TEXAS. — THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


279 


There   were   already  other   grounds  of  quarrel  with   Grounds  of  quar 
rel  with  Mexico. 

Mexico.  In  its  violent  revolutions  American  citizens 
had  been  robbed  of  a  great  deal  of  property  by  those 
claiming  authority.  As  one  Mexican  government  quick 
ly  overthrew  another,  the  United  States  tried  in  vain  to 
get  a  payment  of  what  was  due  to  our  citizens.  And 
even  if  Mexico  had  consented  to  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  there  would  have  remained  a  dispute  about  its 
true  boundary.  Our  government  supported  the  claim 
of  Texas,  that  the  Rio  Grande  [ree'-o  grand'-deh]  was 
the  true  border,  while  Mexico  would  not  allow  that 
the  State  of  Texas  extended  farther  to  the  west  than 
the  Nueces  [noo-eth'-ez]  River. 

When   General   Taylor  occupied   this  disputed  terri-  Beginning  of  the 

Mexican  War. 

tory,  in  1846,  the  Mexicans  attacked  his  troops,  and  thus 
hostilities  began. 
With  a  force 
much  inferior  to 
the  Mexicans, 
Taylor  fought 
and  won  the  bat- 
tie  of  Palo  Alto 
[pah'-lo  ahi'-to], 

and  afterward  attacked  and  defeated  them  in  a  strong 
position  at  Resaca  de  la  Palma  [ray-sac'-ah  day  lah 
pal'-mah]. 

These  defeats  drove  the  Mexicans  across  the  Rio  capture  of 
Grande.  In  May  Taylor  crossed  the  river  and  took 
possession  of  the  city  of  Matamoros.  But  the  Mexicans 
showed  no  disposition  to  make  peace.  Having  received 
re-enforcements,  Taylor  marched  on  the  fortified  city  of 
Monterey  [mon-teh-ray'],  which  was  defended  by  more 


Monterey. 


280 


ANNEXATION    OF    TEXAS. THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


Battle  of  Buena 
Vista. 


Character  of  the 
American  troops. 


than  ten  thousand  Mexicans.  Taylor's  force  was  small 
er.  The  place  was  captured  on  the  24th  of  September, 
1846,  after  several  days  of  hard  fighting. 

General  Taylor  now  advanced  farther  into  Mexico, 
but  the  United  States  government  changed  its  plans, 
and  orders  were  sent  to  Taylor  to  detach  all  but  five 
thousand  of  his  troops  tp  the  assistance  of  General 
Scott,  who  was  to  command  in  a  new  campaign,  which 
was  to  be  made  into  Mexico  by  way  of  Vera  Cruz  [vay- 
rah  crooth'].  Thus  weakened,  General  Taylor  took  up 
a  strong  position  at  Buena  Vista  [bway'-nah  vees'-tah], 
where  he  was  attacked  by  twenty  thousand  Mexicans 
under  Santa  Anna.  After  two  days  of  the  most  coura 
geous  fighting,  and  after  running  the  greatest  risk  of  an 
overwhelming  defeat,  the  little  American  army  achieved 
the  most  brilliant  victory  of  the  war. 

By  this  time  the  war  had  shown  the  immense  supe 
riority  of  the  American  troops,  the  most  of  whom  were 
volunteers.  The  Mexicans  often  fought  bravely,  but  the 
frequent  revolutions  and  petty  civil  wars  in  Mexico  had 
demoralized  officers  and  soldiers.  The  arms  of  the  Mexi 
cans  were  also  out  of  date.  The  Americans  of  that  time 
were  brave  and  enterprising,  and  a  little  too  fond  of 
military  glory.  They  fought  with  great  boldness  and 
steadiness,  and  their  early  victories  made  them  expect 
success. 


Questions  for 
study. 


What  happened  in  1837?  Who  was  President  during  the  "hard 
times  of  thirty-seven  "?  To  what  did  the  people  attribute  this  financial 
distress?  Who  was  nominated  against  Van  Buren  in  1840? 

What  was  the  character  of  the  canvass?  What  boast  did  the  Whigs 
make  about  Harrison?  \Vhat  did  they  display  in  their  processions? 
What  was  the  political  campaign  of  1840  called?  Which  was  elected, 
Harrison  or  Van  Buren  ?  How  long  did  Harrison  live  after  his  inaugura- 


ANNEXATION    OF    TEXAS. THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


28 1 


tion  ?  (What  battle  had  Harrison  fought  in  Indiana  ?  What  fort  did 
he  defend  in  Ohio  ?  What  decisive  battle  did  he  fight  in  Canada  ?  See 
pages  251,  252.)  Who  succeeded  to  the  presidency  when  Har 

rison  died  ?  In  what  regard  did 
he  differ  from  the  Whig  party  which 
had  elected  him  ?  What  did  he  do 
when  they  passed  a  bill  to  estab 
lish  the  bank  again  ?  What  did 
the  Whigs  think  of  this  act  ?  How 
was  his  administration  passed  ? 

Who    was    elected    to    succeed 
Tyler  in   1844?  W7hat  was 

the  most  important  measure  of 
Tyler's  administration  ?  To  what 
country  had  Texas  belonged  ? 
How  did  a  revolution  rise  in  Texas 
in  1835  ?  Who  commanded  the 
Texans  ?  What  was  the  result  of 
the  rebellion  in  Texas  ?  How  long 
did  Texas  remain  an  independent 
nation  ?  How  was  it  annexed  to 
the  United  States  in  1845?  How 
does  it  compare  with  France  in 
size  ?  Why  was  the  annex 

ation  of  Texas  opposed  in  the  United  States  ?  What  was  feared 
in  regard  to  Mexico  ?  What  did  Mexico  claim  regarding  Texas  ? 

What  other  cause  for  quarrel  with  Mexico  was  there  ?  WThy  could 
not  the  United  States  get  a  settlement  of  the  claims  of  our  citizens 
against  Mexico  ?  What  dispute  was  there  between  Mexico  and  Texas  ? 
What  did  our  government  claim  as  the  western  border  of  Texas  ?  What 
river  did  the  Mexicans  claim  was  the  border  ?  What  did  General 

Taylor   do    in    1846?      What    battle 
did    he    fight?     What 


strong   posi- 


TEXAS 

265, 780 Square  Miles 


FRANCE 

241, 770 Square  Miles 


tion  did  he  attack  and  carry  ? 
What  effect  did  these  defeats 
have?  What  city  did  Taylor  take 
in  May  ?  On  which  side  of  the  Rio 
Grande  is  Matamoros  ?  What  city 
did  Taylor  now  march  against  ? 
Which  army  had  the  more  troops  ? 
What  was  the  result  of  Taylor's  at 
tack  on  Monterey  ?  What  did  Taylor  do  after  taking  Monterey? 
Why  was  a  great  part  of  Taylor's  troops  taken  away  from  him  ?  What 
battle  did  Taylor  fight  with  five  thousand  men  ?  How  many  Mexicans 


282 


ANNEXATION    OF    TEXAS. THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


were  there  against  him  ?  What  was  the  result  ?  How  did  the 

American  troops  compare  with  the  Mexicans  ?  What  had  demoralized 
the  Mexicans  ?  What  kind  of  arms  did  they  have  ?  What  was  the 

character   of   the    Americans   of    that    time? 

How  did  they  fight? 

I.  Political  events. 

1.  The  effect  of  the  hard  times. 

2.  The  log-cabin  campaign. 

3.  Death  of  Harrison. 

4.  Tyler's  break  with  the  Whigs. 

5.  Folk's  election. 
II.  Texas. 

1.  As  a  Mexican  State. 

2.  As  an  independent  country. 

3.  Its  annexation. 
III.  Mexican  War. 

i.  Causes  of  the  war. 

a.  Mexican  claim  to  Texas. 

b.  Damage   done    to   citizens   of 

the  United  States. 

c.  The  boundary  of  Texas. 


SHOWING    RELATION    BETWEEN    TAYLOR'S    CAMPAIGN 
AND   SCOTT'S. 


Study  by  topics.  2.  Taylor's  invasion  of  Mexico. 

a.  East  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

b.  Matamoros  and  Monterey. 

c.  Buena  Vista. 

IV.  Superiority  of  the  American  soldiers. 

1.  Mexicans  and  their  arms. 

2.  Character  of  the  Americans. 

Geography.  The  pupil  should  be  required  to  describe  the  location  of  Texas  with  reference  to 

Mexico,  to  the  United  States,  to  Louisiana,  and  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Describe  the 
position  of  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  and  Matamoros  to  one  another,  and  to  the 
Rio  Grande.  In  what  direction  is  Monterey  from  Matamoros  ?  Buena  Vista  from 
Monterey  ?  In  what  part  of  Mexico  were  Taylor's  operations  carried  on  ? 

The  teacher  may  draw  an  outline-map  on  the  blackboard  and  the  location  of  each 
battle-field,  without  writing  any  name.  Then  let  the  pupils  in  turn  each  write  the 
name  of  some  battle  opposite  the  mark  of  its  location.  Or  the  pupil  may  be  required 
to  make  outline-maps  on  paper,  as  directed  in  Chapter  II  and  some  others. 


Books. 


Ripley's  "  History  of  the  Mexican  War." 


THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


283 


CHAPTER    XLVII. 

The  Close  of  the   Mexican  War,  and  the  Annexation 
of  New  Territory. 

IT  is  probable  that  the  government  of  the  United 
States  expected   at  first   to  conclude  the  war  after 
one  or  two  battles  by  Taylor  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Rio  Grande.     But  if  the  Mexicans  proved  themselves 
as  soldiers  inferior  to   the  troops  which   marched 
against   them,  they  showed    themselves   stubborn 
in  their  refusal  to  treat  for   peace  after   repeated 
defeats.     Mexico  was  so  filled  with  factions,  and  one 
Mexican  government  was  so  soon  turned  out   by   an 
other,  that  no  government  felt   itself   strong  enough  to  Persistence  of 

.,    .,.  r  ,    .  .,.  the  Mexicans. 

take  the  responsibility  of  making  a  humiliating  peace. 

The  war  had  been  begun  for  the  purpose  of  securing  conquest  of 
Texas,  and  of  enforcing  the  claim  of  Texas  to  the  terri 
tory  east  of  the  Rio  Grande.  But  many  of  the  American 
people  at  that  time  were  eager  for  more  territory,  and 
the  object  of  the  war  was  changed.  Soon  after  the  war 
was  declared,  Colonel  Kearny  was  sent  to  conquer  the 
thinly  settled  northern  portion  of  Mexico  and  Upper 
California.  New  Mexico  was  surrendered  to  the  United 
States  without  resistance  in  August,  1846.  A  civil  gov 
ernment,  subject  to  the  United  States,  was  immediately 
established  there. 

In  California  matters  were  hurried  up  by  the  presence  conquest  of 

California. 

of  an  adventurous  lieutenant,  John  C.  Fremont,  who  was 
at  the  head  of  an  exploring  party.  Under  his  lead  the 
few  American  settlers  there  established  an  independent 
government.  The  United  States  ships  of  war  on  the 


284 


THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


Scott's  expedi 
tion  planned. 


Vera  Cruz  taken. 


Battle  of  Cerro 
Gordo. 


coast  seized  the  California 
ports,  and  the  whole  coun 
try  was  thus  annexed  to  the 
United  States.  It  now  be 
came  the  main  object  with 
the  United  States  to  close 
the  war  in  such  a  way  as 
not  to  surrender  the  great 
territory  thus  acquired. 

When  it  became  evident 
that  General  Taylor's  vic 
tories  in  northern  Mexico 
only  wounded  the  vanity  of 
the  Mexicans  without  sub 
duing  them,  it  was  resolved 
to  land  a  force  at  Vera  Cruz 
and  march  into  the  interior. 
It  was  thought  that  the 
Mexicans  would  readily 
make  peace  when  their  cap 
ital  was  threatened. 

General  Scott,  at  that 
time  commander-in-chief  of 
the  American  armies,  took 
charge  of  this  expedition. 
He  landed  on  the  gth  of 

March,   1847,  and  immediately  laid  siege  to  Vera  Cruz. 
The  city  surrendered  on  the  2/th  of  the  same  month. 

Marching  into  the  interior,  General  Scott  found  the 
Mexican  general,  Santa  Anna,  opposing  him  at  a  strongly 
fortified  position.  On  the  i8th  and  iQth  of  April,  1847, 
Scott  fought  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  [ther'-ro  gor'-do], 


California.— The  name  of  this  State 
while  it  belonged  to  Mexico  was  Alta 
California,  or,  in  English,  Upper  Cali 
fornia  ;  Lower  California  still  remains  a 
part  of  Mexico.  Upper  California  was 
first  visited  by  the  Spaniards  in  1542. 
Sir  Francis  Drake,  the  same  who  took 
Ralegh's  colony  back  to  England  in 
1585,  visited  Upper  California  in  1579, 
calling  it  New  Albion,  which  means  New 
England.  It  was  nearly  two  hundred 
years  later,  in  1769,  when  Catholic  mis 
sionaries  from  Spain  made  the  first  set 
tlement  of  white  people  in  that  country. 
There  were  only  about  ten  thousand 
white  inhabitants  in  the  whole  province 
when  it  was  seized  by  the  United  States 
in  1846.  In  the  summer  of  that  year 
California  settlers  from  the  United 
States  set  up  a  movement  for  independ 
ence,  and  tried  to  establish  a  government, 
known  now  as  "  The  Bear  Flag  Repub 
lic."  They  were  aided  by  Captain  Fre 
mont  (afterward  a  general),  who  was  in 
the  province  as  the  leader  of  an  exploring 
expedition.  United  States  naval  officers 
on  the  coast,  expecting  a  war  between 
the  United  States  and  Mexico,  raised  the 
American  flag  on  shore,  and  after  some 
fighting,  the  province  remained  in  Ameri 
can  hands,  and  was  definitely  annexed 
at  the  close  of  the  Mexican  War.  In  1848 
gold  was  discovered  in  California,  and 
the  next  year  many  thousands  of  people 
from  the  Eastern  States  sailed  around 
Cape  Horn  to  seek  their  fortunes  in  the 
richest  gold-mines  in  the  world.  In 
1849  the  people  formed  a  State  govern 
ment,  and  the  State  was  admitted  to  the 
Union  in  1850.  At  first  its  chief  interest 
was  gold-mining,  but  now  it  is  a  State  of 
very  great  agricultural  resources,  espe 
cially  in  fruit-growing. 


THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


285 


WINFIELD    SCOTT. 


completely  defeating  and  dispers 
ing  the  Mexican  army.  But  the 
more  the  Mexicans  were  defeat 
ed,  the  more  unwilling  were  they 
to  make  peace  with  an  invading 
army. 

One  of  the  most  difficult  under 
takings  that  ever  fell  to  the  lot  of 
an  army  now  became  necessary. 
The  American  army  of  ten  thou 
sand  men  had  advanced  into  the 
very  heart  of  Mexico.  It  had  to 
subsist  on  the  country,  and  to  at 
tack  the  Mexicans,  now  rallying  in  great  numbers,  in  Difficulty  of 

Scott's  march. 

strongly  fortified  positions. 

Arrived   in  the  region  of  the  capital,   General  Scott   Battles  about  the 

capital.     Surren- 

fought  and  won  the  battle  of  Contreras  [con-tray'-ras]  on  der  of  the  city  of 
August  20,  1847,  and  the  battle  of  Churubusco  [choo-roo- 
boos'-co]  on  the  same  day.  After  this  battle  there  was  an 
armistice,  but  attempts  at  negotiation  failed,  and  on  the 
8th  of  September  Scott  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Molino 
del  Rey  [mo-lee'-no  del  ray].  On  the  morning  of  Sep 
tember  1 3th  the  American 
troops  carried  the  fortress 
of  Chapultepec  [chah-pool- 
ta-pec']  by  storm,  going 
over  the  works  with  scal 
ing-ladders  and  fighting  a 
hand-to-hand  battle  within 
the  castle  walls.  The  city 
of  Mexico  was  attacked  at 
the  same  time,  and  the  next 


Winfield  Scott  was  born  in  Peters 
burg,  Va.,  in  1786.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1808.  His  brilliant  services  in  various 
battles  during  the  War  of  1812  had  raised 
him  by  the  close  of  the  war  to  the  rank 
of  major-general.  In  1841  he  became 
general-in-chief  of  the  army.  His  con 
quering  march  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the 
city  of  Mexico  has  been  described  in  the 
text.  He  ran  for  President  in  1852  and 
was  defeated.  When  the  civil  war  be 
gan,  he  was  seventy-five  years  old,  and 
he  was  obliged,  by  his  infirmities,  to 
yield  the  chief  command  to  younger  men. 
He  died  in  1866,  at  the  age  of  eighty. 


286 


THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


Peace  concluded, 
February,  1848. 


Opinions  about 
the  war. 


The  territory 
acquired  from 
Mexico. 


Dispute  about  the 
Oregon  country. 


day  it  was  evacuated  by  the  Mexicans  and  occupied  by 
General  Scott. 

Although  the  Mexicans  had  lost  every  considerable 
battle  from  the  beginning  of  the  war  to  the  conquest  of 
the  capital,  their  national  pride  made  them  very  loath  to 
make  peace.  In  February,  1848,  nearly  five  months  after 
the  capture  of  the  capital,  a  peace  was  signed,  by  which 
all  the  territory  of  New  Mexico,  as  then  constituted,  and 
Upper  California  became  United  States  territory.  Our 
government,  however,  agreed  to  pay  fifteen  million  dol 
lars  to  Mexico,  and  to  pay  the  claims  of  our  own  citizens 
against  Mexico. 

There  has  always  been  a  difference  of  opinion  in  the 
United  States  about  the  Mexican  War.  Even  at  the 
present  time  opinions  are  divided  as  to  whether  it  might 
not  have  been  wisely  avoided.  It  cost  us  the  lives  of 
thousands  of  brave  men  who  fell  in  fighting  on  a  for 
eign  soil,  or  perished  by  the  heat  of  the  climate  and  the 
diseases  of  the  country,  and  it  caused  much  misery  to  in 
nocent  people  in  Mexico.  No  doubt,  the  ignorance  and 
prejudice  prevailing  in  Mexico  at  that  time,  and  the  fre 
quent  overthrow  of  one  government  and  the  setting  up 
of  another,  made  it  difficult  to  treat  with  that  country 
without  war. 

The  territory  acquired  from  Mexico,  first  and  last,  was 
larger  than  the  United  States  at  the  close  of  the  Revolu 
tionary  War.  It  comprised  all  the  territory  now  included 
in  Texas,  California,  Nevada,  Arizona,  Utah,  the  greater 
part  of  Colorado,  -and  a  part  of  Wyoming. 

When  the  Mexican  War  broke  out,  we  were  engaged 
in  a  dispute  with  England  about  our  claim  to  the  country 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  north  of  California.  This 


THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


287 


had  been  settled  in  1846  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  us  what 
is  now  the  State  of  Oregon  and  the  Territory  of  Washing 
ton.  Our  claim  to  this  country  was  chiefly  founded  on 
the  discoveries  made  there  by  a  Boston  sea-captain  in 
1792,  and  by  an  expedition  sent  out  by  President  Jeffer 
son  in  1804. 

After  the  admission  of  Missouri  in  1821,  no  new  States  Admission  of 

Arkansas,  1836  ; 

were  taken  into  the  Union  for  fifteen  years.     Arkansas   Michigan,  1837 
was  admitted  as  a  slave  State  in  1836,  and  was  balanced   Texas,*  18^5 ; 
by  Michigan,  which  came  in  as  a  free  State  in  the  follow-  ^V^5  ™ 
ing  year.     Two  States  in  the  extreme  South  were  admit-  fornia> 1848. 
ted  in  1845 — Florida,  which  we  had  acquired  from  Spain 
(page  264),  and  Texas,  which  had  been  a  part  of  Mexico 
and    then  an  independent  republic  (page   278).      But  in 
1846  Iowa  was  admitted,  and  in  1848  the  extreme  north 
ern    State   of   Wisconsin.      In    1848    Congress    admitted 
California,  the  first  State  on  the  Pacific  coast,  which  was 
then  like  a  new  world  to  Americans. 


SCOTT'S    CAMPAIGN    FROM    VERA    CRUZ    TO   THE    CITY    OF    MEXICO. 


What  did  our  government  expect  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  with    Questions  for 
Mexico  ?     Why  was  Mexico  stubborn  in  its  refusal  to  treat  for  peace  ?   study 

For  what  objects  had  the  war  been  begun  ?  How  did  many  of  our 
people  feel  at  that  time  about  the  acquisition  of  new  territory  ?  What  was 
Colonel  Kearny  sent  to  do  ?  What  were  the  northern  parts  of  Mexico 
as  it  then  existed  called  ?  When  New  Mexico  surrendered  to  the 

United  States  in  1846,  what  was  done  about  its  government  ?  What 

hurried  up  the  conquest  of  California  ?     What  was  Fremont  doing  there  ? 
20 


288 


THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


What  did  the  American  settlers  there  do?  What  part  did  United 
States  ships  of  war  take  in  the  conquest?  What  now  became  the  main 
object  of  the  war?  What  new  expedition  against  Mexico  was 

planned  ?      What   was   it    expected   to  accomplish  ?  \Vho  took 

charge  of  this  new  expedition  ?  Where  did  Scott  land  ?  In  what 
year  ?  What  month  ?  What  city  did  he  besiege  ?  With  what  result  ? 
What  Mexican  general  did  he  find  opposing  him  when  he  marched  into 
the  interior  ?  WThat  battle  did  he  fight  ?  What  was  the  result  to  the 
Mexican  army  ?  How  did  this  affect  the  Mexicans  as  to  peace  ? 
What  kind  of  a  task  was  now  before  the  soldiers  under  Scott  ?  Why 
was  the  undertaking  difficult  ?  What  two  battles  were  fought  on 

the  2oth  of  August,  1847?  How  did  attempts  to  treat  for  peace  after 
these  battles  result  ?  What  is  the  name  of  the  battle  fought  on  the  8th 
of  September?  What  fortress  was  carried  by  storm  on  the  I3th  of  Sep 
tember  ?  What  now  befell  the  capital  of  Mexico  ?  Had  the  Mexi 
cans  won  any  battle  ?  What  made  them  loath  to  conclude  a  treaty  of 
peace  ?  How  long  was  it  after  the  city  of  Mexico  was  captured  when  the 
Mexicans  consented  to  make  peace  ?  What  provinces  were  ceded  to  the 
United  States  ?  How  much  money  did  our  government  agree  to  pay  to 

Mexico  ?  How  did 

the  most  of  the  Whigs 
feel  about  the  Mexican 
War?  Why  did  anti- 


MAP  SHOWING 

Territory  Acquired  from  Mexico 


slavery  men  oppose 
it  ?  What  opinions 
are  held  about  it  to 
day  ?  What 
is  said  of  the 
amount  of  territory 

received  from  Mexico?     What  States  and  Territories  have  been  made 
from  it  ?  On  what  was  our  claim  to  the  country  now  included  in 

Oregon  and  Washington  Territory  founded  ?     Writh  what  country  did  the 


THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


289 


United  States  have  a  dispute  about  it?  How  was  it  settled  in  1846? 
What  new  slave  State  was  admitted  in  1836?  What  free  State  in  the 
next  year?  WThat  two  extreme  Southern  States  were  admitted  in  1845? 
What  two  Northern  States  were  admitted  in  1846  and  1848?  What 
extreme  Western  State  came  into  the  Union  ? 


II, 


III. 


IV. 
V. 


VI. 


Object  of  the  war  changed. 

1.  Stubborn  resistance  of  the  Mexicans. 

2.  Factious  divisions  of  the  Mexicans. 

3.  Desire  for  new  territory. 
Conquest  of  the  northern  provinces. 

1.  New  Mexico. 

2.  California. 

3.  Desire  to  retain  this  territory, 
General  Scott's  campaign. 

1.  Its  plan. 

2.  Capture  of  Vera  Cruz. 

3.  Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo. 

4.  Battles  near  the  city  of  Mexico. 

a.  Contreras  and  Churubusco.     b.  The  armistice, 
lino  del  Rey.     d.  Occupation  of  the  capital. 
The  peace.     February,  1848. 
Differences  of  opinion  about  the  war. 

1 .  The  opposition  of  the  Whigs  at  the  beginning. 

2.  The  opposition  of 
anti-slavery  men. 

3.  Losses     by     the 
war. 

4.  Difficulty  of  deal 
ing  with  Mexico 
without  a  war. 

New     territory      and 

new  States, 
i .  The  territory  an 
nexed  from  Mex- 


Study  by  topics. 


c.  Mo- 


2. 


ICO. 

The      Oregon 
country. 
3.  New  States. 


. 

of  this  map  represe 
R  I  T  0  R  Y       son  Country  acquired  by  discov- 


SCALE   OF   MILES 
0        50        100 


Sac! 


The  location  of  the  several  battles  of  Scott's  expedition  may  be  learned  in  the  way    Geography, 
used  for  those  of  Taylor's  campaign  in  the  previous  chapter.     Describe  the  location  of 
the  territory  acquired  from  Mexico  and  its  present  division  into  States  and  Territo 
ries.     What  great  river  borders  Arkansas  on  the  east  ?    What  State  north  of  it  ? 


2QO 


THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


What  State  south  of  it  ?  What  lakes  border  Michigan  ?  By  what  waters  is  Florida 
bounded  ?  How  does  it  compare  with  other  States  in  the  matter  of  sea-coast  ?  What 
great  river  is  on  the  east  of  Iowa  ?  What  on  the  west  ?  What  State  between  Iowa 
and  Arkansas  ?  Between  what  river  and  lake  is  Wisconsin  ?  Where  is  California  ? 


SIXTH    REVIEW.— FROM    THE    BEGINNING    OF   THE    WAR 
OF    1812   TO    THE    CLOSE    OF  THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 

Chapters   XL  to   XLVII. 

f  Impressment  of  sailors. 

Events   preceding  the    |    Decrees  against  our  trade, 
second      war      with  -j    The  embargo  of  1807. 
England.  (XL.)    |    The  election  of  Madison. 

War  with  Tecumseh. 


Beginning  of  the  war. 
(XL  and  XLI.) 


f  Declaration  of  war. 
j    Fall  of  Mackinaw  and  Detroit. 
General  failure  of  American  armies. 


The   successes   of  the    (   Naval  victories  at  sea. 


navy. 


(XLI.)    (   Naval  victories  on  the  lakes. 


f  Harrison  put  in  command. 
War  in  the  Northwest.    I    Defeat  on  river  Raisin. 

(XLII.)    I    Fort  Meigs  and  Fort  Stephenson. 
Battle  of  the  Thames. 


Campaigns       at      the 
North  and  East. 

(XLII.) 

Jackson's  campaign  at 
the  South.      (XLII.) 

The  peace.     (XLII.) 

First    ten    States    ad 
mitted.          (XLIII.) 


The  Missouri  Compro- 
mise.  (XLIII.) 


Failure  of  attempts  to  invade  Canada. 
English  invasion  by  Lake  Champlain. 
Battle  of  Bladensburg  :  burning  of  Washington. 

War  with  the  Creeks. 
Jackson  invades  Florida. 
Battle  of  New  Orleans. 


Five  States  admitted  before  the  War  of  1812. 
Five  States  admitted  between  the  war  and  the 
Missouri  Compromise. 

Abolition  of  the  slave-trade,  1808. 
Gradual  abolition  of  slavery  at  the  North. 
Missouri  raises  a  new  question. 
Admission  of  Missouri,  1821. 


REVIEW. — WAR    OF    l8l2    TO    MEXICAN    WAR. 
The  incr  ase  of  population  to  i82c.     (XLIII.) 


Presi 


(  Decline  of  parties. 

iclency  of  Monroe.        ...       .  r  ,.,,     .  , 

•i    Purchase  ol  r  lorida. 


(XLIV.)    ,    „.      ,. 

The  Monroe  doctrine. 


Character  and  administration  of  John  Ouincy  Adams.     (XLIV.) 

Jackson's  presidency,      j    Jackson's  election  and  character. 
(XLIV.)    (    Traits  of  his  administration. 

New  parties  formed.       j    Differences  between  the  Whigs  and  Democrats. 
(XLIV.)    (   Their  leaders. 

Presidency  of  Martin  Van  Buren.     (XLIV.) 

Swift  ships. 

i    Steamboats. 
New  modes  of  travel.       |     _ 

.  -\    Canals. 

The  National  Road. 
^  Railroads. 

The  telegraph    CXLV  )    ^    Morse's  invention. 

|   Effect  of  the  railroad  and  telegraph  on  life. 

.1T,  .        f  Political  effects  of  the  hard  times. 
Struggles  of  the  V,  h,gs  j    Elect;on  ^  dea(h  Qf  Harrison> 

and  Democrats.  X    _  .     ,  .  , 

(XLVI.)  '    y    s  Presidency- 


Annexation  of  Texas,     j    Its  history. 

(XLVI.)    (   Admitted  to  the  Union. 

(   Causes  of  the  war. 
Taylor's  campaign. 


Scott  s  campaign. 
The  peace. 


f  Mexicans  and  their  arms. 


Traits  of  the  war. 

(XLVI  and  XLVII.)    ]  Character  of  American  troops. 

[_  Opposition  to  the  war. 

f  The  territory  taken  from  Mexico. 
New  territory  and  new 

States.       '(XLVII.)  1  ^he  °reS°n  Temtory. 

New  States. 


2Q2  THE    QUESTION    OF    SLAVERY    IN    POLITICS. 

CHAPTER    XLVIII. 
The  Question  of  Slavery  in   Politics. 

The  annexation  THE  annexation  of  Texas  opened  a  new   chapter  in 

of  Texas  sets  in 

motion  a  chain      our  history.     It  brought  on  the    Mexican   War.      That 

of  events  that 

end  in  the  civil      brought  a  large  addition  to  our  territory.     It  was  neces- 


war. 


sary  to  settle  the  question  of  slavery  in  the  annexed  ter 
ritory,  and  this  opened  the  slavery  question  anew.  Both 
of  the  old  parties  were  after  a  while  split  asunder  by  the 
debate,  and  the  question  of  slavery  or  no  slavery  in  the 
Territories  became  the  leading  issue  in  our  politics.  In 
sixteen  years  from  the  annexation  of  Texas,  this  chain  of 
causes  had  plunged  the  country  into  the  most  tremen 
dous  civil  war  in  the  history  of  the  world.  In  just 
twenty  years  the  war  had  ended  in  the  entire  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  United  States.  Thus,  the  annexation 
of  Texas  brought  about  unforeseen  results,  and  changed 
the  history  of  the  continent. 
Anti-siavery  agi-  After  the  Missouri  Compromise  in  1820  (page  260),  it 

tation  opposed. 

had  been  an  accepted  maxim  in  our  politics  that  the 
slavery  discussion  should  not  be  reopened.  The  anti- 
slavery  men  who  persisted  in  agitating  the  question  were 
thought  unpatriotic.  They  were  severely  persecuted 
even  by  Northern  people,  who  feared  that  their  agi 
tation  of  the  subject  might  destroy  the  Union  of  the 
States. 
The  wiimot  But,  when  the  arrangement  made  by  the  Missouri 

Proviso. 

Compromise  was  once  disturbed  by  annexing  Texas  and 
other  Mexican  territory,  the  political  struggle  between 
the  free  and  slave  States  began  anew.  In  1846,  during 
the  Mexican  War,  a  bill  was  introduced  in  Congress 


THE    QUESTION    OF    SLAVERY    IN    POLITICS. 


293 


oking  to  a  peace  with  Mexico,  to  be  made  by  a  pur 
chase  of  territory.     Mr.  Wilmot,  of  Pennsylvania,  moved 
to  add   a  proviso  that  slavery  should  never  exist  in  the 
territory    thus    acquired.      This    was 
known    as    "  the    Wilmot     Proviso." 
The  proviso  was  finally  rejected,  but 
it  opened  the  question  of  freedom  or 
slavery  in    the    new    territory  before 
the  Mexican  War  was  ended. 

The  first  effect  of  the  excitement 
was  to  render  certain  the  defeat  of 
the  Democratic  party  in  the  election 
of  1848.  A  large  number  of  Demo 
crats  and  a  smaller  number  of  Whigs 
seceded  from  the  old  parties  and 
formed  the  Free-Soil  party,  which 
desired  to  shut  slavery  out  of  the 
Territories.  The  Democrats  nominated  General  Cass ; 
the  Whigs  nominated  General  Zachary  Taylor,  the  hero  Election  and 

death  of  Presi- 

of  Buena  Vista,  for  President.     The  Free-Soilers  nomi-  dent  Taylor. 

Fillmore  suc 
ceeds  to  the 


ZACHARY    TAYLOR. 


Zachary  Taylor.— General  Taylor 
was  the  twelfth  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  of  these  first  twelve  Presi 
dents  seven  were  born  in  Virginia,  which 
got  the  name  of  "  the  Mother  of  Presi 
dents"  from  that  fact.  Zachary  Taylor 
was  born  in  Virginia  in  1784,  but  he  was 
carried  to  Kentucky  in  his  infancy.  He 
got  a  commission  in  the  army  when  he 
was  twenty-four  years  old.  He  gained 
his  first  distinction  by  his  gallant  defense 
of  Fort  Harrison  in  the  war  against  Te- 
cumseh's  Indians.  (Chapter  XL.)  In 
a  war  waged  against  the  Seminole  Indians 
in  Florida  he  defeated  the  savages  in  a 
severe  battle  at  Okeechobee.  His  fame 
rests  on  his  achievements  in  the  Mexican 
War,  which  we  have  related  in  Chap 
ter  XLVI. 


nated  ex-President  Martin 
Van  Buren.  Taylor  was 
elected.  After  serving  for 
a  year  and  four  months, 
President  Taylor  died,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Millard 
Fillmore,  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

But  while  the  country 
was  excited  over  the  presi 
dential  election,  an  event 
took  place  in  the  newly  an- 


Presidency- 


Discovery  of  gold 

in  California. 


Millard  Fillmore,  born  in  New  York, 

l8oo.    He  secured  his  education  with 

difficul<V.  and  rose  to  Prominence  in  his 
profession.  In  his  own  btate  he  secured 
the  passage  of  a  law  abolishing  imprison 
ment  for  debt.  Died  1874. 


THE    QUESTION    OF    SLAVERY    IN    POLITICS. 

nexed  Territory  of  California  that  gave  new  violence  to 
the  slavery  debate.  Particles  of  gold  were  discovered 
in  the  Sacramento  River  in  California  in  1848.  The 
California  mines  proved  to  be  the  richest  in  the  world. 
A  great  rush  of  people  to 
the  new  Territory  set  in. 
Ships  loaded  with  passen 
gers  sailed  around  Cape 
Horn,  and  trains  of  ox-carts 
went  across  the  plains,  then  occupied  only  by  Indians. 
In  1849  the  people  of  California  set  up  a  State  governr 
ment  without  authority  from  Congress,  and  asked  to  be 
immediately  admitted  to  the  Union.  As  part  of  the  new 
State  was  south  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  line,  and  as 
its  Constitution  forbade  slavery,  the  slave  States  were 
opposed  to  this  addition  to  the  number  of  free  States. 

Fugitive   slaves 

and  the  slave-  Meantime  the  growing  anti-slavery  sentiment  at  the 

trade  in  the  Dis 
trict  of  Columbia.    North   made  it  harder  to    reclaim    runaway   slaves,    who 

escaped  in  large  number  to  the 
free  States.  The  Southern  States 
|-  complained  of  this  as  a  violation 
of  the  Constitution,  which  provided 
that  all  such  fugitives  should  be 
sent  back.  The  Northern  States 
complained  that  the  public  traffic 
in  slaves  in  the  city  of  Washington 
was  highly  improper  in  the  capital 
of  a  free  country. 

The  veteran  statesman  Henry 
Clay  had  always  been  a  skillful  com 
promiser  of  difficulties.  He  now  ar 
ranged  and  carried,  with  the  help  of 


THE    QUESTION    OF    SLAVERY    IN    POLITICS. 


295 


Webster    and    others,   the    measures   which    have    since  The  compromise 
been   known  as   "  The    Compromise  of    1850."     By   this 
compromise    slavery    was   to    be    continued   in   the    Dis 
trict  of  Columbia,  but  the  buying  and 
selling  of  slaves  there  was  to  be  abol 
ished.      At  the  same  time  a  new  and 
severe  law   was   made   for   the  return 
of  fugitive  slaves,  which  was  no  longer 
left    to    the    States,    but    intrusted    to 
United  States  officers.     California  was 
admitted    as    a    free    State,   and    New 
Mexico  organized  as  a  Territory  with 
out   slavery.      The    leading    statesmen 
of    the    country    imagined    that    these 
measures,    which    gave    something    to 
each   side,    would    forever   put   to   rest    this   dangerous 
question. 

There  was  indeed  a  lull  in  the  excitement.     The  little  Election  of 
Free-Soil  party,  which  had   helped  to  defeat  the  Demo 
crats  in  1848,  cast  fewer  votes  in   1852  for  its  candidate, 
John   P.  Hale,  than  it  had  cast  for  Van  Buren  in   1848. 

The  Whigs  nominated  Gen 
eral  Winfield  Scott,  the 
conqueror  of  the  city  of 
Mexico,  but  divisions  on  the 
slavery  question  had  broken 
the  power  of  that  party, 


FRANKLIN    PIERCE. 


Franklin  Pierce. 


Franklin  Pierce,  fourteenth  Presi 
dent,  born  in  New  Hampshire,  1804.  He 
was  a  lawyer,  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  a  United  States 
senator.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  War 
as  brigadier-general  under  Scott.  He 
was  a  man  of  correct  life,  but  of  mediocre 
ability.  Died  1869. 


and    Franklin    Pierce,    of    New    Hampshire,    the    Demo 
cratic  candidate,  was  elected  by  a  large  majority. 

The  Compromise  of  1850  did  not  prove  to  be,  what  its  opposition  to  the 

fugitive-slave 

promoters  called  it,  "  a  finality  " ;  that  is,  an  end  of  the  law. 
debate.     The  fugitive-slave  law  exasperated  the   North- 


296 


THE    QUESTION    OF    SLAVERY    IN    POLITICS. 


Effect  of  "  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin." 


Dissatisfaction 
at  the  South. 


Efforts  to  secure 
new  territory  at 
the  South.  The 
filibusters. 


Questions  for 
study. 


ern  people.  Every  negro  claimed  under  it  excited  the 
sympathy  of  the  people  and  awakened  opposition. 

The  anti-slavery  sentiment  at  the  North  was  quick 
ened  and  diffused  at  this  time  by  the  publication  of  the 
novel  entitled  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  It  was  calcu 
lated  to  excite  sympathy  for  slaves,  and  it  at  once 
reached  a  circulation  that  has  hardly  an  equal  in  the 
history  of  literature. 

The  South  was  equally  dissatisfied.  The  violent  cen 
sures  of  anti-slavery  speakers  and  writers  excited  bit 
ter  feelings.  It  soon  became  evident  also  that  about 
all  of  the  territory  remaining  to  be  admitted  into  the 
Union  would,  in  the  nature  of  things,  come  in  as  free 
States.  It  was  seen  that  this  would  put  the  slave  States 
in  the  minority,  and  destroy  what  was  called  "  the  bal 
ance  of  power "  between  the  two  sections. 

Attempts  were  therefore  made  to  purchase  the  Isl 
and  of  Cuba,  in  order  to  make  new  States  from  it.  But 
Spain  refused  to  sell  Cuba.  The  desire  of  our  people 
for  new  territory  had  been  greatly  inflamed  by  their 
recent  acquisitions,  and  threats  were  made  to  seize  Cuba 
by  force.  Expeditions  were  secretly  fitted  out  in  the 
United  States  to  promote  insurrections  in  the  island, 
but  they  came  to  nothing.  Several  attempts  were  made 
by  "  filibusters  "  to  seize  territory  from  the  weak  states 
in  Central  America.  These  were  continued  until  1860, 
when  the  chief  filibuster,  William  Walker,  was  captured 
and  executed  by  Central  American  authorities. 


What  war  immediately  followed  the  annexation  of  Texas  ?  How  did 
the  Mexican  War  lead  to  the  reopening  of  the  controversy  about  slavery  ? 
How  did  this  bring  about  at  last  a  great  change  in  the  history  of  Amer 
ica  ?  How  did  the  people  of  this  country  feel  about  the  slavery 


THE    QUESTION    OF    SLAVERY    IN    POLITICS. 

question  after  the  adoption  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  in  1820?  How 
were  the  anti-slavery  men  regarded  ?  Why  was  the  discussion  of  the 
subject  thought  to  be  unpatriotic  ?  What  disturbed  the  arrange 

ment  made  by  the  Missouri  Compromise  ?  What  was  "  the  Wilmot  Pro 
viso  "  ?  Was  it  introduced  before  or  after  the  close  of  the  Mexican  War  ? 
Was  it  adopted  or  rejected  ?  What  effect  did  it  have  ?  How  was 

the  Free-Soil  party  formed?  What  did  the  Free-Soilers  wish  to  do? 
Who  was  nominated  by  the  Democrats  in  1848  ?  Who  by  the  WThigs  ? 
WTho  by  the  Free-Soilers  ?  What  was  the  result  ?  What  had  brought 
General  Taylor  into  fame?  How  long  was  he  President?  Who  suc 
ceeded  him  ?  What  happened  in  California  during  the  presi 
dential  canvass  of  1848?  What  followed  this  discovery?  How  did  emi 
grants  get  to  California  in  that  day  ?  What  did  the  people  do  for  gov 
ernment?  Why  were  the  people  of  the  Southern  States  opposed  to 
the  admission  of  California  as  a  free  State  ?  W7hat  complaint 
did  the  Southern  people  make  against  the  Northern  States  ?  What 
did  the  Constitution  provide  in  this  regard  ?  What  did  the  North 
ern  people  complain  of  ?  Who  arranged  the  Compromise  of 
1850?  What  provisions  were  made  by  this  compromise  in  regard  to 
slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia  ?  What  was  done  about  the  sale 
of  slaves  there  ?  WThat  was  done  about  fugitive  slaves  ?  What  did 
the  leading  statesmen  of  the  country  imagine  in  regard  to  these  meas 
ures  ?  What  was  the  first  effect  of  the  compromise  ?  What 
three  candidates  ran  for  President  in  1852?  For  what  was  Scott  cele 
brated  ?  Mention  some  of  his  battles  (see  preceding  chapter).  Which 
candidate  was  elected  ?  Which  of  the  compromise  measures  of 
1850  excited  ill  feeling  at  the  North?  Why?  What  book 
published  at  this  time  increased  the  anti-slavery  feeling  ?  W7hat  is 
said  of  the  popularity  of  this  book  ?  Why  was  the  South  dissatis 
fied  ?  What  attempt  to  purchase  new  territory  was  made  ? 
With  what  success  ?  What  is  said  of  filibustering  expeditions  ?  What 
was  the  fate  of  William  Walker  ? 

I.  From  the  annexation  to  the  civil  war.  study  by  topics 

1.  Admission  of  Texas  led  to 

2.  Mexican  War  led  to 

3.  Acquisition  of  new  territory  led  to 

4.  New  slavery  agitation  led  to 

5.  Civil  war. 

II.  The  slavery  agitation. 

1.  The  Wilmot  Proviso. 

2.  The  admission  of  California. 

3.  The  Compromise  of  1850. 

4.  Return  of  fugitive  slaves. 


298 


THE    QUESTION    OF    SLAVERY    IN    POLITICS. 


Geography. 


5.  Effect  of  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin." 

6.  Attempts  to  restore  the  balance  of  power. 

a.  By  the  purchase  of  Cuba. 

b.  By  filibustering  expeditions. 

In  what  direction  is  the  Island  of  Cuba  from  the  United  States  ?  Which  one  of 
our  States  lies  nearest  to  Cuba  ?  What  country  lies  between  the  United  States  and 
Central  America  ? 


Decay  of  the 
Whig  party 


The  American,  or 

Know-Nothing, 

party. 


STEPHEN    A.     DOUGLAS. 


The  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Bill. 


CHAPTER    XLIX. 
Break-up  of  Old   Parties.— Approach  of  the  Civil  Wan 

THE  Whig  party  was  passing  into  decrepitude.  The 
measures  it  had  advocated — the  United  States  Bank,  the 
tariff,  and  internal  improvements — were  no  longer  of  the 
highest  importance  in  the  eyes  of  the  people. 

The  Whigs  had  been  badly  beaten  in  1852.  Those 
opposed  to  the  Democratic  party  felt  obliged  to  take 
new  ground.  A  party  was  founded  in  1853,  which  pro 
posed  to  keep  foreigners  out  of  office  and  to  make  them 
wait  a  longer  term  before  becoming  citizens.  This  new 
party  was  the  "  American  party."  Its  members  were 
organized  in  secret  lodges,  and  it  carried  many  elec 
tions  by  surprise.  To  all  questions  about  its  doings 
the  members  of  this  order  answered,  "  I  don't  know." 
From  this  arose  the  name  "  Know-Nothing,"  which  was 
commonly  applied  to  the  party.  It  spread  rapidly 
for  two  or  three  years,  but  died  as  quickly  as  it  had 
come  into  life,  for  the  slavery  question  took  a  new 
form,  which  left  no  room  for  any  other  debate. 

This  new  form  was  brought  about  by  the  bill  organ 
izing  the  Territories  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  introduced 
in  1854  by  Senator  Douglas,  of  Illinois.  This  bill  re 
pealed  the  Missouri  Compromise,  which  had  been  adopt- 


APPROACH    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


299 


ed  in  1820.  By  that  compromise  slavery  had  been  for 
bidden  in  all  new  territory  north  of  latitude  thirty-six 
degrees  and  a  half.  Kansas  and  Nebraska  were  on  the 

o 

north  side  of  this  line.  The  "  Nebraska  Bill,"  as  it  was 
called,  repealed  this  restriction,  and  left  it  for  the  settlers 
invthe  new  territory  to  decide  the  question  of  slavery  for 
themselves.  This  was  called  "  Squatter  Sovereignty  "  in 
the  discussions  of  the  time. 

The    excitement    over    the    repeal    of    the    Missouri  Formation  of  the 

Free-Soil  and 

Compromise   exceeded    any   ever   before   known  in  this  then  of  the  Re 
publican  party. 
country.     Many  people  in  the  North  regarded  it  as  an 

act  of  bad  faith.  People  in  the  South  claimed  that  they 
had  an  equal  right  with  free-state  people  to  take  their 
property  of  every  kind  to  the  new  Territories.  Both 
sides  became  exceedingly  violent.  As  President  Pierce 
favored  the  Nebraska  Bill,  those  Whigs  who  took  the 
same  side  generally  went  over  to  the  Democratic  party, 
while  those  opposed  to  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Com 
promise,  whether  Whigs  or  Democrats,  united,  and, 
with  the  old  Free-Soil  party,  formed  an  "  Anti-Nebraska 
party."  This  presently  took  the  name  "  Republican," 
but  it  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  old  Republican 
party  of  the  days  of  Jefferson. 

Meantime   the   great  struggle  between  the  two  sec-  violent  collisions 

.  in  Kansas. 

tions  had  been  transferred  to  the  new  I  erntory  01 
Kansas.  This  lay  directly  west  of  Missouri,  and  a 
strong  effort  was  made  to  secure  it,  both  by  the  North 
and  the  South.  Emigrants  poured  in'  from  both  sides 
of  the  line  between  the  free  and  the  slave  States. 
Societies  were  formed  at  the  North  to  promote  emi 
gration,  and  in  Missouri  to  keep  emigrants  from  the 
free  States  away.  Many  free-state  men  were  stopped 


300 


APPROACH    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


and  turned  back  on  the  Missouri  River.  The  free- 
state  people  and  the  slave-state  people  now  came  into 
collision  on  the  Kansas  prairies.  Men  from  Missouri 
assisted  the  Southern  party.  Rival  governments  were 
formed.  Kansas  soon  became  the  scene  of  a  violent 
struggle.  Midnight  assassinations  and  mobs  were  com 
mon,  and  something  like  open  war  broke  out  from 
time  to  time.  The  men  from  the  Northern  States  soon 
had  a  majority,  and  asked  admission  to  the  Union.  The 
bloody  feud  in  Kansas  by  this  time  produced  the  great 
est  excitement  in  Congress  and  convulsed  the  whole 
country. 
Buchanan  elected  While  the  people  were  in  this  state  of  passionate 

President,   1856. 

excitement  about  the  struggle  in  Kansas,  the  presidential 
canvass  of  1856  came  on.  The  Democrats  nominated 
James  Buchanan,  of  Penn- 


James  Buchanan,  fifteenth  Presi 
dent,  born  in  Pennsylvania,  1791.  He 
was  a  successful  lawyer,  a  member  of 
Congress,  United  States  minister  to 
Russia,  member  of  the  Senate,  and  Sec- 


sylvania ;  the  new  Repub 
lican  party  nominated  John 
C.  Fremont,  who  had  be- 

1  J        •  I    retary  of  State  in  the  Cabinet  of  Presi- 

come    known    as   a    daring    j  dent  Polk.  He  was  minister  to  England 

explorer       in        the       Western      |    during  the  administration  of  Pierce.     In 

1854  he  was  one  of  the  signers  of  a  docu- 

and     Who    had    taken          ment  known  as  the  u  Ostend  Manifesto," 

by  which  three  foreign  ambassadors  of 
the  United  States  assembled  at  Ostend, 
in  Belgium,  advised  their  government 
to  seize  the  Island  of  Cuba  by  force,  if  it 


part  in  the  conquest  of 
California.  The  American, 
or  Know-nothing,  party-  i868 


could  not  be  purchased  from  Spain.  Died 

nominated  ex-President  Mil- 
lard  Fillmore.  Buchanan,  the  Democratic  candidate, 
was  elected.  Fillmore  got  but  eight  electoral  votes, 
Fremont  one  hundred  and  fourteen,  and  Buchanan  one 
hundred  and  seventy-four.  The  election  showed  that 
the  people  were  interested  in  nothing  but  the  settle 
ment  of  the  slavery  question.  No  presidential  elec- 


APPROACH    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


301 


tion  had    ever  before    turned  wholly  or  chiefly  on  this 
question. 

The   Supreme    Court   of   the    United   States  now  at-  The  Dred  scott 

decision. 

tempted  to  settle  the  question  of  slavery  in  the  Terri 
tories,  and  thus  take  it  out  of  poli 
tics.  In  the  spring  of  1857,  in  the 
case  of  a  negro  named  Dred  Scott, 
who  sued  for  his  freedom  on  the 
ground  that  his  master  had  taken 
him  to  a  free  State,  the  Supreme 
Court  decided  that  the  African 
whose  ancestors  had  been  slaves  had 
no  rights  under  the  Constitution,  and 
that  Congress  had  no  power  to  for 
bid  slavery  in  the  Territories.  So, 
far  from  settling  the  question,  this 
decision  proved  to  be  oil  on  the  fire. 
The  North  now  feared  that  slavery  would  be  made 
national  by  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

In  1859  J°nn  Brown,  who  had  borne  a  conspicuous  John  Brown's 
part  as  a  free-state  man  in  the  murderous  feuds  of  the 
Kansas  struggle,  seized  the  United  States  armory  at 
Harper's  Ferry,  in  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  under 
took  to  liberate  the  slaves.  As  he  had  but  eighteen  men 
under  his  command,  he  was  soon  overcome.  He  was 
tried  and  executed,  but  this  raid  alarmed  the  South  more 
than  the  Dred  Scott  decision  had  the  North.  People 
at  the  South  began  to  fear  that  the  Northern  people 
were  trying  to  arm  the  slaves  for  the  murder  of  their 
masters. 

The    excitement    over    the    subject    of    slavery   had  Lincoln  elected 

President,  1860. 

already   divided   into    two    parts    nearly   all    the   great 


JAMES    BUCHANAN. 


302 


APPROACH    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


religious  denominations,  and  had  destroyed  the  Whig 
party.  In  1860  it  divided  the  Democratic  party. 
The  majority  in  the  convention  of  the  party  nominated 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  the  author  of  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Bill.  The  Democrats  who  adhered  most 
strongly  to  the  South  put  forward  John  C.  Breckin- 
ridge,  of  Kentucky.  The  Republicans  nominated  Abra 
ham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois.  The  Constitutional  Union 
party,  as  it  was  called,  which  desired  to  make  peace 
between  the  angry  sections,  nominated  John  Bell,  of 
Tennessee.  Lincoln  was  elected.  We  have  now  reached 
the  point  where  the  angry  debate  between  the  North 
and  the  South  was  at  last  about  to  break  into  a  long 
and  terrible  war. 

One  element  in  the  political  jealousies  of  this  excited 
time  was   the   increase  of   free  States.      Minnesota  was 
admitted  in  1858,  Oregon  in  1859,  and  Kansas  soon  after 
1859;  and  Kansas,   the  eiection  of   Lincoln,  in   i86i.     These   were   all   free 

States.  There  was  now  no  territory  left  at  the  South 
from  which  new  slave  States  could  be  made. 


Increase  in  the 
number  of  free 
States.     Minne 
sota  admitted, 
1858  ;  Oregon, 


Questions  for 
study. 


What  great  party  was  badly  beaten  in  1852  ?  What  measures  did 
the  Whigs  advocate  ?  What  new  party  was  founded  to  take  its  place  in 
1853  ?  What  did  the  American  party  propose  to  do  regarding  those  who 
came  from  foreign  countries  ?  How  were  its  members  organized  ?  Why 
were  they  called  Know-nothings  ?  Did  the  party  last  long  ?  What 

brought  up  the  slavery  question  in  a  new  form  ?  By  whom  was  the 
"Nebraska  Bill "  introduced  ?  W7hat  did  this  bill  repeal?  WThat  can 
you  tell  about  the  Missouri  Compromise  ?  Why  called  Missouri  Com 
promise?  (See  pages  260,  261.)  How  long  had  this  compromise  lasted 
in  1854?  (Subtract  1821  from  1854.)  On  which  side  of  the  Missouri 
Compromise  line  were  Kansas  and  Nebraska — that  in  which  slavery  was 
allowed  or  that  in  which  it  was  forbidden  ?  How  was  slavery  to  be  set 
tled  in  these  Territories  according  to  the  Nebraska  Bill  ?  What 
effect  did  this  act  have  ?  How  did  the  people  in  the  North  regard  it  ? 


APPROACH    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


3°3 


What  view  did  the  people  of  the  South  take  of  it  ?  What  ground  did 
President  Pierce  take  ?  What  became  of  the  Whigs  who  were  divided 
by  this  question  ?  What  name  was  given  at  first  to  those  who  opposed 
the  Nebraska  Bill  ?  What  name  was  finally  given  to  this  party  ?  Had 
there  been  any  other  party  called  Republican  ?  What  took  place 

in  Kansas  ?  How  was  Kansas  situated  with  regard  to  Missouri  ?  What 
measures  were  taken  at  the  North  ?  What  was  done  to  check  emigra 
tion  from  the  free  States  ?  What  form  did  the  struggle  in  Kansas  take  ? 
What  effect  did  the  struggle  have  on  Congress  and  the  country  ? 
Who  was  the  candidate  of  the  Democratic  party  in  1856?  Who  was 
nominated  by  the  new  Republican  party  ?  Who  was  the  candidate  of 
the  Know-nothing  party  ?  Which  was  elected  ?  What  did  the  election 
show  ?  How  did  the  Supreme  Court  try  to  settle  the  question  ? 

In  what  case  did  they  render  their  decision  ?  What  did  they  decide 
about  slavery  in  the  Territories  ?  What  effect  did  their  plan  for  settling 
the  dispute  have  ?  Who  was  John  Brown  ?  What  armory  did 

he  seize  ?  Where  is  Harper's  Ferry  ?  How  many  men  did  he  have  ? 
WThat  effect  did  his  raid  have  upon  the  South  ?  What  effect  had 

the  slavery  question  had  on  most  of  the  religious  denominations  ?  What 
effect  had  it  had  on  the  W7hig  party  ?  What  took  place  in  the  Demo 
cratic  party  in  1860  ?  WTho  was  nominated  by  the  majority  of  that  party? 
Who  by  those  that  adhered  most  strongly  to  the  South  ?  Whom  did 
the  Republicans  nominate?  There  was  a  fourth  party:  what  was  it 
called  ?  \Vhom  did  the  Constitutional  Union  party  nominate  ?  Who 
was  elected?  What  State  was  admitted  in  1858?  What  in  the 

next  year  ?  WThen  was  Kansas  admitted  ?  Why  was  it  that  no  more 
slave  States  were  formed  ? 

Some  of  these  topics  are  treated  in  the  preceding  chapter,  and  are  here  reviewed 
for  the  sake  of  completeness.  ltudy  by  topics 

I.  Rise  and  fall. of  new  parties  after  the  Mexican  War. 

1.  The  Free-Soil  party,  nicknamed  "Barn-burners." 

2.  Decay  of  the  Whig  party. 

3.  The  American  party,  called  also  "Know-nothings." 

4.  The  Republican  party,  at  first  "  Anti-Nebraska." 

5.  The  Constitutional  party  in  1860. 

II.  The  question  of  slavery  in  the  Territories. 

1.  The  Wilmot  Proviso. 

2.  The  Compromise  of  1850  and  the  admission  of  California. 

3.  Repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise. 

4.  The  struggle  in  Kansas. 

5.  The  Dred  Scott  decision. 

6.  The  John  Brown  rVid. 

7.  The  election  of  Lincoln. 

21 


3°4 


APPROACH    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


Composition.  It  would  be  a  good  exercise  for  a  pupil  to  write  a  paper  on  "  The 

Causes  of  the  Civil  War."  Let  him  use  his  own  words  and  express  his 
own  opinions,  prejudices,  and  sympathies,  whatever  they  may  be. 

Geography.  What  large  river  rises  in  Minnesota  ?     On  what  large  lake  does  a  part  of  Minne 

sota  lie  ?  What  States  lie  to  the  south  and  east  of  it  ?  How  is  Oregon  situated  with 
reference  to  California  ?  What  ocean  on  its  western  border  ?  What  State  on  the 
eastern  border  of  Kansas  ? 


The  movement 
of  secession. 


Difference  of 
opinion  about 
State  sover 
eignty. 


CHAPTER     L. 

How  the  Great  Civil  War  began. 

THE  excitement  at  the  South  had  reached  a  pitch  that 
rendered  an  effort  to  break  up  the  Union  inevitable. 
From  the  moment  that  Lincoln's  election  was  known, 
active  preparations  were  made  in  what  were  called  the 
"  cotton  States "  -  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida, 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Texas — to  dissolve 
the  Union  of  States. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  government  there  were 
two  opinions  in  regard  to  the  power  of  a  State  under  the 
Constitution.  The  Federalists  thought  that  nearly  all  the 
powers  of  government  were  vested  in  the  United  States, 
authorities,  but  the  Jefferson  Republicans  held  that  a 
State  retained  a  considerable  share  of  independence.  At 
a  later  period  the  chief  advocate  for  the  sovereignty  of 
the  State  had  been  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina 
(page  268),  who  thought  a  State  could  declare  an  act  of 
Congress  null — that  is,  not  valid  within  its  bounds.  In 
1832  the  State  of  South  Carolina  declared  the  tariff  law 
null,  and  forbade  its  citizens  to  pay  the  duties.  This 
was  called  nullification ;  but  President  Jackson,  who  did 
not  believe  in  the  doctrine,  threatened  the  nullifiers  with 
the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States. 


HOW    THE    GREAT    CIVIL    WAR    BEGAN. 


3°5 


The  States-rights  doctrine — as  the  belief  in  the  right  The  seven  "cot 
ton  States"  pass 

of  a  State  to  act  independently  was  called — had  found  a  ordinances  of 

0  1-1  secession, 1861. 

good  many  adherents  in  the  South,  and  in  the  present 
excitement  the  extreme  Southern  States  claimed  that,  by 
exercising  the  right  of  the  individual  State,  they  might 
lawfully  secede  from  the  Union.  South  Carolina  first 
passed  an  ordinance  of  secession  on  December  20,  1860. 
By  the  ist  of  February  each  of  the  seven  ''cotton 
States"  had  declared  itself  separated  from  the  Union 
and  independent. 

Meantime  the  recollection  of  the  success  of  the  Mis-  The  Peace  con 
vention  meets 
souri  Compromise  in  1820  (page  260),  and  of  the  Compro-  in  vain. 

mise  of  1850  (page  294),  led  some  members  of  Congress 
to  try  to  settle  the  troubles  once  more  by  compromise. 
Many  plans  for  changes  in  the  Constitution  and  laws  were 
proposed  in  Congress,  but  all  without  avail.  A  "  Peace 
Convention,"  suggested  by  Virginia,  assembled  in  Wash 
ington  on  the  4th  of  February,  1861.  There  were  dele 
gates  from  all  but  the  seceded  States.  John  Tyler,  ex- 
President  of  the  United  States,  was  president  of  this  con 
vention.  But  the  plan  of  compromise  suggested  by  the 
Peace  Convention  failed,  like  all  others.  The  time  for 
compromises  had  gone  by,  and  it  was  beyond  the  in 
genuity  of  man  to  prevent  a  collision  between  the  two 
sections  which  had  opposed  each  other  in  politics,  and 
were  now  about  to  try  their  strength  and  endurance  in 
the  deadly  struggles  of  the  battle-field. 

It  was  a  time  of  great  trouble  and  division.     Many  The  period  of 

.  _T          .  confusion. 

people  at  the  North  sympathized  with  the  secession 
movement ;  many  people  at  the  South  were  in  favor  of 
maintaining  the  Union.  Part  of  the  Cabinet  of  Presi 
dent  Buchanan  desired  to  help  the  seceding  States,  to 


3°6 


HOW    THE    GREAT    CIVIL    WAR    BEGAN. 


Anderson  in 
Fort  Sumter. 


Confederate  gov 
ernment  formed. 


The  bombard 
ment  of  Fort 
Sumter. 


which  they  belonged ;  the  other  Secretaries  wished  him 
to  use  force  in  putting  down  the  rebellion  against  his 
authority.  The  President,  for  his  part,  did  not  believe 
that  the  States  had  a  right  to  go  out  of  the  Union,  but 
he  also  did  not  believe  that  he  had  any  authority  to 
compel  them  to  stay  in.  So  everything  was  in  confu 
sion,  debate,  and  perplexity  in  that  awful  winter,  during 
which  a  storm  was  gathering,  the  force  and  extent  of 
which  nobody  could  foresee. 

All  eyes  were  turned  to  Charleston  harbor,  where 
thousands  of  excited  Southerners  faced  a  little  garrison 
under  command  of  Major  Robert  Anderson.  On  the 
evening  of  the  day  after  Christmas,  Anderson  suddenly 
moved  his  garrison  in  the  dark  from  the  weak  Fort 
Moultrie  into  the  stronger  Fort  Sumter.  A  ship  sent 
with  supplies  and  re-enforcements  was  fired  on  by  the 
South  Carolina  batteries  and  turned  back. 

On  the  4th  of  February,  the  day  that  the  Peace  Con 
vention  met  in  Washington,  there  assembled  in  Mont 
gomery,  Ala.,  a  convention 
of  delegates  from  the  se 
ceded  States.  This  conven 
tion  proceeded  to  form  a 
new  government,  under  the 
title  of  "  The  Confederate 
States  of  America."  Jeffer 
son  Davis,  of  Mississippi, 
was  elected  President. 

On  the  4th  of  March 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  inaugurated  President  of  the 
United  States.  Measures  were  soon  taken  to  re-enforce 
and  supply  the  garrison  of  Fort  Sumter.  But  the  ships 


Jefferson  Davis  was  born  in  Ken 
tucky,  June  3,  1808.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1828.  He  left  the  army  in 
1835,  and  became  a  member  of  Congress 
ten  years  later.  In  the  Mexican  War  he 
was  colonel  of  a  Mississippi  regiment, 
and  was  distinguished  for  courage  and 
coolness  in  action.  He  served  several 
years  as  United  States  Senator  from  Mis 
sissippi,  and  was  Secretary  of  War  in 
President  Pierce's  Cabinet.  He  again 
entered  the  Senate  in  1857,  from  which 
he  resigned  when  Mississippi  seceded  in 
1861.  He  was  President  of  the  Confed 
erate  States  during  the  entire  war. 


-t  UJ 

ll 


II 


co  e> 

^5  H 
O 


II 


HOW    THE    GREAT    CIVIL    WAR    BEGAN. 


3°7 


sent  were  detained  outside  the  bar  by  a  storm,  and,  as 
soon   as  their  coming-  was   known,  all   the   Confederate 
batteries    about    the    harbor    opened    on    Fort    Sumter, 
which,  after  a  wrhile,  replied.     For 
thirty-six  hours  the  bombardment 
continued,  setting  fire  to  the  wood 
work  of  the  fort  and  pounding  its 
walls   to   pieces.      At   the   end   of 
this  time  Major  Anderson,  whose 
provisions  were  nearly  exhausted, 
agreed  to  evacuate  the  fort. 

Curiously  enough,  nobody  was 
killed  on  either  side  in  this  bom 
bardment.  But  the  bombardment 
of  Sumter  changed  the  whole  situ 
ation.  Doubt  was  at  an  end  on 
both  sides.  Virginia,  North  Caro 
lina,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas,  forced  now  to  take  one 
side  or  the  other,  soon  joined  the  Confederacy.  On  the  The  war  begun, 
other  hand,  the  Sunday  morning  on  which  Major  An 
derson  marched  out  of  Fort  Sumter  saw  the  Northern 
States  also  almost  of  one  mind.  Men  were  wild  with 
excitement,  and  political  parties  were  forgotten.  It  was 
not  for  Congress  or  the  President  to  decide  on  peace 
or  war — the  war  burst  uncontrollably  from  the  pent-up 
feelings  of  the  people. 

In  response  to  a  call  from  the  President,  near 
ly  a  hundred  thousand  men  enlisted  in  the  North 
ern  States  in  three  days.  Trains  loaded  with 
volunteers  began  to  move  toward  Washington. 
Money  and  ships  without  stint  were  offered  to 
the  government  by  the  rich.  The  Southern  peo- 


JEFFERSON    DAVIS. 


3o8 


HOW    THE    GREAT    CIVIL    WAR    BEGAN. 


The  rush  to 
arms. 


Questions 
for  study. 


pie  were  equally  enthusiastic  and  unanimous.  Thou 
sands  of  the  young  men  of  the  South  eagerly  poured 
into  Virginia.  The  great  civil  war  had  burst  upon  the 
country  in  all  its  fury. 


States  that  joined  the 
Confederacy  after  the  War  began 


How  many 
States  were 
called  "  cot 
ton  States  "  ? 
What  were 
they?  What 
took  place  in 

the  cotton  States  when  Lincoln's  election  became  known  ?  What 

difference  of  opinion  had  there  been  from  the  beginning  of  the  gov 
ernment  about  the  power  of  a  State  ?  What  did  the  Federalists  hold  ? 
What  was  the  opinion  of  the  Republican  party  of  Jefferson's  time  ? 
Who  had  been  the  chief  advocate  for  State  sovereignty  in  later  times  ? 
What  can  you  tell  about  the  nullification  movement  in  South  Caro 
lina?  How  did  President  Jackson  regard  the  doctrine  of  nullifica 
tion  ?  In  what  part  of  the  country  had  the  States-rights  doc 
trine  found  adherents  ?  How  did  the  Southern  States  propose  to 
leave  the  Union?  What  State  seceded  first?  How  many  States  had 
seceded  by  February  ist?  What  two  celebrated  compromises 
were  remembered  at  this  time  ?  What  did  this  recollection  lead  to  ? 
What  plans  were  formed  in  Congress  ?  WTith  what  result  ?  What  State 
suggested  the  "Peace  Convention"?  Where  did  it  meet?  WTho  was 
its  president?  What  was  the  result  of  this  plan  of  compromise  sug 
gested  by  the  Peace  Convention  ?  Was  there  any  way  to  avoid  war  ? 
Were  the  people  at  the  North  unanimous  at  this  time  ?  Were  the 
people  of  the  South  all  agreed  ?  What  division  of  opinion  was  there 


HOW    THE    GREAT    CIVIL    WAR    BEGAN. 


3°9 


in  the  President's  Cabinet  ?  What  opinions  did  President  Buchanan 
hold?  To  what  fort  in  the  South  were  all  eyes  turned?  Who 

commanded  this  fort  ?  What  did  Anderson  do  on  the  evening  of  the 
day  after  Christmas?  What  happened  to  the  ship  sent  with  supplies? 
WThat  convention  assembled  at  the  South  in  February?  What  did  this 
convention  proceed  to  form  ?  What  was  this  new  government  called  ? 
Who  was  chosen  President  of  the  Confederate  States  ?  When 

Lincoln  was  inaugurated,  what  was  done  about  Fort  Sumter?  What 
happened  to  the  ships  sent  to  relieve  it  ?  What  took  place  when  the 
ships  were  discovered  ?  How  long  did  the  bombardment  last  ?  What 
effect  did  it  have  ?  What  did  Major  Anderson  do  at  the  end  of  this 
time  ?  What  effect  did  the  bombardment  of  Sumter  have  on  the 

Southern  States?  What  new  States  joined  the  Confederacy?  What 
effect  did  it  have  at  the  North  ?  What  is  said  of  enlistments  at 

the  North  ?  Of  money  and  ships  given  to  the  government  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  excitement  at  the  South  ?  Into  what  State  did  thousands  of 
Southern  young  men  hasten  ? 

I.  Movements  at  the  South. 

1.  Secession. 

a.  The  "  States-rights  doctrine." 

b.  Seven  States  secede. 

2.  The  "Confederate  States"  formed. 

3.  The  war  begun. 

a.  The  capture  of  Fort  Sumter. 

b.  Four  more  States  join  the 

Confederacy. 

c.  Troops  pushed  into  Virginia. 
II.  Movements  at  Washington  and  in  the 

North. 

1.  Efforts  at  compromise. 

a.  Plans  proposed  in  Congress. 

b.  The  Peace  Convention. 

2.  The  inauguration  of  Lincoln. 

3.  The  war  begun. 

a.  Effort  to  relieve  Sumter. 

b.  Effect  of  the  attack  on  Sumter. 

i.  The  situation  of  the  seven  "cotton  States"  :  How  many  are  on  the  Gulf  of  Geography. 
Mexico  ?  How  many  touch  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Which  lies  on  both  the  gulf  and 
the  ocean  ?  Which  of  the  cotton  States  border  on  the  Mississippi  River  ?  Which 
one  is  next  to  Mexico  ?  2.  The  situation  of  the  four  additional  States  which  seceded 
after  the  war  began,  viz.,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas  :  How 
many  and  which  lie  on  the  Atlantic  ?  How  many  are  on  the  Mississippi  River  ? 
3.  The  location  of  Fort  Sumter  :  In  what  harbor  ?  In  what  State  is  Charleston  ? 


310 


BULL    RUN. — FIRST    WESTERN    CAMPAIGN. 


The  question 
of  Union  or 
secession. 


Advantages  and 
disadvantages. 


CHAPTER    LI. 

Confederate  Victory  at  Bull  Run.— The  First  Western 

Campaign. 

WE  are  to  remember  that,  though  the  war  was  caused 
by  slavery,  it  was  not  at  first  about  slavery,  but  about 
secession.  "  Our  States  are  sovereign,  and  have  a  right 
to  secede  when  they  think  they  have  reason,"  was  the 
Southern  view  of  the  matter.  "  You  are  a  part  of  the 
Union,  which  forms  but  one  nation,  and  to  break  up  the 
Union  is  rebellion,"  was  the  Northern  view.  But  the 
passions  excited  by  the  bitter  debate  over  questions 
relating  to  slavery  lay  at  the  bottom  of  the  struggle. 
Neither  side  dreamed  of  the  long  and  bloody  conflict 
that  was  to  follow.  Each  expected  to  settle  the  matter 
in  two  or  three  battles.  Both  of  them  found  out  what 
stubborn  work  it  was  to  fight  against  Americans. 

The  Southerners  were  naturally  more  military  than 
the  Northern  people;  they  were  generally  accustomed 
to  the  saddle  and  the  use  of  fire-arms.  Many  of  the 
Northern  men,  especially  those  of  the  Eastern  States, 
had  to  learn  to  load  and  fire  a  gun  after  they  went  into 
the  army.  For  a  long  war  the  North  had  several  ad 
vantages.  Money,  trade,  and  the  mechanical  facilities 
for  producing  arms,  ships,  clothing,  and  other  military 
necessities,  belonged  in  a  superior  degree  to  the  North. 
The;  North  had  also  the  advantage  of  numbers ;  the 
South  the  advantage  of  fighting  in  defense  of  its  own 
ground. 

The  divided  sympathies  of  the  people  in  the  border 
States,  and  the  quick  sending  forward  of  volunteers 


BULL    RUN. — FIRST    WESTERN    CAMPAIGN. 


The  Struggle  for  Missouri. — The 
battles  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  proved 
a  side  campaign  that  had  for  its  aim  the 
securing  of  this  State,  in  which  opinion 
was  much  divided  for  the  Union  or  the 
Confederacy.  The  Governor  of  Missouri 
took  sides  with  the  Confederacy.  In  the 
hard-fought  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek, 
August  10,  1861,  General  Lyon,  of  the 
United  States  army,  was  killed,  and  his 
army  retreated  after  the  fight.  The  Con 
federate  general  Price  attacked  Lexing 
ton,  Missouri,  on  the  i8th  of  September 
following,  and  captured  nearly  three  thou 
sand  Union  soldiers.  In  November  fol 
lowing.  General  Pope,  of  the  United 
States  army,  by  several  skillful  move 
ments,  intercepted  and  captured  large 
bodies  o'f  recruits  on  their  way  to  join  the 
Confederate  army.  A  severe  battle 
fought  at  Pea  Ridge,  in  northwestern 
Arkansas,  on  the  6th  of  March,  1862, 
finally  secured  Missouri  to  the  Union,  by 
preventing  the  Confederate  forces  from 
re-entering  that  State. 


from    the    North    by    many  The  prompt 


movement  from 


railroads,  prevented  Mary-  the  North  secures 
land,  Kentucky,  and  Mis- 
souri  from  seceding.  In 
the  western  part  of  Vir 
ginia,  where  the  slaves  were 
few,  the  Union  sentiment 
was  strong,  and  this  re 
gion,  after  a  while,  sepa 
rated  itself  from  Virginia 
and  formed  a  new  State, 
which  took  the  name  of 
West  Virginia.  The  fail 
ure  to  secure  the  border 
region  was  a  serious  loss 
to  the  Confederacy,  for  this 

was  a  land  of  Indian  corn,  most  valuable  for  the  feed 
ing  of  armies.  The  South  thus  lost  also  the  Ohio  and 
Potomac  rivers — the  best  line  of  defense. 

The  war  opened  with  several  small  actions,  such  as  opening 
the  seizure  of  ports  and  navy-yards  by  the  Confederates, 
the   attack   on    Union   troops   by   a   mob   in    Baltimore, 
several  skirmishes  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and 
battles  in  the  mountains  of  Virginia.     The  Confederates 

had     moved     their    capital 


Campaign  in  West  Virginia.  — 
Several  battles,  though  of  no  great  mag 
nitude,  were  fought  to  secure  control  of 
West  Virginia.  The  Union  armies  here 
were  commanded  by  General  George  B. 
McClellan.  A  small  battle  at  Philippi 
was  won  by  the  Union  troops,  and  a 
more  considerable  engagement  at  Rich 
Mountain  (June  IT,  1861),  lasting  about 
an  hour  and  a  half,  gave  the  possession  of 
West  Virginia  to  the  Federal  govern 
ment. 


from  Montgomery,  Ala., 
to  Richmond,  Va.,  and 
the  first  important  battle 
ground  would  lie  between 
the  two  capitals.  So  sure 
were  the  people  of  a  short 
war,  that  most  of  the  North- 


312 


BULL    RUN. FIRST    WESTERN    CAMPAIGN. 


IRVIN  MCDOWELL. 


the  first  battle. 


Early  Battles  in  Kentucky.— The 
early  struggle  in  eastern  Kentucky  was 
a  little  war  by  itself.  Besides  minor 
skirmishes,  Colonel  Garfield,  afterward 
President,  defeated  the  Confederate  lead 
er  Humphrey  Marshall  in  the  little  battle 
of  Prestonburg  on  the  iyth  of  January, 
1862.  Another  sharp  conflict  took  place 
at  Mill  Spring  two  days  later,  in  which 
General  George  H.  Thomas  was  victori 
ous  over  the  Confederate  general  Zolli- 
koffer. 


G.    T.    BEAUREGARD. 


ern    volunteers    had    been    called    out    for    only    three 
months,  and  it  was  thought  necessary  to  fight  a  battle 
before  their  time  should  expire.     The  people  and  news 
papers  at  the    North    were    clamoring   for  a  forward 
movement. 
General    McDowell   moved    toward    Richmond,   and 

Confederates  win     On      the      2ISt     °f     JulJ>      l86l>     the      battle     of      Bull      Run, 

or    Manassas,    was    fought, 
chiefly    by    raw    troops    on 
both  sides.    Generals  Joseph 
E.   Johnston    and    Beaure- 
gard  commanded  the  Con 
federates.    The  battle  was  a 
x    severe  one  and  the  losses 
were  heavy,  but  the  Con 
federates  were  re-enforced 

at  the  right  moment,  and  the  Union  army  was  at 
length  entirely  routed,  and  fled  back  to  Washington  in 
confusion. 

The   first   important  movement   after  Bull  Run  was 
the  campaign  which  broke  -the  Confederate  line  at  the 
West,  and  gave  the   Mississippi  River  above  Vicksburg 
to  the  control  of   the  Federal   government.     Ulysses  S. 
Grant,  who  had  already  begun   to  show  good  mili 
tary  abilities,  moved  against  Fort   Henry,  on  the 
Tennessee   River,   in  co-operation    with   the   gun 
boat  fleet  under    Commodore   Foote.      Grant  and 
Foote    captured    Fort    Henry    February    6,    1862. 
The    Tennessee    River    here    runs    near   to   the 
Cumberland  River.     On  the  Cumberland  Riv 
er,  only  about  twelve  miles  from  Fort  Henry, 
was  the  Confederate  Fort  Donelson.      After  a 


Grant  takes 
Fort  Henry  and 
Fort  Donelson. 


ANDREW   H.   FOOTE. 


BULL    RUN. FIRST  WESTERN    CAMPAIGN. 


Fall  of  Island 
No.  10. 


JOHN    POPE 


Grant  moves 
toward  Corinth. 


stubborn  battle,  in  which  the  Union  loss  was  twenty- 
three  hundred  men,  this  fort  was  also  surrendered, 
and  with  it  fifteen  thousand  Confederate  troops.  This 
broke  the  center  of  the  Confederate  line  of  defense  in 
the  West,  and  forced  them  to  fall  back  from  Nashville 
and  other  points. 

General  Pope,  supported  by  gunboats,  now  moved 
against  the  Confederates  who  blocked  the  Mississippi  at 
New  Madrid  and  Island  No.  10.  New  Madrid  was 
evacuated,  but,  in  order  to  capture  Island  No.  10,  Pope, 
who  was  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  must  cross  below 
the  island  and  cut  off  its  supplies.  As  the  batteries  on 
the  island  blocked  the  river,  he  had  to  dig  a  canal 
across  a  bend  in  the  river  in  order  to  get  transport- 
boats  below  the  island,  so  as  to  ferry  across  the  Mis 
sissippi.  It  took  nineteen  days  to  cut  this  canal.  Gun 
boats  could  not  get  through  it,  and  the  transports  could 
not  cross  without  their  protection.  Two  gunboats  were 
run  past  the  batteries  of  the  island  at  night.  Cut  off  on 
all  sides,  the  island  was  compelled  to  surrender,  with 
nearly  seven  thousand  men. 

The  object  of  the  Union  troops  in  attacking  Island 
No.  10  had  been  to  take  a  step  toward  getting  posses 
sion  of  the  Mississippi  River,  so  as  to  get  the  use  of 
this  great  highway,  and  thus  separate  the  Confederacy 
into  two  parts.  For  the  same  purpose  the  forces  under 
Grant,  after  taking  Fort  Donelson,  pushed  southward  up 
the  Tennessee  River,  and  a  movement  was  planned  to 
take  Corinth,  in  the  northern  part  of  Mississippi.  Many 
railroads  centered  at  this  place.  The  Union  army,  un 
der  General  Grant,  was  gathered  near  Corinth,  at  Pitts- 
burg  Landing,  in  Tennessee,  on  the  banks  of  the  Ten- 


BULL    RUN. FIRST    WESTERN    CAMPAIGN. 


3'5 


nessee  River.     Grant  had  from  thirty  to  forty  thousand 
men,  and  had  no  thought  of  a  powerful  enemy  near  at 
hand.      The  Confederate  general,  Albert  Sidney  John 
ston,  rapidly  collected  a  strong  army,  and  determined 
to  crush  the  force  at  the  Landing  before  Grant  could 
be  re-enforced  by  the  arrival  of  another  army  under 
General  Buell. 

The  battle  of  Shiloh,  or  Pittsburg  Landing,  began  on 
Sunday  morning,  April  6,   1862.     Johnston  undertook  to  The  great 

.  ,  .  „  ,       battle  of  Shiloh, 

attack  in  such  a  way  as  to  surprise   and    drive    Grant  s  or  Pittsburg 
army  back  between  the  river  and  a  creek.     The  loss  on  Lan 
that   dreadful    Sunday    was   great   on    both  sides.      The 
Confederates,  with  desperate  energy,  drove  Grant's  men 
back  until  Pittsburg  Landing  was  almost  in  their  pos 
session.      But   their   general,    Albert    Sidney   Johnston, 
was  killed.     Buell's  army  began  to  arrive,  and  the 
Union  troops  were  re-formed  in  the   night.     The     (fl 
second    day's  fighting  wras  also  extremely  severe. 
The  exhausted   Confederates    under    Beauregard    at 
length  retired   from  the  field.     This  was  the  first  great 
battle  of  the  war. 

The  Union  army,  when  it  had  a  little  recovered  from   Corinth  evacu 
ated  by  the  Con- 

the  terrible  shock  and  had  been  recruited,  moved  for-  federates, 
ward  against  Corinth,  which, 
after  a  siege,  was  evacu 
ated  by  Beauregard  on  the 
30th  of  May.  The  conse 
quence  of  this  success  was, 
that  the  whole  Mississippi 
River,  as  far  down  as  Vicks- 
burg,  came  into  possession  of 
the  Federal  authorities. 


3i6 


BULL    RUN. — FIRST    WESTERN    CAMPAIGN. 


Questions  for 
study. 


Springs 


What  was  the  war  caused  by  ?  What  was  the  war  about  ?  How 
could  the  war  be  caused  by  slavery,  and  not  be  about  slavery  ?  What 
was  the  Southern  claim  in  the  matter  of  secession  ?  What  was  the 
position  of  the  North  ?  Was  a  long  war  expected  on  either  sick  ? 
Which  were  naturally  the  more  military,  the  Southern  or  the  North 
ern  people  ?  Which  knew  the  more  in  general  about  fire-arms  ?  What 

advantages  had  the  North  for  a  long  war  ? 
Which   had   the   advantage  of  numbers  ? 
What  advantage  had  the  Southern  troops  ? 
What  prevented  Maryland,   Kentucky, 
and  Missouri  from  seceding  ?     What  part 
of  Virginia  remained  in  the  Union  ?     How 
was  this  managed  ?     What  advantage  did 
the  North  get  from  holding  the  four  bor 
der  States?     What  good  line  of  defense 
did  the  South  lose  in  losing  the  border? 
With  what  kind  of  actions  did   the  war   begin  ?      To  what   place 
did  the  Confederates  move  their  capital  ?     WThere  would  the  first  great 
battle-ground    naturally    be  ?      Why   was    it    necessary    to    the    Union 
army  to  fight  a  battle  at  once  ?  What  movement  did  McDowell 

make?  What  battle  was  fought  on  the  2ist  of  July,  1861  ?  Who 
commanded  the  Confederate  army  at  this  battle  ?  Which  won  the 
battle?  What  was  the  first  important  movement  after  Bull 

Run?     What  fort  did  Grant  attack  first?     Who  commanded  the  gun- 

^ ^ boat  fleet  that  helped  him  ? 

How  far  away  from  the 
Cumberland  is  the  Ten 
nessee  River  at  this  place  ? 
What  fort  had  the  Confed 
erates  on  the  Cumberland 
River?  What  took  place 
at  Fort  Donelson  ?  What 

r        was  the  result  to  the  Confederates  of  the  loss  of 
this  fort  ?  Against  what  two  places  did  Gen 

eral  Pope  begin  operations  ?  What  happened  at  New 
Madrid  ?  What  did  Pope  have  to  do  to  take  Island 
No.  10?  How  many  days  did  it  take?  How  did 
gunboats  get  past  the  island  ?  How  did  Pope  com 
pel  the  island  to  surrender  ?  What  object  was  in  view  in  the 
attack  on  Island  No.  10?  What  place  did  Grant  now  propose  to 
seize  ?  W'hy  was  Corinth  deemed  important  ?  At  what  place  was 
Grant's  army  gathered  ?  How  many  men  did  he  have  ?  What  did 
General  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  resolve  to  do  ?  Why  did  he  wish  to 


BULL    RUN.  —  FIRST    WESTERN    CAMPAIGN. 


3»7 


Study  by  topics. 


defeat  Grant  at  once?  By  what   two  names   is  the  first   great 

battle  of  the  war  called  ?  How  did  Albert  Sidney  Johnston  under 
take  to  crush  Grant's  army  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  first  day's 
battle  ?  What  happened  to  General  Johnston  ?  What  \vas  the  result 
of  the  second  day's  battle?  What  place  was  taken  by  the  Union 

troops  after  this  ?     What  was  the  result  of  the  capture  of  Corinth  ? 

I.  The  conditions  of  the  war. 

1.  The  war  about  secession. 

2.  Relation  of  slavery  to  the  war. 

3.  Advantages  of  each  side. 

4.  The  border  States. 

5.  First  actions. 

6.  The  two  capitals. 
II.  Bull  Run  and  its  effects. 

III.  Campaign  for  opening  the  Mississippi  River. 

1.  Fort  Henry. 

2.  Fort  Donelson. 

3.  Island  No.  10. 

4.  Shiloh. 

5.      Corinth.  FIRST    BATTLE    OF    BULL    RUN. 

i.  Relation  of  Washington  to  Richmond  :  In  what  State  is  Richmond  ?  On  Geography, 
what  river  ?  In  what  direction  is  Washington  from  Richmond  ?  On  what  river  is 
Washington  ?  Is  Bull  Run,  or  Manassas,  battle-ground  nearer  to  Washington  or  to 
Richmond  ?  In  marching  from  Washington  to  Bull  Run,  what  course  would  an  army 
take  ?  In  marching  from  Richmond  to  Manassas,  what  direction  would  be  taken  ? 
2.  Island  No.  10  :  \Vhat  State  lies  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mississippi  at  Island 
No.  10  ?  What  State  on  the  west  ?  In  what  river  is  this  island  situated  ?  What  is 
the  largest  river  in  the  United  States  (except  Alaska)  ?  3.  In  what  State  is  Pittsburg 
Landing  ?  On  what  river  ?  Is  it  above  or  below  Fort  Henry  on  the  same  river  ? 
In  what  State  is  Corinth  ?  \Vhat  direction  from  Pittsburg  Landing  ?  In  what 
direction  is  the  city  of  Memphis,  Tenn.,  from  Corinth  ? 

On  the  war  generally  :  "  Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War,"  and  Dodge's 
"  Bird's-Eye  View  of  the  Civil  War."  Books- 


CHAPTER     LII. 
The  War  at  the  East.— From  Bull   Run  to  Gettysburg. 

GENERAL  SCOTT,  who  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Mccieiian  C0m- 

r       i         TT     •        i    o  ,,          ..  ri  mander-in-chief. 

armies  of  the  United  States  at  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
was  old  and  infirm,  and  he  soon  retired.     McClellan,  by 


THE    WAR    AT    THE    EAST. 


Peninsular  cam 
paign  begun. 
Battle  of 
Williamsburg. 


Battle  of 
Fair  Oaks. 


his  well-planned  battle  at  Rich  Mountain,  in  western 
Virginia,  had  shown  capacity,  and  he  was  now  called  to 
command  the  forces  in  front  of  Washington.  He  spent 
eight  months  in  organizing  and  disciplining  his  army. 

Instead  of  moving  directly  against  the  Confederate 
forces  lying  in  front  of  him,  McClellan  thought  best 
to  take  his  army  by  water  to  Fortress  Monroe,  and 
from  there  to  go  up  between  York  River  and  James 
River  toward  Richmond.  The  land  between  these  two 
rivers  forms  a  peninsula ;  this  is  there 
fore  known  as  the  Peninsular  cam 
paign.  From  the  beginning,  the  cam 
paign  was  unfortunate  in  many  ways. 
Part  of  the  troops  which  McClellan 
expected  to  receive  were  detained  for 
the  defense  of  Washington.  The 
Confederates  forced  him  to  spend 
a  month  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown. 
Yorktown  was  evacuated  on  the  5th 
of  May.  McClellan's  troops  pur 
sued  the  retiring  Confederates,  and 
fought  the  battle  of  Williamsburg 
that  day.  The  Confederates  retreated  at  night  toward 
Richmond. 

But  the  Confederate  general,  Thomas  J.  Jackson,  who 
had  got  the  nickname  of  "  Stonewall "  Jackson  in  the 
first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  who  was  operating  in  the 
Valley  of  Virginia,  now  made  a  series  of  rapid  manoeu 
vres,  by  which  he  defeated  or  confused  several  bodies  of 
Union  troops  and  frightened  the  authorities  at  Wash 
ington,  so  that  McDowell's  troops  at  Fredericksburg 
were  held  back  from  joining  McClellan  before  Rich- 


THE    WAR    AT    THE    EAST. 


Thomas  Jonathan  Jackson,  called    '< 
"  Stonewall  Jackson,"  was  born  in  Vir-    j 
ginia,  January  21,   1824.     He  graduated    \ 
at  West  Point  in  1846.     In  the  Mexican    ; 
War  he  was  twice  brevetted  for  merito 
rious    conduct.      He   resigned    from    the 
army  in  1852,  and  became  a  professor  in 
the  Virginia  Military   Institute.     He  en 
tered  the  Confederate  service  at  the  be 
ginning  of    the  war.      During  the   first 
battle  of  Bull  Run  he  resisted  a  charge 
with    so     much     steadfastness    that    he 
gained  the  title  of  "  Stonewall  Jackson," 
by  which  name  he  will  be  known  in  his 
tory.     The  promptness   and   rapidity  of 
his  marches,  and  the  obstinate  courage 
he  showed  on  the  battle-field,  made  him 
an  important  factor  in  the  war.     He  was 
shot  by  mistake  by   his  own  men,  May 
2,  1863,  and  died  on  the  loth. 


STONEWALL"    JACKSON. 


mond.     Meantime  the  Confederate  army  defending  Rich 
mond,  under  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  fought  the  bat 
tle  of  Fair  Oaks,  by  attack 
ing    one    wing    of    McClel- 
lan's   army    while   it    was 
divided    into    two    parts 
by    the     Chickahominy 
River,  and  won  a  partial 
success.     Johnston   hav 
ing  been  wounded  in 
this      battle,      General 
Robert  E.  Lee  succeed 
ed  him.    Stonewall  Jack 
son  now  slipped  away  from 
the  Valley  of  Virginia,  and 
suddenly  brought  his  army  down  by  rail  to  assist   Lee 
in  the  struggle  against  McClellan. 

McClellan  withdrew  his  forces  to  the  James  River.   The  seven 

.  .  Days'  battles. 

About  this  time  the  two  armies  were  engaged  every 
day  ;  these  conflicts  are  known  as  the  Seven  Days'  bat 
tles.  For  a  whole  week  the  Confederates  beat  upon 
McClellan's  army.  Its  months  of  discipline  and  drill 
enabled  it  to  fall  back  slowly  before  Lee's  furious 
onslaught. 

But  McClellan's  first  plan  had  failed.  The  President  Pope  in  command 
had  lost  confidence  in  McClellan's  ability  to  overmatch 
such  generals  as  Lee  and  Jackson.  A  new  general  must 
be  found.  Pope,  whose  energy  and  success  at  Island 
No.  10  had  given  him  reputation,  was  put  in  command 
of  the  army  in  front  of  Washington,  and  the  army  on 
the  James  River  was  brought  back  by  degrees  to  re- 
enforce  him. 


22 


320 


THE    WAR    AT    THE    EAST. 


Second  battle 
of  Bull  Run, 
or   Manassas. 


Great  battle  at 
Antietam,  in 
Maryland,   1862 


,n 

ceeds  McCiellan, 

and  is  defeated  at 

Fredericksburg. 


T5  ; 

A.    E.    BURNSIDE. 

Hooker  succeeds 
Burnside.     De 
feated  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  1863. 


But  Pope  proved  not  to  be  equal  to  the  Confederate 
generals  in  his  front.  Jackson  made  a  great  circuit 
around  through  Thoroughfare  Gap,  and  cut  off  Pope's 
communications  with  Washington.  The  Federal  army 
fought  bravely  on  the  old  Bull  Run  battle-field  (August 
29  and  30,  1862),  and  Pope  showed  his  usual  energy,  but 
his  enemy  had  beaten  him  in  skillful  manoeuvres,  and  his 
army  fell  back  disheartened  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Washington  again,  where  it  was  a  year  before. 

McCiellan,  who,  in  spite  of  the  unfortunate  outcome 
of  his  campaign,  had  won  the  confidence  of  the  men  in 
the  Eastern  army,  was  now  again  put  in  command  of  it. 
Lee  followed  up  his  advantages  by  crossing  the  Poto 
mac.  Meantime  he  sent  a  force  and  captured  Harper's 
Ferry,  with  eleven  thousand  Union  soldiers.  On  the 
i6th  and  i/th  of  September  McCiellan  and  Lee  fought 
one  of  the  severest  battles  of  the  war  at  Antietam  Creek, 
near  Sharpsburg,  in  Maryland.  On  the  i8th  Lee  with 
drew  across  the  Potomac,  and  McCiellan  followed  slowly, 
and  again  made  the  Rappahannock  his  line. 

But  McCiellan  had  lost  the  confidence  of  his  supe 
riors,  and  he  was  now  finally  removed.  General  Burn- 
side  was  next  put  in  command  of  this  unlucky  army. 
McCiellan  had  been  thought  too  cautious,  but  Burnside 
was  rash.  He  crossed  the  Rappahannock  at  Fredericks- 
burg,  and  assailed  the  Confederate  works  on  the 
f\  heights  back  of  the  town  on  December  13,  1862. 
His  army  was  defeated  with  great  slaughter. 

Burnside  was  relieved,  and  General  Hooker  was 
tried.  In  the  spring  of  1863  General  Hooker  fought 
what  was  called  the  Chancellorsville  campaign,  where, 
like  those  who  had  gone  before  him,  he  was  outmanceu- 


THE    WAR    AT    THE    EAST. 


32 


vred  by  Lee's  generalship  and  Jackson's  marching  quali 
ties.     On  May  6th  Hooker  recrossed  the  Rappahannock. 

Lee  soon  after  crossed  the  Potomac,  and  pushed  his   Meade  and  Lee 

T^  .  .,    .  r  TT          •         ftght  a  great  bat- 

veteran    army    into    Pennsylvania,    striking    for    Harris    tie  at  Gettysburg, 
burg.     Hooker  was  relieved  from  commanding  the  army 
opposed    to    Lee,  and    General   George    G.   Meade  suc 
ceeded    him.      Near    Gettysburg,    in    Pennsylvania,    the 
vanguards  of  the  two  great  armies  met  on  the   ist  day 
of  July,   1863.      The  people  of   the  North  and  those  of 
the  South  were  filled  with  fear  and  anxiety  as  this  battle 
approached.     The  courage  of  the  troops  on  both  sides 
was    simply    marvelous.      On    the    second    day    of    the 
battle  the   Confederates  carried   works  at  both  ends 
of   the   Union   line.      The  next  day   the   Union  army 
recovered  the  lost  ground  on  its  right.     The  Confeder 
ates  then  made  a  tremendous  assault  and  broke  through 
the    center   of    the    Federal    army,  but   they   were   soon 
driven  back  defeated.     Lee's  army  rested  a  day  and  then 
retreated.      Lee    had    lost  about  one  third  of    his  men ; 
Meade  had  lost  a  good  deal  more  than  a  fourth  of  his. 
In     all,     about     forty-eight 
thousand     had    been    killed, 
wounded,  or  captured  in  this 
awful  struggle  between  two 
veteran  and  resolute  armies. 


GEORGE    G.    MEADS. 


What  was  the  chief  trouble  with 
the    Federal  armies  ?     What   is  said  of 
Scott  ?    Where  had  McClellan  distinguished 
himself?    What  did  McClellan  do  for  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  ?     How  long  was  it  after  he  took 
command  before  he  made  any  forward  movement  ? 

When   he  moved,  what  road  to   Richmond   did  he 
take  ?     Between  what  two  rivers  did   he  march  ?     Why 


322 


THE    WAR    AT    THE    EAST. 


Questions  for    js  this  called    "The  Peninsular   Campaign"?      What  disappointments 
study'  and  detentions  did  McClellan  meet  with  ?     After  Yorktown  was  evacu 

ated,    what    battle   was    fought  ?  What    name   was    commonly 

given  to  the  Confederate  general  Jackson  ?  In  what  valley  was  he 
operating?  What  manoeuvres  did  he  now  make?  What  effect  did 
these  have  in  Washington  ?  What  was  the  result  with  reference 
to  re-enforcing  McClellan's  army  ?  How  was  McClellan's  army 
attacked  at  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks?  By  what  river  was  the  army 
divided  ?  What  did  Stonewall  Jackson  do  ?  To  what  river 

was  McClellan  now  withdrawing  ?  What  are  the  battles  that  took 
place  at  this  time  called  ?  What  effect  did  the  seven  days'  bat 
tles  have  on  McClellan's  army  ?  What  had  been  the  result 
of  McClellan's  plan  ?  How  did  the  President  regard  him  ?  What 
general  was  now  brought  from  the  West  ?  In  what  operation  had 
Pope  shown  energy  and  skill  ?  Of  what  army  was  he  now  given  the 
command  ?  What  was  done  with  McClellan's  army  ?  How 
did  Pope  compare  in  ability  with  the  Confederate  generals  opposed 
to  him  ?  What  did  Stonewall  Jackson  do  ?  Where  did  the  ar 
mies  fight  in  August,  1862?  What  was  the  result?  Who  was 
again  put  in  command  of  the  army  after  Pope's 
failure  ?  What  did  Lee  do  ?  What  place  did  he 
capture?  Where  was  a  battle  fought  between 
McClellan  and  Lee?  What  kind  of  a  battle 
was  that  of  Antietam,  or  Sharpsburg  ?  What 
did  General  Lee  do  after  two  days'  fighting  ? 
What  did  McClellan  do?  Who  was  put 
in  place  of  McClellan  ?  WThat  was  Burnside's 
character  ?  \Vhat  disastrous  movement  did 
Burnside  make?  Who  succeeded  Burn- 
side  ?  What  campaign  did  Hooker  fight  ?  With 
what  result  ?  What  did  Lee  do  after  the 
campaign  of  Chancellorsville  ?  Who  succeeded 
Hooker  in  command  of  the  Union  army  ?  Near 
what  town  did  the  two  great  armies  meet  on 
the  ist  of  July,  1863?  In  what  State  ?  How 
did  the  people  feel  about  this  battle  ?  How 
did  the  soldiers  fight  at  Gettysburg  ?  What  suc 
cesses  did  the  Confederates  gain  the  first  day  ? 
What  took  place  on  the  second  day  ?  What 
did  Lee  do  after  the  battle  ?  What  proportion 
of  his  troops  did  Lee  lose?  What  proportion 
of  his  whole  force  did  Meade  lose  ?  How  many 
were  lost  in  both  armies  ? 


THE    WAR    AT    THE    EAST. 


323 


Study  by  topics. 


I.  The  Peninsula. 

1.  McClellan  in  command. 

2.  The  forward  movement. 

a.  Yorktown. 

b.  Williamsburg. 

3.  McClellan's  reverses. 

a.  Jackson  in  the  Valley. 

b.  Battle  of  Fair  Oaks. 

c.  Jackson  re-enforces  Lee. 

d.  Seven  days'  battles. 
II.  Pope's  campaign. 

1.  Pope  called  to  Washington. 

2.  Second  battle  of  Manassas,  or  Bull  Run. 

III.  Lee  enters  Maryland. 

1.  Lee  takes  Harper's  Ferry. 

2.  Crosses  the  Potomac. 

3.  Fights  with  McClellan  at  Antietam. 

4.  Retreats  to  Virginia. 

IV.  Burnside  and  Hooker. 

1 .  Burnside  at  Fredericksburg. 

2.  Hooker  at  Chancellorsville. 
V.  Lee  invades  Pennsylvania. 

1.  Meade    in   command    of    the   Union 

army. 

2.  Confederate  success  the  first  day  at 

Gettysburg. 

3.  Confederates  driven  back  the  second 

day. 

4.  Lee  retreats. 

5.  Losses. 


i.  The  Peninsula  :  Describe  the  position  of  Fortress  Monroe  with  reference  to  it.  Geography. 
The  rivers  on  the  north  and  south  of  the  Peninsula.  Situation  of  the  Peninsula  with 
relation  to  Chesapeake  Bay.  2.  James  River :  Its  relation  to  Richmond  and  to  the 
Peninsula.  3.  Position  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia  with  reference  to  the  Potomac 
River  ;  to  Washington  ;  to  eastern  Virginia.  Mountains  on  the  east  of  the  Valley  ; 
on  the  west.  4.  Position  of  Antietam  with  reference  to  Washington  ;  to  the  Poto 
mac.  5.  Gettysburg  :  In  what  State  ?  In  what  direction  from  Harrisburg  ?  From 
Baltimore  ?  From  Washington  ? 


MONITOR    AND    MERRIMAC. 

CHAPTER    LIII. 
Various  Operations  in    1 862  and    1 863. 

IN  order  to  give  a  clear  account  of  the  campaigns 
about  Washington  and  Richmond,  down  to  the  battle 
of  Gettysburg,  we  have  put  that  branch  of  the  war  into 
one  continuous  story  in  the  preceding  chapter.  Many 
things  of  the  highest  importance  were  happening  else 
where,  while  McClellan  and  the  generals  who  came 
after  him  were  wrestling  with  Johnston,  Lee,  and  Jack 
son  for  Washington  and  Richmond. 
Battle  of  the  At  the  very  moment  that  McClellan  was  getting 

iron-clads  at 

Fortress  Monroe,  ready  to  move  his  army  to  the  Peninsula,  there  took 
place  a  famous  naval  battle  in  the  waters  of  Hamp 
ton  Roads,  near  Fortress  Monroe.  The  Confederates, 
having  seized  the  Norfolk  Navy-Yard,  had  changed 
the  hull  of  the  steam-frigate  Merrimac  into  an  iron- 
plated  steam-ram,  and  named  it  the  "  Virginia."  On 
the  8th  of  March,  the  Virginia,  or,  as  she  is  gener 
ally  spoken  of,  the  Merrimac,  came  out  from  Norfolk 
into  Hampton  Roads,  and  after  a  battle  sank  the  sloop- 
of-war  Cumberland.  The  frigate  Congress  was  next 
disabled  and  afterward  burned,  for  nothing  built  of 
wood  could  make  any  impression  on  this  iron  mon 
ster,  whose  sloping  sides  resisted  cannon-balls  as  a 
bird's  feathers  shed  the  rain.  The  loss  of  life  on  both 
the  vessels  that  were  destroyed  was  great.  The  steam- 
frigate  Minnesota,  which  was  aground,  was  only  saved 
from  destruction  by  the  coming  of  night.  It  was  ex 
pected  that,  with  the  morning,  the  iron  ship  would 
complete  the  sinking  of  the  shipping  in  Hampton  Roads, 


EMANCIPATION    PROCLAMATION. 


325 


and  then  go  to  the   Potomac  and   attack  Washington 
city.      But,    at    midnight,    there    arrived    from    New 
York,  all  unexpected,  a  little  iron  vessel,  named  the 
Monitor,  of  a  new  pattern,  invented  by  John  Erics 
son.     The  next  morning,  when  the  Merrimac  came 
out  again,  the  Monitor  successfully  defended  the 
Minnesota,  until  the  Confederate  ram,  having  met 
its  match,  retired.     This  battle  in  Hampton  Roads 
changed  the  construction  of   war-ships  the  world  over, 
for  it  was    proved    that   wooden   ships   were  of    no   use 
against  iron  ones. 

At  the  beginning,  many  of  the  Northern  people,  who   Emancipation 
were  very  much    in    favor  of    the  war   to    preserve    the 
Union,  had    been    opposed    to   the   abolition   of   slavery. 
But,  as  the  struggle  went  on,  the  feeling  at  the  North 


proclamation. 


THE    MONITOR   A 


against  slavery  increased.  On  the  22d  of  September, 
1862,  just  after  the  battle  of  Antietam,  President  Lincoln 
announced  that,  if  any  portion  of  the  country  should 
remain  in  arms  against  the  government,  he  would  de- 


326 


FALL    OF    NEW    ORLEANS. 


Capture  of 
New  Orleans. 


Bragg  at 
Chattanooga. 


clare  the  slaves  in  that  part  of  the  country  free.  On  the 
ist  of  January,  1863,  a  proclamation  was  made,  declar 
ing  the  slaves  free  in  all  parts  of  the  country  then  in 
armed  rebellion  against  the  government. 

We  have  seen  that  the  first  object  of  the  Union  armies 
in  the  West  was  to  wrest  the  Mississippi  River  from  the 
Confederate  forces  who  held  it  by  powerful  works  at 
Vicksburg  and  by  forts  below  New  Orleans.  While  the 
armies  were  operating  above,  the  river  was  attacked  from 
below.  On  the  i8th  of  April,  1862,  the  bombardment  of 
the  forts  below  New  Orleans  was  be 
gun  by  a  fleet  of  gunboats,  and  the 
firing  lasted  for  five  days,  but  the 
forts  held  out.  At  ten  o'clock  on  the 
morning  of  the  24th,  Farragut,  in 
command  of  the  fleet,  took  the  bold 
course  of  running  his  ships  past  the 
forts.  The  Confederates  resisted  by 
a  tremendous  fire  from  the  forts  and 
from  their  ships.  They  also  tried  to 
burn  the  United  States  vessels  by 
floating  down  upon  them  fire-rafts 
and  burning  steamboats  loaded  with  cotton,  and  they 
attacked  them  also  with  an  iron-clad  ram,  named  the 
Manassas.  But,  notwithstanding  this  resolute  defense, 
Farragut  got  by  the  forts,  with  some  loss,  and  capt 
ured  the  city.  The  forts  afterward  surrendered. 

While  Halleck  dallied  after  taking  Corinth,  the  Con 
federate  general  Bragg  took  thirty-five  thousand  men 
by  rail  to  Mobile,  and  thence  northward  on  another  line 
and  seized  Chattanooga.  We  shall  see  that  it  afterward 
cost  the  Union  troops  some  of  the  most  desperate  battles 


FALL    OF    VICKSBURG. 


327 


of  the  war  to  dislodge  the  Confederates  from  this  strong 
hold. 

From  Chattanooga  Bragg  moved  north  and  invaded   Brass  and 

in  Kentucky, 

Kentucky,  and  tried  to  reach  Louisville,  on  the  Ohio.     A  i86a. 
foot-race  took  place  between  the  two  armies,  but  Buell 
and   the  Union    troops  reached    Louisville    first.      After 
a   severe    battle    at    Perry ville,   October   8,    1862,   Bragg 
retreated  to  Chattanooga  once  more. 

Part  of  the  Union  army  was  yet  at  Corinth.  While  Battle  of  Corinth. 
Bragg  and  Buell  were  manoeuvring  in  Kentucky,  the 
Confederates,  under  General  Van  Dorn,  attacked  this 
place  on  the  3d  and  4th  of  October,  1862,  and  by  the 
most  desperate  fighting  drove  the  Union  army  from 
line  to  line  until  a  part  of  the  attacking  force  actually 
gained  the  town.  But  the  resistance  of  the  troops  under 
Rosecrans  was  as  stubborn  as  the  attack  was  resolute, 
and  Van  Dorn's  assaults  were  repulsed. 

Hitherto   in    many  operations   the  Confederates  had   Grant  tries  many 

devices  against 

the  advantage  in  generalship.  They  were  especially  vicksburg. 
strong  in  this  regard  in  the  Virginia  campaigns.  But 
the  Union  armies  at  the  West  were  gradually  coming 
under  the  control  of  General  Grant,  a  man  of  restless 
vigor  and  tremendous  power  of  endurance  under  diffi 
culty  and  repulse.  All  his  first  attempts  to  take  Vicks 
burg  failed.  Plan  after  plan  was  tried.  A  ditch  was 
dug  across  the  bend  of  the  river  opposite  Vicksburg,  in 
the  hope  that  the  river  would  change  its  bed,  but  this 
failed.  Grant  tried  to  open  other  channels  to  reach  the 
water-courses  in  the  rear  of  the  city.  From  time  to 
time,  when  one  plan  failed,  he  resorted  to  a  new  device. 

At   last  gunboats  and   transports  were  run  past  the  siege  and 

TT.    ,  .  surrender  of 

Vicksburg  batteries.     Crossing  the  Mississippi  at  Bruins-  vicksburg,  1863. 


BRAXTON    BRAGG. 


028  PALL    OF    VICKSBURG. 

burg,  below  Vicksburg,  Grant  got  in  the  rear  of  that 
stronghold.  He  took  Jackson,  the  capital  of  Mississippi, 
and  by  a  series  of  movements  and  successive  battles 
he  at  last  shut  up  the  Confederate  general  Pemberton, 
with  twenty  thousand  men,  in  the  fortifications  of  Vicks- 
burg.  Grant  twice  tried  to  carry  the  fortifications  by 
assault,  but  the  Confederate  soldiers  were  well-seasoned 
veterans  behind  strong  works,  and  the  assaults  were 
costly  failures.  The  Union  army,  therefore,  settled  down 
to  a  regular  siege  of  the  place.  On  the  4th  of  July, 
1863,  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  in  Penn 
sylvania,  the  half-starved  garrison  of  Vicksburg  surren 
dered  to  General  Grant, 
surrender  of  While  Grant  was  operating  against  Vicksburg,  Gen- 

Port  Hudson. 

eral  Banks,  who  had  taken  an  army  of  the  Federal  troops 
by  sea  to  New  Orleans,  was  trying  to  capture  Port  Hud 
son,  farther  down  the  river.  Here,  as  at  Vicksburg,  two 
assaults  were  repulsed.  But,  when  Vicksburg  surren 
dered,  Port  Hudson  was  obliged  to  yield.  This  gave 
the  Union  armies  possession  of  the  whole  of  the  Missis 
sippi  River,  and  cut  off  the  western  States  of  the  Con 
federacy  from  the  eastern. 


What  took  place  in  Hampton  Roads  when  McClellan 
was  about  to  move  his  army  to  the  Peninsula?     How 
was  the  ram  Virginia,  or  Merrimac,  built  ?     What  ships 
did  she  destroy?     What  unexpected   opponent  arrived 
during  the  night  ?     What  was  the  result  of  the  second 
day's  battle  ?     What  effect  did  this  battle  have  on  the 
building    of   war-ships    in    this    and    other  countries? 
What  change  of  feeling  about  slavery  took  place  at 
the    North    during   the   war?     WThat   proclamation  did 
President  Lincoln  issue  on  the  22d  of  September,  1862  ?    What  proclama- 
Questions  for     tion  was  made  on  the  ist  of  January,  1863?  What  was  the  first 

study-  object  of  the  Union  armies  in  the  West  ?     By  what  fortifications  did  the 


EMANCIPATION    PROCLAMATION. — FALL    OF    VICKSBURG. 


329 


Confederates  hold  the  Mississippi  River  ?  How  did  the  Union  forces  at 
tack  the  river  from  below  ?  For  how  many  days  were  the  forts  below  New 
Orleans  bombarded?  Did  they  yield  to  the  fire?  How  did  Farragut 
reach  the  city  ?  What  attempts  were  made  to  destroy  his  fleet  ?  What 
became  of  the  forts  below  New  Orleans  ? 
Were  the  Federal  armies  in  the  West  at 
this  time  under  the  command  of  a  general 
of  great  ability  ?  What  advantage  did  the 
Confederate  general  Bragg  take  of  General 
Halleck's  slowness  after  the  capture  of 
Corinth  ?  (For  the  capture  of  Corinth,  see 
page  315.)  What  route  did  Bragg  take  to 
get  to  Chattanooga  from  near  Corinth  ?  Is 
this  a  very  direct  route  ?  What  movement 
did  Bragg  make  from  Chattanooga  ?  What 
city  was  he  aiming  for?  Who  reached  it 
before  him  ?  What  did  he  do  after  the  bat 
tle  of  Perryville?  After  what  great  battle  was  Corinth  taken 
from  the  Confederates  ?  What  took  place  at  Corinth  on  October 
3  and  4,  1862?  What  was  the  result  of  Van  Dorn's  attack  on  the 
place  ?  In  what  regard  had  the  Confederates  been  the  stronger 
in  many  operations  ?  What  general  in  the  Union  army  was  now  rising 
into  control  of  the  Western  armies  ?  W7hat  is  said  of  him  ?  What 
success  did  his  first  plans  for  taking  Vicksburg  meet  with  ?  What  were 
some  of  his  plans  ?  When  gunboats  had  been  run  past  the 
Vicksburg  batteries,  what  did  General  Grant  do  ?  What  town  did  he 
capture  to  the  eastward  of  Vicksburg?  Of  what  State  is  Jackson  the 
capital  ?  What  did  he  at  last  succeed  in  doing  ?  When  he  had  shut 
up  General  Pemberton  in  Vicksburg,  what  did  he  try  to  do  ?  What  was 
the  result  of  these  assaults  ?  What  course  was  then  taken  to  reduce 
Vicksburg  ?  With  what  result  ?  Who  was  operating  against 
Port  Hudson  while  Grant  was  besieging  Vicksburg  ?  Did  General  Banks 
succeed  in  carrying  the  works  by  assault  ?  What  led  to  the  surrender 
of  Port  Hudson  ?  What  was  now  the  condition  of  the  Mississippi  River? 

I.  Battle  in  Hampton  Roads. 

1.  The  Merrimac. 

2.  Her  first  successes. 

3.  The  Monitor. 

4.  Her  defense  and  its  results. 
II.  Emancipation  Proclamation. 

1.  Increase  of  feeling  at  the  North  against  slavery. 

2.  Preliminary  proclamation. 

3.  Final  proclamation,  January  i,  1863. 


Study  by  topics. 


33° 


EMANCIPATION    PROCLAMATION. FALL    OF    VlCKSBURG. 


III.  The  campaign  against  New  Orleans. 

i.  The  effort  to  secure  the  Mississippi. 

2.  Bombardment  of  the  forts  below 

New  Orleans. 

3.  Farragut  runs  past  the  forts. 

4.  Capture      of      the      city      and 

forts. 
IV.  Bragg  and  Buell. 

1.  Bragg  goes  to  Chattanooga. 

2.  Bragg  invades  Kentucky. 

3.  Battle  of  Perryville. 
V.  Battle  of  Corinth. 


Geography. 


The  Vicksburg  campaign. 

1.  Rise  and  military  character  of  Grant. 

2.  His  failures  at  Vicksburg. 

3.  His  campaign  back  of  Vicksburg. 

4.  Attempt  to  carry  the  works  by  storm. 

5.  Siege  and  surrender. 
Campaign  against  Port  Hudson. 

1 .  Banks  tries  to  carry  it  by  assault. 

2.  Its  surrender. 

3.  The  conquest  of  the  Mississippi. 

i.  Hampton  Roads  :  What  great  river  comes  in  at  Hampton  Roads  ?  Why  was 
it  called  the  James  River  ?  (Page  20.)  What  fortress  guards  the  entrance  to 
Hampton  Roads  ?  On  what  river  is  Norfolk  situated  ?  In  what  general  direction 
would  the  Merrimac  sail  in  passing  from  Norfolk  to  Hampton  Roads  ?  2.  How  did 
Farragut  approach  New  Orleans  ?  3.  In  what  direction  is  Louisville  from  Chatta 
nooga  ?  Across  what  two  States  would  Bragg  have  to  pass  to  reach  Louisville  from 
Chattanooga  ?  In  what  State  is  Chattanooga  ?  On  what  river  is  Louisville  ?  4.  On 
what  river  is  Vicksburg  ?  In  what  direction  is  Jackson  from  Vicksburg  ?  In  what 
State  are  Vicksburg  and  Jackson  ?  What  direction  is  Port  Hudson  from  Vicksburg  ? 
From  New  Orleans  ?  What  is  the  general  course  of  the  Mississippi  River  ? 


The  war  in  cen 
tral  Tennessee. 


CHAPTER     LIV. 
The  Campaign  between  Nashville  and  Atlanta. 

THE  Western  part  of  the  war  had  become  divided 
into  two  main  parts.  The  Union  armies  won  their  first 
object  when  they  gained  control  of  the  Mississippi.  But 
another  long  and  bitter  contest  was  fought  out  before 


THE    CAMPAIGN    BETWEEN    NASHVILLE    AND    ATLANTA. 


331 


they  could  secure  the  strongholds  of  central  Tennessee 
and  northern  Georgia. 

The  first  great  battle  on  this  line  was  that  of  Stone's   Battle  of  stone 

River,  or  Mur- 

River,  or  Murfreesboro,  fought  on  the  last  day  of  the  year 


W.    S.    ROSECRANS. 


1862,  about  the  time  that  Grant  was  beginning  operations 
against  Vicksburg.  The  conflict  was  marked  by  the  brill 
iant  charges  made  by  the  Confederates  under  Bragg, 
which  at  length  broke  to  pieces  the  whole  right  wing 
of  the  Union  army.  General  Rosecrans  had  succeeded 
Buell  in  command  of  the  Union  troops.  The  result  of 
the  day's  fighting  was  very  favorable  to  the  Confeder 
ates.  But  in  the  latter  part  of  the  day  the  half-defeated 
Union  soldiers,  under  the  immediate  command  of  Gen 
eral  Thomas,  made  the  most  determined  resistance  to 
the  dashes  which  the  Confederates  continued  to  make. 
Some  of  the  generals  wished  to  retreat,  but  Rosecrans, 
who  had  defended  Corinth  with  so  much  stubbornness, 
announced  his  intention  to  "  fight  or  die  here."  On  the 
next  day,  which  was  the  first  day  of  1863,  neither  of  the 
shattered  armies  was  in  a  condition  to  make  a  serious 
attack.  On  the  third  day  of  the  battle  the  Confederates, 
by  a  tremendous  charge,  drove  back  part  of  the  left  wing 
of  Rosecrans's  army,  but  they  were  soon  cut  to  pieces 
and  themselves  driven  back.  After  the  two  armies  had 
bravely  held  their  ground  with  varying  fortunes  for  three 
days,  Bragg  retreated,  and  Rosecrans  entered  Murfrees 
boro.  Each  army  had  lost  about  nine  thousand  in  killed 
and  \vounded,  besides  those  captured. 

In  the  summer  and  autumn  of   1863,   Rosecrans,  by  The  battle  of 
some  well-planned  manoeuvres,  put  Bragg  at  such  disad 
vantage  that  he  was  forced  to  fall  back  from  time  to  time 
until  he  had  left  Chattanooga  in  the  hands  of  the  Union 


Chickamauga. 


THE    CAMPAIGN    BETWEEN    NASHVILLE    AND    ATLANTA. 


333 


GEORGE    H.    THOMAS. 


troops.  But  Bragg  received  re-enforcements,  and  the 
great  battle  of  Chickamauga  was  fought  on  the  iQth 
and  2Oth  of  September,  1863.  It  was  a  battle  of 
charge  and  counter-charge.  On  the  first  day  the 
Union  army  won  considerable  advantage;  but  on 
the  second  day  the  right  half  of  Rosecrans's  army 
was  broken,  and  it  retreated  in  confusion  toward 
Chattanooga.  The  utter  rout  of  the  Union  army 
was  prevented  by  General  Thomas,  whose  division 
had  also  saved  the  army  at  Murfreesboro.  With  extraor 
dinary  coolness  he  held  the  left  wing  against  repeated 
assaults,  and,  when  ammunition  failed,  his  men  used  their 
bayonets  to  repel  the  Confederate  charges.  Though 
Bragg's  troops,  by  splendid  fighting,  had  gained  a  great 
victory,  Thomas,  by  the  most  brilliant  defense  of  the 
war,  kept  them  back  long  enough  to  enable  Rosecrans 
to  prepare  for  the  defense  of  Chattanooga,  to  which 
place  the  Union  troops  retreated. 

Grant,  who  had  gained  great  reputation  by  his  Vicks-  Grant  m  com 
mand  at 
.burg  campaign,  was  now  given  command  of  all  the  forces  Chattanooga. 

west  of  the  mountains.  Rosecrans  was  relieved,  and 
Thomas,  who  was  called  "  the  Rock  of  Chickamauga," 
was  put  in  his  place.  Grant  took  immediate  command  of 
the  besieged  troops  in  Chattanooga,  with  Thomas  next. 

Bragg  having  sent  away  a  part  of  his  army  to  attack   Battles  at 

Chattanooga. 

Burnside  in  East  Tennessee,  Grant  took  advantage  of  this 
weakening  of  his  force  to  attack  Bragg's  army  in  his 
front.  The  main  body  of  Bragg's  army  was  intrenched 
in  Chattanooga  Valley.  Bragg  also  held  Missionary 
Ridge,  in  his  rear,  and  Lookout  Mountain,  to  the  south 
west.  Hooker  attacked  and  carried  Lookout  Mountain 
on  the  morning  of  November  25,  1863,  while  a  mist  shut 


334       THE    CAMPAIGN    BETWEEN    NASHVILLE    AND    ATLANTA. 


Sherman  against 
Johnston.  Kene- 
saw  Mountain. 


out  the  summit  from  the  valley.  This  is  sometimes 
called  "The  Battle  above  the  Clouds."  But  Sherman, 
who  had  previously  carried  an  outlying  hill  at  the  north 
end  of  Missionary  Ridge,  was  checked  in  his  attempt  to 
advance  by  the  obstinate  resistance  of  the  Confederates 
under  Hardee.  Grant,  therefore,  sent  the  army  under 
Thomas  out  of  Chattanooga  to  attack  the  Confederates 
in  front,  with  instructions  to  carry  the  first  line  and  lie 
down.  By  a  swift  charge,  under  a  severe  fire,  they  car 
ried  the  line  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain ;  but  the  guns 
of  the  Confederates  on  the  top  of  Missionary  Ridge  sent 
a  galling  fire  upon  them.  Without  orders  one  impatient 
regiment  after  another  rushed  up  the  hill.  Bragg's 
troops  made  a  vigorous  resistance,  but  the  eager  assail 
ants  carried  the  line  in  six  places,  and  the  Confederate 
army  was  forced  to  retreat. 

Grant  was  now  put  in  command  of  all  the  Union 
armies,  and  he  took  charge  in  person  of  the  army  in 
front  of  Washington,  while  Sherman  was  left  to  com 
mand  the  Western  army.  Sherman,  a  man  of  incessant 
activity  and  ability  of  many  kinds,  was  confronted  by 
the  Confederate  general 
Joseph  E.  Johnston,  who 
had  been  appointed  to 
succeed  Bragg.  Johnston 
also  was  a  man  of  mili 
tary  genius,  and  ex 
tremely  prudent.  Sherman,  by  skillful  manoeuvres, 
tried  to  force  Johnston  to  fight  in  the  open  field  ;  but 
Johnston  preferred  to  draw  Sherman  farther  south,  so 
as  to  increase  the  difficulty  of  supplying  his  army,  and 
to  compel  Sherman  to  attack  him  behind  breastworks. 


Joseph  Eggleston  Johnston  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1807.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1829.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  an  engineer  and  in  active 
service  during  the  Mexican  War.  He  re 
signed  in  1861,  and  entered  the  Confeder 
ate  army,  where  he  always  displayed 
the  greatest  prudence  and  ability. 


THE    CAMPAIGN    BETWEEN    NASHVILLE    AND    ATLANTA. 


335 


Many  severe  engagements  were  fought,  but  Johnston 
avoided  a  general  battle.  At  length  Sherman  attacked 
Johnston  at  Kenesaw  Mountain,  but  the  Confederates 
repulsed  him. 

The  Confederate  government,  dissatisfied  with  John-  Hood  succeeds 

Johnston. 

ston  s  long  and  cautious  retreat  before  Sherman,  removed  Sherman  takes 
him,  and  General  Hood  took  his  place.  Hood  believed 
in  sharp  fighting,  and  several  battles  took  place  at  vari 
ous  points  about  Atlanta,  but  they  generally  resulted  in 
favor  of  the  Union  army.  At  length,  Sherman  got  a 
considerable  part  of  his  army  south  of  Atlanta,  so  that 
Hood  was  compelled  to  abandon  that  city  or  be  shut 
up  in  it. 


Into  what  two  main  parts  had  the  war  west  of  the  Alleghanies  become    Questions  for 
divided  ?     What  object  did  the  Union  armies  secure  with  the  fall  of  Vicks-   study, 
burg  ?    What  strongholds  were  to  be  won  by  another  contest  ?  What 

was  the  first  great  battle  on  the  line  of  central  Tennessee  and  northern 
Georgia  ?  What  was  Grant  doing  at  the  time  the  battle  of  Murfreesboro 
was  fought  ?  In  what  part  of  the  year  1862  did  this  battle  near  Murfrees 
boro  take  place  ?  How  did  the  Confederate  soldiers  carry  on  the  battle  ? 
What  effect  did  their  charges  have?  Who  commanded  the  Union  troops? 
What  was  the  general  result  of  the  day's  fighting  ?  What  did  Rosecrans 
say  that  night  ?  What  was  the  condition  of  the  two  armies  on  New-Year's- 
day,  1863  ?  What  did  the  Confederates  do  on  the  following  day?  What 
was  the  result  of  this  charge  ?  What 
course  did  Bragg  then  take  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  losses  in  this  battle  ?  How 

did  Rosecrans  force  Bragg  to  fall  back  in 
the  summer  of  1863  ?  What  now  became 
of  Chattanooga  ?  What  battle  did  Bragg 
fight  in  September,  1863,  to  recover  Chat 
tanooga  ?  What  kind  of  a  battle  was  it  ? 
Which  army  won  advantages  on  the  first 
day?  What  took  place  on  the  second 
day  ?  What  prevented  the  destruction  of 
the  Union  army  ?  What  other  battle  had 
Thomas  saved  ?  What  name  did  Thomas 

get    from     his    defense    on    this    occasion  ?  BATTLES  ABOUT  CHATTANOOGA. 


23 


336 


THE    CAMPAIGN    BETWEEN    NASHVILLE    AND    ATLANTA. 


Study  by  topics. 


Which  army  gained  a  great  victory  ?  What  did  "  the  Rock  of  Chicka- 
mauga  "  secure  by  his  defense  ?  Who  was  put  in  command  of  all 

the  forces  west  of  the  Alleghanies  ?  Who  now  took  the  place  of  Rose- 
crans  ?  By  what  success  had  Grant  won  a  great  reputation  ?  Of  what 
army  did  Grant  now  take  immediate  command  ?  How  did  Bragg 

at  this  time  weaken  his  army  ?  Where  was  the  main  body  of  his  army  ? 
What  two  mountains  did  he  hold  ?  What  did  Hooker  attack  and  carry  ? 
What  is  the  battle  on  Lookout  Mountain  sometimes  called  ?  How  did 
Sherman's  attack  on  the  other  extreme  of  Bragg's  defense  get  on  ?  What 
did  Grant  order  Thomas's  men  to  do  ?  Did  they  stay  long  at  the  first 
line  ?  Why  ?  What  was  the  result  of  this  charge  up  the  ridge  ? 
What  change  was  now  made  in  the  position  of  General  Grant  ?  Who 
was  left  chief  in  command  of  the  Western  armies  ?  What  kind 

of  a  man  was  Sherman  ?  Who  had  succeeded  Bragg  ?  What  kind  of  a 
man  was  Joseph  E.  Johnston  ?  What  did  Sherman  try  to  do  ?  What 
did  Johnston  wish  to  do  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Kenesaw 
Mountain  ?  Why  did  the  Confederate  government  remove  John 

ston  ?  Whom  did  they  put  in  his  place  ?  What  was  the  general  result 
of  the  fighting  about  Atlanta  ?  How  did  Sherman  force  Hood  to  aban 
don  Atlanta  ? 

I.  The  war  in  the  West  divided  into  two  parts. 
II.  Rosecrans  and  Bragg. 

i.  The  battle  of  Stone  River,  or  Murfreesboro.     2.  Battle  of 

Chickamauga. 
III.  Grant  and  Bragg. 

i.    Grant    in    command.      2.    Bragg    weakens    his    army. 
\        3.  Battle  of  Chattanooga. 

a.  Hooker  takes  Lookout  Mountain,    b.  Sherman  part 
ly  successful  at  Missionary  Ridge,      c.  The  volun 
teer  charge  of  Thomas's  troops  gains  the  victory. 
IV.  Sherman  and  Johnston. 

Sherman    in   command :    his    character. 
2.  Johnston  succeeds  Bragg :  his  charac 
ter.     3.   Sherman  and  Johnston  ma 
noeuvring.     4.    Confederate   victory 
at  Kenesaw  Mountain.    5.  Johnston 
removed. 
V.  Sherman  and  Hood. 

i.  Hood  tries  sharp  fighting  without 
success.   2.  Hood  abandons  Atlanta. 


MAIN 

POINTS    OF 
THE   CAMPAIGN 
BETWEEN     NASH 
VILLE  AND  ATLANTA. 


Geography. 


In  what  general  direction  is  Murfreesboro  from  Nashville  ?  In  about  what  direc 
tion  is  Chattanooga  from  Nashville  ?  In  what  direction  is  Atlanta  from  Nashville  ? 
Atlanta  from  Chattanooga  ? 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 


337 


CHAPTER    LV. 

From  the  Wilderness  to  Petersburg.— The  War  in  the 

Valley. 

IN  the  spring  of  1864  General  Grant,  who  had  taken  Grant  confronts 
Vicksburg  and  won  the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  was  put 
in  command  of   all  the   armies   of   the    Union.     He   left 
Sherman,  as  we    have  seen,  to   command    in   the    West, 


Ulysses  S.  Grant  was  born  in  Point 
Pleasant,  Ohio,  April  27,  1822.  He  spent 
his  boyhood  on  a  farm.  In  1839  he  was 
appointed  a  cadet  at  West  Point,  from 
which  he  graduated  about  the  middle  of 
his  class  in  rank.  As  a  lieutenant  in  the 
Mexican  War,  he  was  conspicuous  for 
bravery,  taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Palo 
Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  and  the  as 
sault  on  Monterey.  He  also  took  part  in 
the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  the  succeed 
ing  battles  of  Scott's  campaign.  He  re 
signed  from  the  army  in  1854  and  engaged 
in  farming,  but  was  not  successful. 
When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  was  a 
clerk  in  the  leather-store  of  his  father  in 
Galena,  111.,  on  a  small  salary.  He  then 
became  mustering  officer  for  the  State  of 
Illinois,  was  appointed  colonel  of  the 
Twenty-first  Regiment  from  that  State, 
and  thus  entered  on  his  great  military 
career,  the  outlines  of  which  will  be  found 
in  the  text.  After  serving  two  terms  as 
President,  he  retired  to  private  iife,  and 
made  a  journey  round  the  world,  receiv 
ing  honors  wherever  he  went.  He  died 
on  Mount  McGregor,  N.  Y.,  on  the  23d 
of  July,  1885. 


ULYSSES    S.    GRANT. 


while  he  took  up  his  head 
quarters  with  Meade  in 
front  of  Washington.  The  veteran  Eastern  armies  that 
had  fought  so  long  against  each  other,  between  Wash 
ington  and  Richmond,  were  now  to  fight  to  the  death, 
each  under  the  most  famous  general  on  its  side. 

Under  Grant  and  Meade,  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Desperate 

battles  in  "The 

moved  forward  toward  Richmond.     It  encountered  Lee  s  wilderness." 


338 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 


Manoeuvres. 


army  in  a  region  of  dense  woods,  full  of  undergrowth, 
known  as  "  The  Wilderness."  Grant's  army  was  much 
the  more  numerous,  for  by  this  time  the  South,  which  had 
put  forth  nearly  its  whole  strength  from  the  beginning, 
was  becoming  somewhat  exhausted.  On  the  other  hand, 
Lee  fought  behind  intrenchments,  and,  i$  changing  his 
position,  moved  on  shorter  lines  than  his  opponent.  For 
sixteen  days,  in  the  Wilderness  and  about  Spottsylvania 
Court-House,  the  armies  were  so  close  to  each  other  in 
the  thick  brush  that  the  men  had  to  be  continually  on 
guard,  and  so  they  got  little  chance  for  sleep.  When 
they  changed  positions,  the  marching  was  generally 
done  in  the  night,  while  the  days  witnessed  the  most 
tremendous  fighting  that  had  been  seen  since  the  bat 
tles  of  the  great  Napoleon.  In  sixteen  days  the  Union 
army  lost  37,500  men,  and  Lee's  losses,  though  much 
less,  were  severe. 

Lee  was  not  crushed,  but  Grant  got  nearer  to  Rich 
mond  from  time  to  time  by 
secretly  moving  a  part  of 
the  army  from  his  right 
and  marching  it  around  to 
the  rear  of  his  other  troops, 
and  then  pushing  it  as  far 
ahead  on  his  left  as  pos 
sible.  By  thus  outflanking 
Lee,  Grant  compelled  him 
to  fall  back,  that  he  might 
not  be  cut  off  from  Rich 
mond  and  his  supplies. 
But  Lee  always  managed 
to  fall  back  in  time  to  be 


Robert  Edward  Lee  was  born  in 
Virginia,  June  19,  1807.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1829,  second  in  his  class. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  an  engineer 
in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz.  He  was  for 
three  years  in  command  of  the  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point.  When  his  own 
State  of  Virginia  seceded,  he  thought 
himself  bound  to  go  with  it.  He  re 
signed  his  commission  on  the  2oth  of 
April,  1861,  and  was  made  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Virginia  State  forces,  and 
later  a  Confederate  general.  To  his 
great  ability  was  mostly  due  the  stub 
bornness  of  the  struggle  carried  on  by 
the  Confederates  between  Richmond  and 
Washington.  After  the  war  was  over, 
General  Lee  accepted  the  result  manful 
ly,  and  devoted  himself  to  his  duties  as 
President  of  Washington-Lee  University, 
at  Lexington,  Va.,  where  he  died  on  the 
i2th  of  October,  1870. 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 

again  between  Grant's  army  and  Richmond.      The  two 
great   generals  and    the  two   veteran   armies  were  well 
matched,  and  neither  could  gain  a 
complete  victory. 

This  fighting  and  this  moving 
to  the  eastward  and  around  Lee's 
flank  were  kept  up  with  varying  suc 
cess  until  Grant  got  near  to  Rich 
mond,  when,  on  the  2d  of  June, 
1864,  at  Cold  Harbor,  Grant  at 
tacked  the  Confederate  works  along 
the  whole  line.  The  Union  army 
was  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  near 
ly  six  thousand  men  in  an  hour. 

On  the    1 3th  of  June,    1864,   by 
another    rapid    march    to    the    left, 
General  Grant's  army  began  to  cross  the  James  River. 
As    soon    as    over,    they    made    an    attempt    to    capture  Attempt  to  take 

Petersburg. 

Petersburg,  in  order  to  cut  off  one  source  of  supplies 
and  re-enforcements  for  Richmond.  The  outer  works 
near  Petersburg  were  carried,  but  the  Confederates  fell 
back  to  new  lines,  and  received  re-enforcements.  The 
attempt  to  drive  them  out  of  these  by  assault  failed. 
The  Union  troops  now  built  trenches  close  up  to  the 
Confederate  works,  and  the  two  armies  held  these  frown 
ing  lines,  face  to  face,  for  nine  months,  until  within  a 
few  days  of  the  close  of  the  war. 

Soon  after  the   siege    began,  a  mine   was  dug   from   Explosion  of  the 

.  r     mine.     Attack 

the   trenches   of    the    Union    army    under    an    angle    of  repulsed, 
the    Confederate    works.      By  this   mine   a  part   of    the 
works  was   blown  up  on  the    3oth  of  July.      An  attack 
was    made    immediately   after,    but   it   was   badly   man- 


ROBERT    E.    LEE. 


34° 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 


aged,   and    only   resulted    in   the   loss  of   a   great   many 
Union  soldiers. 
Hunter  marches  ln  a\\  the  years  of  the  war  there  had  been  a  smaller 

up  the  Valley, 

and  tries  to  take    campaign  carried  on  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia.     This  fer- 

Lynchburg.  . 

tile  valley  lies  between  two  ranges  ot  mountains.  Its 
northern  end  reaches  the  Potomac  not  very  far  away 
from  Washington.  In  this  valley  the  Confederate  gen 
eral  Breckinridge  defeated  General  Sigel  at  New  Mar 
ket  on  the  1 5th  of  May,  1864.  General  Hunter,  who 
took  command  of  the  Union  troops,  defeated  the  Confed 
erate  general  Imboden  at  Piedmont  twenty  days  later. 
Hunter,  with  eighteen  thousand  men,  pushed  for  Lynch- 
burg,  which  was  a  place  of  the  greatest  importance.  He 
destroyed  railroads  and  worked  much  damage,  but 
Lynchburg  was  re-enforced  in  time  to  save  it.  Finding 
his  retreat  down  the  Valley  cut  off,  Hunter  saved  his 
starving  army  by  making  his  way  into  the  Kanawha 
Valley.  This  took  him  to  the  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  quite  out  of  the  Valley. 
Early  marches  The  Valley  was  thus  left  open  to  Early,  who  marched 

down  the  Valley, 

and  tries  to  take    a  Confederate  force  down  to   Harper's  Ferry  and  across 
into    Maryland.      Early    defeated    a   small    force    under 
General    Lew    Wallace    at    Monocacy    on    the    /th    of 
July,  and  pushed   straight  for  Washington,  which  he 
might  have    captured  at  a  dash   had  he  been  a  little 
quicker ;   but   re-enforcements  from   Grant's  army 
Ijjjffi     marched    into    the    works   as    the    assault   began, 
and  he  was  repulsed.     He  retreated  again  up  the 
Valley,    pursued    by    a    strong   force.  „  But,    when   a 
part   of   the    Union   troops    was    withdrawn   and    sent 
back  to  Grant,  Early  attacked  and  defeated  those  under 
Crook  at  Kernstown,  and  threw  his  cavalry  across  the 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 


Potomac  again,  and  into  Pennsylvania,  where  they 
burned  Chambersburg.  In  getting  back  into  Virginia, 
this  cavalry  force  was  attacked  and  defeated. 

General    Sheridan    was    now    given    charge    of    the  Sheridan  in  the 

Valley.     Battles 

Union   troops   on  this   line.      Sheridan    was   for   a   long  at  Winchester 

,  .    ,  ,       .  A,  ,      and  Fisher's  Hill. 

time  very  wary,  determined  not  to  risk  a  battle  against 
an  experienced  general  like  Early  with 
out  a  good  chance  for  success.  When 
Early 's  force  had  been  weakened  by 
the  sending  of  part  of  it  to  Peters 
burg,  Sheridan  attacked  him  and  won 
the  battle  of  Opequon,  or  Winchester, 
on  the  i Qth  of- September,  1864.  Three 
days  later,  Sheridan  attacked  Early  in 
his  trenches  at  Fisher's  Hill,  having 
sent  a  force  around  to  suddenly  assail 
him  on  one  side  or  flank,  while  the 
rest  of  the  Union  troops  charged  the 
works  in  front.  Early 's  men,  attacked  on  two  sides,  were 
routed  and  driven  farther  up  the  Valley  to  the  south. 

Sheridan  burned  all  the   Destruction  in 


PHILIP    H.     SHERIDAN. 


Philip  Henry  Sheridan  was  born  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  6,  1831.  He  grad 
uated  at  West  Point  in  1853.  HC  nrst 
gained  distinction  as  a  cavalry  command 
er,  then  he  showed  great  qualities  at  Per- 
ryville  and  Murfreesboro,  after  which  he 
was  made  a  major-general.  At  Chicka- 
mauga  and  in  the  battles  about  Chatta 
nooga  he  further  distinguished  himself. 
His  campaign  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia 
and  the  part  he  played  in  the  closing 
scenes  made  him  one  of  the  most  famous 
generals  of  the  war.  He  succeeded  Sher 
man  at  the  head  of  the  army,  and  in  1888 
he  was  made  a  full  general.  Only  Grant 
and  Sherman  had  attained  that  rank  in 
I  the  United  States  army  before  him.  He 
died  at  Nonquitt,  Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1888. 


m    T      •  i          •         j  the  Valley- 
barns  filled  with  gram,  and   Battle  of 

carried  off  all  the  stock  in 
the  Valley,  to  prevent  the 
Confederates  from  return 
ing.  But  when  Sheridan 
went  back  toward  the  Po 
tomac,  Early,  largely  re- 
enforced,  followed  him 
through  this  land  of  starva 
tion.  While  Sheridan  was 
absent  from  his  troops,  a 


342 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 


part  of  Early 's  army,  leaving  behind  their  swords,  can 
teens,  and  everything  that  could  make  a  noise,  moved 
in  the  night  along  a  lonely  path  until  they  got  around 
on  the  flank  and  behind  the  Union  army,  and  sur 
prised  them  while  they  were  asleep.  Early,  at  the 
same  time,  with  the  rest  of  his  troops,  attacked  Sheri- 


COLD    COMFORT. 


dan's  army  in  front.  This  was  the  beginning  ol  the 
battle  of  Cedar  Creek.  The  Confederates  defeated 
and  drove  back  the  Union  troops  for  four  miles,  capt 
uring  many  prisoners.  Sheridan,  hearing  the  firing, 
put  spurs  to  his  horse,  and  rode  up  the  Valley,  call 
ing  to  his  fleeing  soldiers,  "  Come,  boys,  we're  going 
back  !  "  His  presence  turned  the  tide,  and  by  night  he 
had  defeated  Early  once  more.  A  few  smaller  actions 
ended  the  campaign,  for  most  of  the  troops  on  both 
sides  were  needed  at  Petersburg,  where  the  last  strug 
gle  of  all  was  to  take  place. 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 


343 


WILDERNESS    CAMPAIGN. 


Who  was  put  in  command  of  all  the   Union  armies  in  the  spring  of  Questions  for 
1864?     Whom  did  Grant   leave  in   command   of  the  Western  armies  ?    study- 
Where  did  he  make  his  own  headquarters?  Where  did  Grant's 

army  encounter  the  army  of  Lee  ?  What  kind  of  a  region  was  the  Wil 
derness  ?  Which  army  contained  the  more  men  ?  What  was  the  state 
of  the  South  at  this  time  ?  What  advantage  did 
Lee  have  ?  For  sixteen  days  after  the  armies 
came  together,  what  was  the  character  of  the 
struggle  ?  When  was  the  marching  clone  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  fighting?  What  can  you 
tell  about  the  losses  ?  What  was  the 

result  of  all  this  fighting  and  moving  ?  How  did 
Grant  move  his  army  nearer  to  Richmond  ? 
How  did  Lee  fall  back?  What  took 

place  at  Cold  Harbor  on  the  2d  of  June,  1864? 

What  did  Grant  do  on  the  I3th  of  June? 
When  his  army  was  across,  what  did  they  try  to 
do  ?  Did  they  meet  with  any  success  ?  Did 
they  capture  Petersburg  by  assault  ?  Seeing 
that  Petersburg  could  not  be  carried  by  assault, 
what  did  the  Union  troops  do  ?  What 

measure  was  taken  for  blowing  up  the  Confed 
erate  works  ?  What  was  the  result  ?  Why  did  it  end  badly  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  campaigns  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia  ?  Which 
side  won  the  battle  of  New  Market  in  May,  1864?  What  took  place 
at  Piedmont  twenty  days  later?  What  did  Hunter  do  after  defeat 
ing  the  Confederates  ?  Why  did  he  not  capture  Lynchburg?  How  did 
Hunter  escape  ?  What  advantage  did  the  Confederate  general 

Early  take  of  Hunter's  absence  from  the  Valley  ?  What  was  the 
result  of  the  battle  of  Monocacy  ?  Against  what  place  did  Early 
afterward  march  ?  Why  did  he  not  capture  Washington  ?  Where  did 
he  go?  Where  did  he  defeat  Crook?  What  did  he  do  afterward? 
What  town  in  Pennsylvania  was  burned  by  Confederate  cavalry  ?  What 
happened  to  this  force  in  getting  back  into  Virginia  ?  Who  now 

took  charge  of  the  Union  troops  in  the  Valley  ?  What  led  Sheridan  to 
attack  Early  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Opequon,  or  Win 
chester  ?  What  battle  was  fought  three  days  later  ?  How  was  the  at 
tack  made  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Fisher's  Hill  ? 

What  did  Sheridan  do  to  keep  Early's  troops  from  occupying  the 
Valley  again  ?  Did  Early  come  down  the  Valley  again  ?  How  did  he 
begin  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek?  What  did  he  accomplish?  What 
turned  the  tide  ?  What  did  Sheridan  say  as  he  came  back  ?  What  was 
the  result  ?  Why  did  not  the  war  in  the  Valley  continue  ?  Where  was 
the  last  struggle  of  all  to  take  place  ? 


344 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 


Study  by  topics.  I.  Grant  and  Sherman  in  command  of  the  Union  armies. 

II.  From  the  Wilderness  to  Petersburg. 

1 .  The  battles  in  the  Wilderness  and  about  Spottsylvania. 

2.  The  movements  by  which  Grant  got  nearer  to  Richmond. 

3.  The  assault  at  Cold  Harbor. 

4.  The  crossing  of  the  James. 

5.  Before  Petersburg. 
Also— 

a.  Relative  strength  of  the  two  armies. 

b.  How  the  Union  army  was  moved  to  the  left. 

c.  Hardships  of  marching  at  night  and  fighting  by  day. 

III.  The  war  in  the  Valley. 

1.  Breckinridge  defeats  Sigel. 

2.  Hunter  defeats  Imboden. 

3.  Hunter  pushes  for  Lynchburg. 

4.  His  retreat  by  Kanawha  Valley. 

IV.  Invasion  of  Maryland  by  Early. 

1.  The  Valley  left  open  by  Hunter. 

2.  Early  crosses  into  Maryland. 

3.  Battle  of  Monocacy. 

4.  Washington  narrowly  escapes  capture. 


FROM    THE    WILDERNESS    TO    PETERSBURG. 


345 


Burning  of  Chambersburg,  in 


5.  Early's  retreat. 

6.  Eariy's  cavalry  cross  again. 

Pennsylvania. 
V.  Sheridan  against  Early. 

1.  Sheridan  cautious. 

2.  Battle  of  Winchester,  or  Opequon. 

3.  Battle  of  Fisher's  Hill. 

4.  Destruction  in  the  Valley. 

5.  Battle  of  Cedar  Creek. 

6.  Close  of  the  campaign. 

i.  Direction  of  the  "Wilderness"  from  Washington.  Location  of  Spottsylvania  Geography. 
Court-House  with  reference  to  the  Wilderness.  In  what  direction  from  Richmond  is 
Cold  Harbor  ?  On  which  side  of  the  James  River  is  Cold  Harbor  ?  On  which  side 
is  Richmond  ?  What  direction  from  the  James  River  is  Petersburg  ?  Is  Petersburg 
on  the  James  River  ?  In  what  direction  is  Petersburg  from  Richmond  ?  2.  What 
Mountains  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Valley  of  Virginia  ?  What  on  the  western  ? 
Where  is  the  Potomac  River  with  reference  to  the  Valley  ?  What  place  is  on  the 
Potomac  at  the  mouth  of  the  Shenandoah  River  ?  In  what  direction  from  Washing 
ton  is  Harper's  Ferry  ?  Is  Washington  on  the  Virginia  or  on  the  Maryland  bank  of 
the  Potomac  ?  3.  On  which  side  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  is  the  Kanawha  River  ? 
Into  what  river  does  it  flow  ? 


CHAPTER    LVI. 
Close  of  the  Civil  War. 

IN   Chapter   LIV   we    have  seen   that  Sherman  capt-  Sherman's 

.  .    .  ,-^  march  begun. 

ured  Atlanta,  having  in  opposition  to  him  the  Confeder 
ate  general  Hood.  The  latter  was  a  bold  man,  and  he 
determined  to  force  Sherman  to  fall  back  into  Tennessee 
again,  by  going  to  his  rear  and  cutting  off  his  supplies 
from  the  North.  But  Sherman,  knowing  that  the  re 
sources  of  the  South  were  almost  exhausted,  concluded 
to  risk  a  blow  that  might  end  the  war.  Leaving  the 
troops  in  Tennessee  under  command  of  General  Thomas, 
he  set  out  from  Atlanta  with  the  rest  of  his  army,  to 
march  southward  through  the  heart  of  the  Confederacy. 

Hood,    refusing    to    follow    Sherman    into    Georgia,   Hood  in  Ten 
nessee.    Battle 
pushed    northward    into    Tennessee,    resolved    to   strike  of 


346 

Thomas    before 


CLOSE    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


he    could     get    his    forces    together. 


GENERAL    SCHOFIELD. 


Battle  of 
Nashville. 


Sherman  de 
stroying  in 
Georgia.     Sa 
vannah  taken. 


capture  of 

Fort  Fisher  and 

Wilmington. 


Hood    attacked  a  part  of    General    Thomas's   troops, 

under  General  Schofield,  at  Franklin  in  Tennessee. 
The  Confederates  made  the  most  desperate  charges, 

\  carrying,  at  first,  a  portion  of  the  Union  lines, 
but  Schofield  succeeded  in  holding  his  works 
long  enough  to  get  safely  across  the  Harpeth  River. 
He  then  fell  back,  and  joined  Thomas  at  Nashville. 

Hood  soon  encamped  before  Nashville,  where,  after 
a  rather  long  delay,  he  was  attacked  on  the  morning 
of  December  I5th  by  Thomas's  whole  army.  A  two 
days'  battle  ensued,  which  resulted  in  the  utter  defeat 
of  Hood's  army.  This  was  a  blow  from  which  the  ex 
hausted  Confederacy  could  not  recover. 

While  -Hood  and  Thomas  were  manoeuvring  in  Ten 
nessee,  Sherman  and  his  army  were  marching  through 
the  Confederacy.  His  men  were  consuming  supplies 
that  would  otherwise  have  sustained  Lee  in  Richmond. 
Railroads  of  the  greatest  military  value  were  utterly 
destroyed,  by  making  fires  of  the  cross-ties  and  then 
heating  and  twisting  the  rails.  Nothing  could  have 
tended  more  to  bring  the  war  to  an  end  than  the 
breaking  of  the  railways,  on  which  food  and  soldiers 
must  be  moved.  Just  before  the  battle  of  Nashville 
was  fought,  Sherman  reached  Savannah  and  laid  siege 
to  it,  having  been  about  a  month  without  communica 
tion  with  the  North.  On  the  2oth  of  December  the 
Confederates  evacuated  Savannah,  and  Sherman  occu 
pied  it. 

In  order  to  give  Sherman,  when  he  should  move 
northward,  a  new  base  of  supplies  from  the  sea,  and 
in  order  to  stop  blockade-running,  an  expedition  was 


CLOSE    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


347 


sent  to  capture  Wilmington,  in  North  Carolina.  Fort 
Fisher,  which  guarded  the  entrance  to  this  place,  was 
bombarded  by  a  fleet  and  then  carried  by  assault,  on 

January  15,  1865.  By  way 
of  Wilmington,  General 
Schofield,  with  a  part  of 
Thomas's  army  from  Ten 
nessee,  now  pushed  up 
to  Goldsboro,  in  North 
Carolina,  to  meet  Sher 
man  when  he  should  reach 


William  Tecumseh  Sherman  was 
born  in  Ohio  in  1820.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1840.  He  resigned  from 
the  army  in  1853,  and  engaged  in  the 
banking  business  in  San  Francisco. 
Later  he  practiced  law  in  Kansas.  When 
the  war  broke  out,  he  was  superintendent 
of  the  military  school  in  Louisiana.  He 
was  reappointed  to  the  army  in  1861.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  was  next  in  rank 
to  General  Grant,  and  he  became  general 
of  the  army  when  Grant  became  Presi 
dent. 


that  place. 
On  the  ist  of  February,   1865,  Sherman's  tough  vet-  Sherman's  march 

northward. 

erans  left  Savannah  and  moved  northward  through  the 
Carolinas,  in  rain  and  through  overflowing  swamps. 
Columbia  was  taken  and  burned.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  burned  by  accident,  or,  at  least,  against  the  orders 
of  Sherman.  The  Union  army  pushed  on  northward. 
Johnston  did  not  give  battle  till  Sherman  had  reached 
Averysboro,  in  North  Carolina.  Here 
the  Confederates  were  defeated  ;  but 
at  Bentonville,  on  the  igth  of  March, 
General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  came  near 
to  defeating  one  column  of  Sherman's 
army  before  re  -  enforcements  could 
reach  it. 

Sherman,  by  his  marches,  Sad  bro 
ken  to  pieces  the  interior  lines  of  travel 
in  the  Southern  States,  and  greatly 
added  to  the  troubles  of  Lee  in  Rich 
mond.  Neither  re  -  enforcements  nor 
supplies  could  be  had  without  difficul- 


WILLIAM    TECUMSEH    SHERMA 


348 


CLOSE    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


Battle  of  Five 
Oaks.     Lee's 
works  carried. 


Movements  about  ty.      The    Southern    people,   who    had    bravely    suffered 

Petersburg. 

the  greatest  hardships,  were  now  disheartened.  Lee 
began  to  consider  how  he  could  retreat.  But  Grant, 
whose  force  was  more  than  twice  as  large  as  Lee's, 
moved  Sheridan's  part  of  the  army  around  to  the  south 
•of  the  Confederate  works,  in  order,  if  possible,  to  pre 
vent  Lee's  dwindling  army  from  getting  away. 

Lee  was  everywhere  outnumbered,  and  his  men  were 
beaten  and  captured,  especially  in  the  battle  of  Five 
Forks,  on  the  ist  of  April.  Lee  had  weakened  his  force 
in  front  of  Grant,  by  drawing  out  troops  to  keep  Sheri 
dan  from  cutting  the  railroads  that  brought  him  sup 
plies,  and  while  the  battle  of  Five  Forks  was  taking 
place,  some  of  the  Confederate  works  at  Petersburg  were 
carried  by  assault,  and  others  were  taken  the  next  day. 

The  night  following,  that  is,  the  2d  of  April,  Lee  be 
gan  his  retreat  from  Richmond.  His  first  object  was  to 
reach  Danville,  Va.,  and  from  that  place  to  unite  with 
Johnston.  But,  finding  a  Union  force  between  him  and 
Danville,  his  now  starving  army  was  turned  toward 
Lynchburg.  Sheridan's  cavalry  cut  him  off  from  Lynch- 
burg,  and  on  the  gth  of  April,  1865,  Lee  surrendered  his 
army  to  General  Grant,  at  Appomattox  Court-House. 

Johnston  could  make  no  stand  alone,  and  sixteen  days 
later  he  surrendered  to  General  Sherman.  The  smaller 
bodies  of  Confederate  troops  yielded  soon  after,  and 
the  four  terrible  years  of  war  were  at  last  ended.  The 
soldiers  on  both  sides  returned  to  their  homes.  No  war 
so  vast  had  ever  been  seen  in  modern  times,  and  no 
braver  men  had  ever  fought.  The  impressions  left  by 
the  sufferings  of  the  civil  war  have  produced  a  strong 
sentiment  in  favor  of  peace. 


Lee's  retreat 
and  surrender, 
April  9,   1865. 


Johnston  sur 
renders.     Close 
of  the  war. 


CLOSE    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


349 


What  was  Hood's  plan  for  forcing  Sherman  to  fall  back  into  Tennes 
see  again  ?  When  Hood  moved  around  to  his  rear,  did  Sherman  follow  ? 
What  kind  of  a  blow  did  he  meditate  ?  Under  whose  command  did  he 
put  the  troops  which  he  left  in  Tennessee  ?  What  did  he  do  with  the 
rest  of  his  army  ?  Did  Hood  follow  Sherman  ?  Where  did  he 

go  ?  What  portion  of  Thomas's  troops  did  Hood  first  at 
tack  ?  Where  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Frank 
lin  ?  To  what  place  did  Schofield  fall  back  ?  Where 
was  the  next  battle  fought  ?  How  long  did  the  battle  of 
Nashville  last  ?  With  what  result  ?  While  Hood 
and  Thomas  were  manoeuvring  in  Tennessee,  where 
was  Sherman's  army  ?  What  was  Sherman  doing 
to  injure  the  power  of  the  Confederacy  ?  At 
what  point  on  the 
coast  did  Sherman 
come  out  ?  Was 
this  before  or  after 
Hood's  defeat  at 
Nashville  ?  How 
long  had  Sherman's 
army  been  without 
communication  with 
the  North?  What 
happened  at  Savan 
nah  ?  What  fort  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  was  capt 
ured?  What  city  was  near  to  Fort  Fisher?  What  general  was  sent 
to  enter  North  Carolina  by  Wilmington  ?  What  battle  had  Scho 
field  fought  in  Tennessee  ?  (See  above.)  In  what  direction  did 
Sherman  move  from  Savannah?  What  was  the  result  of  the  fight  at 
Averysboro  ?  Where  did  Johnston  almost  defeat  one  of  Sherman's 
columns  ?  What  effect  had  Sherman's  marches  produced  on 
Lee's  operations  ?  What  was  Lee  considering  ?  What  was  Grant  try 
ing  to  prevent  ?  How  ?  -  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of 
Five  Forks  on  April  i,  1865?  What  happened  at  Petersburg  while  the 
battle  of  Five  Forks  was  taking  place  ?  What  did  Lee  do  when 
his  works  were  carried?  What  was  Lee's  first  object  in  his  retreat? 
Did  he  succeed  ?  Toward  what  point  did  he  next  turn  ?  How  was 
he  prevented  from  reaching  Lynchburg  ?  What  was  the  result  ? 

What  did  Johnston  do  ?  What  is  said  of  the  end  of  the  war  ?  What 
impressions  did  the  sufferings  of  the  civil  war  make  on  the  country  ? 

I.  Sherman  and  Hood. 

1.  Hood  in  Sherman's  rear. 

2.  Sherman  to  go  southward. 


Questions  for 
study. 


SHERMAN'S    MARCH. 


Study  by  topics. 


350 


CLOSE    OF    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


1\ 


II.  Hood  and  Thomas. 

i.  The  battle  of  Franklin.     2.  Battle  of  Nashville. 
III.  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea. 

i.  Destroying  railroads.     2.  Savannah  captured. 
The  movement  into  North  Carolina. 

i.  Wilmington  taken.     2.  Schofield  moves  to  Goldsboro. 
V.  Sherman's  northward  march. 

i.    Difficulties    of    the    march.      2.    Battle    of    Averysboro. 

3.    Battle     at     Benton- 
ville. 

VI.  The  fall  of  Richmond  and  sur 
render  of  Lee's  army. 
i.  Lee's  increased  difficulties. 

2.  Five     Forks     battle. 

3.  Petersburg  works  car 
ried.     4.    Lee's    retreat. 
5.  Lee's  surrender. 

VII.  Closing  scenes  of  the  civil  war. 

i.    Surrender  of  Johnston  and  others.      2.  Return 
of  soldiers  to  their  homes. 

Geography.  What  State  on  the  Atlantic  coast  lies  northeastward  of  Georgia  ?    What  State 

next  to  South  Carolina  on  the  north  ?  What  State  lies  on  the  north  of  North  Caro 
lina  ?  In  marching  from  Savannah,  in  Georgia,  to  Columbia-,  in  what  direction  did 
Sherman  go  ?  In  moving  from  Columbia,  in  South  Carolina,  to  Goldsboro,  in  North 
Carolina,  in  what  general  direction  did  he  march  ?  In  what  direction  is  Goldsboro 
from  Wilmington  ?  Schofield's  troops  were  moved  from  Nashville  to  Washington 
and  thence  by  water  to  Wilmington  :  in  what  direction  is  Nashville  from  Wilming 
ton  ?  In  what  direction  is  Washington  from  Wilmington  ?  In  what  State  is  Wil 
mington  ?  What  is  the  capital  of  North  Carolina  ? 


The  Trent   affair. 
Danger  of  war 
with  England. 


CHAPTER    LVII. 
Traits  and   Results  of  the  War.— Death  of  Lincoln. 

THE  war  led  to  some  complications  in  the  foreign 
relations  of  the  United  States.  Both  in  England  and 
France  there  were  statesmen  who  were  jealous  of  the 
rapid  growth  of  this  country.  They  were  afraid  that  the 
United  States  would  become  more  powerful  than  their 
own  countries,  and  they  would  have  been  pleased  to  see 
it  divided.  In  1861  this  hostile  feeling  in  England  was 


TRAITS    AND    RESULTS    OF    THE    WAR. 

very  much  increased  by  what  is  called  "  the  Trent  affair." 
Mason  and  Slidell  were  sent  as  ambassadors  from  the 
Confederate  States — Mason  to  England,  and  Slidell  to 
France.  They  ran  the  blockade,  getting  out  of  the 
harbor  of  Charleston  during  a  dark  night,  and  reached 
Havana.  From  Havana  they  sailed  in  the  Trent, 
an  English  steamer.  Captain  Wilkes,  of  an  American 
man-of-war,  stopped  the  Trent  and  took  Mason  and 
Slidell  from  it,  carrying  them  prisoners  to  the  United 
States.  This  act  produced  great  excitement  in  Eng 
land,  and  for  a  while  war  seemed  imminent  between  the 
two  countries.  But,  on  the  demand  of  Great  Britain, 
the  United  States  surrendered  the  ambassadors,  as  im 
properly  captured. 

The  United  States  Navy  had  been  rapidly  enlarged   Blockade  of  the 

Southern  coast. 

after  the  war  began.  One  of  its  principal  duties  was 
to  blockade  the  Southern  ports  to  keep  the  Confed 
erates  from  getting  arms  and  other  supplies  from  for 
eign  countries.  Many  fast-sailing  English  ships  were 
engaged  in  running  this  blockade.  These,  by  the  law 
of  nations,  were  subject  to  capture  by  the  Union 
ships,  and  many  were  taken,  but  the  high  prices  paid 
for  the  commodities  that  were  got  in,  justified  the  risk. 
These  blockade-runners  generally  entered  the  Southern 
ports  at  night.  But,  when  the  chief  Southern  ports 
were  captured  one  after  another  by  the  navy  and  the 
land-forces  of  the  Union,  blockade-running  was  gradu 
ally  stopped. 

The  Confederate  government  could  not  get  much  of  confederate 

navy.     The 

a  navy  afloat  from   ports  so   well  blockaded,   but  ships  Alabama  and 

"the  Alabama 

were  built  in  England  and  secretly  sent  to  sea.     1  hese  re-  claims." 
ceived  Confederate  commissions,  and  almost  succeeded  in 

24 


352 


TRAITS    AND    RESULTS    OF    THE    WAR. 


ruining  American  commerce.  The  most  famous  of  these 
ships,  called  the  "Alabama,"  was  commanded  by  Captain 
Raphael  Semmes.  It  was  built  in  England,  and  it  capt 
ured  in  all  sixty-seven  merchant  and  whaling  ships.  In 
a  fight  with  the  United  States  man-of-war  Kearsarge,  the 
Alabama  was  sunk  in  the  English  Channel,  June  19,  1864. 
After  the  war  the  United  States  set  up  claims  against  the 
British  government  on  account  of  the  damages  done  to 
American  commerce  by  the  Alabama  and  other  Confed 
erate  cruisers  built  in  England.  The  u  Alabama  claims," 
as  they  were  called,  after  years  of  discussion,  were  sub 
mitted  to  a  court  of  arbitration  which  sat  in  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  in  1872,  and  condemned  England  to  pay  to 
the  United  States  $15,500,000. 
Legal-tender  The  expenses  of  the  war  can  never  be  fully  estimated. 

paper  money,  or 

"greenbacks."  The  United  States  government  borrowed  money  on  in 
terest,  by  giving  bonds  to  pay  after  a  certain  number  of 
years.  A  large  part  of  this  debt  has  now  been  paid.  But, 
as  another  means  of  borrowing  money,  •'  legal-tender 
notes "  were  issued  ;  that  is,  paper  bills,  which  by  law 
could  be  used  to  pay  debts  and  taxes,  instead  of  coins. 
These  legal-tender  notes  were  printed  on  a  peculiar  green 
paper,  and  got  the  name  of  "  greenbacks."  When  a  great 
quantity  of  them  had  been  issued,  and  the  dangers  to  the 
government  increased,  the  value  of  this  paper  money  de 
creased,  until  at  one  time  a  dollar  of  it  was  really  worth 
but  half  a  dollar.  However,  as  the  greenbacks  were  by 
law  good  for  the  payment  of  debts,  they  were  used  in 
stead  of  the  more  valuable  silver  and  gold,  which  for 
seventeen  years  disappeared  entirely  from  general  use. 
Long  after  the  war  closed,  in  1879, tne  government  began 
to  redeem  these  legal-tender  bills  in  silver  and  gold. 


it 


O 

H 

Z 

i — i 

in 
o 

P 

en 
W 

en 

p 
W 
h 


z  > 

—  o 

^  . 


a.  — 
I 


II 
if!  8: 


TRAITS    AND    RESULTS    OF    THE    WAR. 


353 


This  was  called  "  the  resumption  of  specie  payments." 
But  the  fact  that  gold  or  silver  was  to  be  paid  for 
them  had  made  greenbacks  worth  as  much  as  coin,  and 
people  generally  preferred  to  keep  the  paper  money. 

The  Confederate  government  also  resorted  to  loans,  confederate 

money. 

which,  however,  became  almost  valueless  when  the  suc 
cess  of  the  Confederacy  became  doubtful.  It  also  issued 
a  great  deal  of  legal-tender  money,  which  took  the  place 
of  coin,  and  declined  in  value  until  twenty  dollars  of  it 
would  not  buy  one  of  gold.  When  the  Confederacy  was 
overthrown,  this  money  became  of  no  value.  The  de 
cline  in  the  value  of  its  paper  money  was  one  of  the  great 
est  difficulties  the  Confederate  government  had  to  con 
tend  with  in  its  last  years. 

To  avoid  confusion,  we  have  preferred  to  tell  the  story  second  election 

r  .  r  .    ,  of  Lincoln,  1864. 

of  the  military  operations  of  the  war  without  mentioning 
the  political  affairs  of  the  time.  In  1864  the  Republican 
party  nominated  President  Lincoln  for  re-election,  and 
Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  a  Southern  Union  man, 
for  Vice-President.  The  Democratic  party  nominated 
General  George  B.  McClellan,  and  for  a  time  it  seemed 
that  the  discouragement  of  the  Northern  people  with 
the  long  continuance  of  the  war  might  elect  McClel 
lan.  But  the  success  of  Sherman  in  taking  Atlanta, 
the  capture  of  the  forts  near  Mobile  by  the  fleet  under 
Farragut,  and  the  successes  of  the  Union  armies  under 
Sheridan  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  removed  all  doubt 
about  the  result,  and  Lincoln  received  all  the  electoral 
votes  cast  except  those  of  Kentucky,  Delaware,  and 
New  Jersey. 

Lincoln    began    his   second   term    of   office  in  March,  Assassination 

of  President 

1865,  when  Sherman  was  already   marching   northward   Lincoln,  1865. 


354 


DEATH    OF    LINCOLN. 


ABRAHAM    LINCOLN. 


Abraham  Lincoln  was  born  in  Ken 
tucky,  February  12,  1809.     His  father  re-    1 
moved  to    Indiana  when   he  was  a  little 
boy,  and  while  that  country  was  exceed-    i 
ingly  wild  and  rough.     The  family  lived 
in   a  half-faced   camp— that  is,  a  cabin 
with  one  side  left  out  and  the  fire  built    { 
out-of-doors,    in  front  of   the  open   side.    | 
Abraham  endured  many  privations,  and    I 
struggled  hard  to  get  an  education.     The    | 
schools  were  few  and  the  teachers  igno-   j 
rant,  but  Lincoln  trained  his  own  mind 
by  carefully  thinking  out  every   subject 
that  puzzled  him,  and  he  spent  his  spare 
time  in  reading.     He  worked  on  a  farm,    . 
went  to  New  Orleans  on  a  flat-boat,  was    j 
clerk  in    a    country   store,  learned    and 
practiced     surveying,    and    then   studied 
law.      He    served    several   terms   in  the    j 
Legislature  of  Illinois,  and  was  a  mem-    j 
ber  of  Congress.     He  became  a  leading 
lawyer  and   politician  in    his  State,  and 
gained  a  national  fame  by  a  series  of  de-    j 
bates,   in  which   he   was   engaged    with    j 
Senator  Douglas  in  1858.     His  integrity, 
his  moderation,  and  his  strong  speeches 
brought   him    the   nomination  for  Presi 
dent,  and  the  rest  of  his  history  is  that  of 
the  country.    His  death  took  place  on  the 
i5th  of  April,  1865. 


through  the  Carolinas,  and 

when  the  close  of  the  war    

was  already  in  sight.    When 

Lee  surrendered,  Lincoln's  mind  was  already  revolving 
plans  for  conciliating  those  who  had  been  opposed  to 
him,  and  for  restoring  the  government  at  the  South. 
But,  while  the  President  was  sitting  with  his  family 
in  a  box  at  the  theatre,  John  Wilkes  Booth,  one  of 
a  band  of  conspirators,  approached  him  from  behind 
and  shot  him,  and  then  leaped  to  the  stage,  crying, 
"  Sic  semper  tyrannis !  "  which  means,  "  Thus  always 
with  tyrants,"  and  escaped.  Booth  was  afterward  over 
taken,  and  killed  in  resisting  arrest.  Lincoln  died  on 
the  1 5th  of  April,  the  day  after  he  was  shot;  he  was 
deeply  mourned,  because  he  had  shown  himself  a  man  of 
great  wisdom  and  goodness,  Lincoln's  assassination  was 


DEATH   OF   LINCOLN. 


355 


sincerely  regretted  at  the  South,  also,  where  his  kindli 
ness  was  coming  to  be  known,  and  where  the  people, 
newly  conquered,  feared  that  his  death  might  lead  to 
measures  of  retaliation. 

But  the  war  was  closed  without  acts  of  mere  revenge,  Release  of 

Jefferson  Davis. 

and  nobody  was  put  to  death  for  a  political  offense.  Jef 
ferson  Davis,  the  President  of  the  Confederacy,  who  had 
been  captured  in  Georgia  at  the  close  of  the  war,  was 
arraigned  before  a  court  on  a  charge  of  high  treason. 
He  was  confined  in  Fortress  Monroe  for  two  years,  when 
he  was  released  without  being  tried. 


Why  did  certain  English  and  French  statesmen  feel  jealous  of  this    Questions  for 
country  ?     What  affair  increased  this  hostile  feeling  in  England  ?     What    study- 
were  the  names  of  the  ambassadors  sent  from  the  Confederate  States  in 
1 86 1  ?     To  what  countries  were  they  going  ?     How  did  they  get  out  of 
Charleston  ?     At  what  port  did   they  take  passage  on   the  Trent  ?     To 
what  country  did  the  Trent  belong?     How  were  Mason  and  Slidell  taken 
from  the  Trent  ?     What  effect  did  this  have  in  England  ?     How  was  war 
with  England  avoided  ?  How  was  the  navy  of  the  Union  em 

ployed  in  keeping  supplies  out  of  the  Confederacy  ?  How  did  English 
ships  get  in  with  supplies  ?  What  prevented  the  Confederate 

government  from  sending  ships  out  of  the  Southern  ports  ?  Where  were 
ships  built  for  it  ?  What  effect  did  the  cruisers  have  on  the  commerce  of 
the  United  States  ?  What  was  the  name  of  the  most  famous  of  these 
vessels  ?  How  many  ships  did  the  Alabama  destroy  ?  In  what  year  was 
she  destroyed  ?  How  and  where  ?  What  claims  did  the  United  States 
set  up  ?  To  what  kind  of  a  court  were  the  Alabama  claims  submitted  ? 
Where  did  this  court  meet  ?  What  was  the  decision  of  the  court  of  arbi 
tration  ?  How  did  the  United  States  borrow  money  to  pay  the 
expenses  of  the  war  ?  Has  all  of  the  debt  been  paid  ?  What  are 
"  legal-tender  notes  "  ?  Why  were  they  called  greenbacks  ?  What 
caused  the  paper  money  to  lose  value  ?  Why  was  it  still  used  ?  What 
effect  did  the  use  of  greenbacks  have  on  the  circulation  of  gold  and 
silver  ?  For  how  many  years  was  there  no  gold  or  silver  in  general 
circulation  ?  What  is  meant  by  the  resumption  of  specie  payment  ?  In 
what  year  did  the  United  States  begin  to  pay  specie  for  greenbacks? 
What  effect  did  this  have  on  the  value  of  greenbacks  ?  How  did 
the  Confederate  government  raise  money  ?  What  is  said  of  the  decline 


TRAITS    OF    THE    WAR. — DEATH    OF    LINCOLN. 

in  the  value  of  its  legal-tender  money  ?  Who  was  nominated  for 

President  by  the  Republicans  in  1864?  Who  was  put  up  for  Vice- 
President  on  the  same  ticket  ?  Whom  did  the  Democratic  party  nomi 
nate  for  President  ?  What  victories  removed  all  doubts  about  Lincoln's 
election  ?  Where  was  General  Sherman  when  Lincoln  began  his 

second  term  ?  What  was  the  prospect  of  the  close  of  the  war  ?  When 
Lee  surrendered,  what  plans  was  Lincoln  revolving  ?  How  was  Lincoln 
assassinated  ?  By  whom  ?  What  was  the  feeling  regarding  the  death 
of  President  Lincoln  ?  What  kind  of  a  man  had  he  shown  himself  to 
be  ?  What  was  the  feeling  at  the  South  regarding  it  ?  Was  any 

one  put  to  death  after  the  war  on  account  of  political  offenses  ?  What 
was  done  about  Jefferson  Davis  ? 

study  by  topics.  I.  The  Trent  affair. 

II.  The  blockade  and  blockade-running. 

III.  The  Confederate  ships. 

1.  Building  of  ships  in  England. 

2.  The  Alabama. 

3.  The  Alabama  claims. 

IV.  Money  during  the  war. 

1.  How  the  United  States  borrowed  money. 

2.  The  greenbacks. 

3.  Confederate  bonds. 

4.  Confederate  money. 
V.  The  election  of  1864. 

1.  Nominations. 

2.  Election  of  Lincoln. 
VI.  Death  of  Lincoln. 

1.  The  shooting. 

2.  The  feeling  in  regard  to  his  death. 
VII.  Arrest  and  release  of  Jefferson  Davis. 


SEVENTH    REVIEW.— FROM  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE   MEXICAN 
WAR   TO    THE    END   OF   THE    CIVIL  WAR. 

Chapters  XLVIII  to  LVII. 

Events    following    the  J  Election  of  Tay]or>  l848> 

Mexican  War.  Discovery  of  gold  in  California,  1848. 

(XLVlll.)    ^ 


REVIEW.— MEXICAN    WAR    TO    END    OF    CIVIL    WAR. 


357 


Slavery  question  in  the 
new  territory. 

(XLVIII.) 


The  Wilmot  Proviso. 


The  admission  ol  California. 
Runaway  slaves  in  the  free  States. 
Compromise  ot  1850. 

Pierce  elected,  1852.     (XLVIII.) 

(  Fugitive-slave  law  unpopular. 
J    Excitement  produced  by  "  UncleTom's  Cabin. 
1    The  South  also  dissatisfied. 

[^  Attempts  to  annex  territory. 

{  Decay  of  the  Whig  party. 
J    American  (or  Know-nothing)  party. 


Renewed  excitement. 
(XLVIII.) 


Change  in  political  par 
ties.  (XLIX.) 


Slavery 
main  issue. 


becomes    the 
(XLIX.)  1 


The  rising  storm.    (L.) 


The  storm  breaks. 

(L,  LI.) 


First  campaigns.   (LI.) 


The  struggles  for 
Washington  and 
Richmond.  (LII.) 


Kansas-Nebraska  Bill. 
The  Republican  party. 

Collisions  in  Kansas. 
Buchanan  elected,  1856. 
The  Drecl  Scott  decision. 
John  Brown's  raid. 
Lincoln  elected,  1860. 
New  free  States  admitted. 

The  doctrine  of  State  sovereignty. 
Seven  States  secede. 
Failure  of  the  Peace  Convention. 
Dissensions  in  the  Cabinet. 

"  Confederate  States  "  government  formed. 

Lincoln  inaugurated. 

Fort  Sumter  bombarded. 

The  rush  to  arms. 

The  question  at  issue. 

The  States  take  sides. 

Bull  Run,  or  Manassas. 

Fort  Henry  and  Fort  Donelson. 

Island  No.  10. 

Shiloh,  or  Pittsburg  Landing. 

Corinth  evacuated. 

In  the  Peninsula. 

The  second  Bull  Run. 

Antietam. 

Fredericksburg. 

Chancellorsville. 

Gettysburg. 


REVIEW.  —  MEXICAN    WAR    TO    END    OF    CIVIL    WAR. 


Monitor  and  Merrimac.     (LI  1  1.) 

The  Emancipation  Proclamation.     (LIII.) 

f  Fall  of  New  Orleans. 

Struggle    for  the  Mis-    j    Movements  in  Kentucky,  1862, 
sissippi.  (LIII.)  ^|    Battle  of  Corinth. 

The  Vicksburg  campaign. 

|"  Murfreesboro,  or  Stone  River. 
Between  Nashville  and  j    Chickamauga. 
Atlanta.  (LIV.)  1    Chattanooga  battles. 

[_  The  struggle  for  Atlanta. 

('  Battles  in  the  Wilderness. 

The  Wilderness  cam-  J    Movement  by  the  flank. 
paign.  (LV.)  1    Cold  Harbor. 

[_  Petersburg  besieged. 

The  war  in  the  Valley    f  Hunter  moves  on  Ly^hburg. 
of  Virginia.        (LV.)  1    Early  moves  On  Washington. 
L  Sheridan  in  the  Valley. 

f  Battle  of  Nashville. 

Sherman's  marches.       J    Sherman's  march  to  the  sea. 
(LVI.)    I    Savannah. 

[_  Sherman's  march  northward. 

(    Lee's  retreat. 
Close  01  the  war.  .        .  _ 

^    Surrender  of  Lee  s  army. 

I    Surrender  of  Johnston's  army. 

f  Stoppage  of  the  Trent. 
I    Blockade-running. 
Naval  affairs.    (LVII.)  •)    Confederate  cruisers. 

Alabama  claims. 

.  ,     rr  •  (  Government  bonds. 

Financial  affairs. 

•<    Greenback  notes. 

\  *  /        !  r 

I    Confederate  notes. 

Re-election  and  death    j    Lincoln  re-elected,  1864. 
of  Lincoln.     (LVII.)    (   Lincoln  assassinated,  1865. 

Arrest  and  release  of  Davis.     (LVII.) 


359 


POLITICAL    EVENTS    SINCE    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 

CHAPTER    LVIII. 
Political   Events  since  the  Civil  War. 

THE  war  settled  two  questions  long  debated  in  this  The  question  of 

State  independ- 

country,  that  of  State  sovereignty  and   that  of  slavery,  ence  settled. 
From  the  beginning  of  the  government  it  had  been  dis 
puted  whether  or  not  a  State  might  act  in  a  sovereign 
way   in    opposition   to   the    United    States   government. 
The  war  answered  "  No  "  to  this  question. 

The  Emancipation  Proclamation  had  only  abolished   The  iuestion 

of  slavery 

slavery  in  those  States  and  districts  at  that  time  resist-  disappears, 
ing  the  United  States  government.     But  the  thirteenth 
amendment  to  the  Constitution,  which  was  adopted  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  and  ratified  in  December,  1865,  forbade 
slavery  in  all  parts  of  the  country  forever. 

A  great  question  of  history  was  also  decided  by  the  But  one  great 

power  in  North 

war.  It  was  settled  that  the  heart  of  North  America  America, 
is  to  be  occupied  by  but  one  great  power.  Had  there 
been  more  than  one,  the  resources  of  the  people  might 
have  been  wasted  and  their  advancement  checked  by 
standing  armies,  and  wars  happening  from  time  to 
time. 

Andrew   Johnson,    the   Vice-President,  succeeded  to  Andrew  Johnson, 

T  •  ,-T^,  President. 

the  presidency  on  the  death  of  Lincoln.  There  soon 
grew  up  a  difference  between  Johnson  and  the  Republi 
can  Congress  in  regard  to  the  measures  to  be  adopted  for 
the  reconstruction  of  government  in  the  Southern  States. 
Congress  required,  among  other  things,  that  every  State 
which  had  seceded  should  admit  the  negroes  to  vote,  be 
fore  the  representatives  of  the  State  should  be  again 
admitted  to  Congress.  President  Johnson  did  not  think 


36° 


POLITICAL    EVENTS   SINCE    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


President  John 
son  impeached. 


ANDREW    JOHNSO 


that  Congress  had  a  right  to  refuse  admission  to  law 
fully  elected  representatives. 

The  difference  between  President  Johnson  and  Con 
gress,    on    several    points    in    regard    to    reconstruction, 
resulted  in  an  effort  by  Congress  to  limit  the  power 
of  the  President  to  remove   officers.     The   Repub 
licans    were     more    than    two    thirds    of    each 
House,  so  that  they  could   make   laws  in  spite 
of   the  veto  of   the   President.     They  passed   a 
law    forbidding    him    to    make    removals    from 
office   except    by  consent  of   the    Senate.     This 
law  Johnson    refused    to    obey.      The    House   of 
Representatives  voted  to  impeach  the  President; 
that  is,  to   bring  him  to  trial  in  order  to   have  him  re 
moved  as  unfit  to  be   President.      Such  a  charge  must 
be  made  by  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  the  Sen 
ate  is  the  court  which  has  to  decide  the  case.     As  less 
than  two   thirds  of   the    Senate  voted    to   remove    him, 
Johnson  remained  President  to  the  end  ol  his  term. 

In  1868  General  Grant  was  elected  President,  as  the 
candidate  of  the  Republicans.  The  Democratic  candi 
date  was  Horatio  Seymour,  of  New  York.  The  election 
turned  on  the  dispute  over  measures  for  reconstructing 
the  Southern  States. 
The  seceded  During  Grant's  first  administration,  in  1870,  the  last 

States  readmit- 

ted  to  congress,  of  the  States  that  had  belonged  to  the  Confederacy  com- 
plied  with  the  conditions  demanded  by  Congress.  All 
the  States  were  now  represented  in  Congress  for  the  first 
time  since  South  Carolina  had  seceded  in  1860.  In  this 
same  year,  1870,  the  fifteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitu 
tion  was  ratified.  This  gave  to  the  negroes  the  right  to 
vote. 


Grant  elected 
President,  1868. 


POLITICAL    EVENTS    SINCE    THE    CIVIL    WAR.  QOl 

Various  causes  produced   in  the  South  disorder  and   Disorders  at 

the  South. 

bad  government  for  some  years.  The  war,  too,  had 
wasted  the  resources  of  the  country  and  left  the  people 
in  poverty.  But  a  better  state  of  things  has  ensued,  and 
the  Southern  people  have  gradually  entered  on  a  career 
of  peace  and  great  prosperity. 

In    1872    a   portion    of    the    Republicans,    dissatisfied   Re-election  of 

r        t     _  Grant,   1872. 

with  Grant's  administration  of  the  government,  formed 
a  new  party,  which  they  called  the  "  Liberal  Republi 
can  "  party.  They  nominated  Horace  Greeley  for  Presi 
dent.  The  Democratic  party  accepted  Greeley  as  its 
candidate  also,  but  Grant  was  re-elected  by  a  large 
majority. 

In    1876   the    Republicans    nominated   Rutherford  B.   Disputed  elec 
tion  of  1876 

Hayes,  of  Ohio,  for  President.  The  Democrats  nomi-  decided  in  favoi 
nated  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  of  New  York.  The  election  was 
a  close  one,  and  the  country  came  near  to  being  thrown 
into  a  distressing  confusion  by  the 
condition  of  the  Southern  State 
governments.  In  some  of  these 
were  "  returning  boards,"  commit 
tees  which  had  the  right  to  revise 
the  election  returns,  and  throw  out 
such  as  they  thought  had  been 
affected  by  fraud  or  violence.  By 
the  votes  cast,  Louisiana  had  given 
a  majority  for  Tilden.  But  the 
Republicans  claimed  that  certain 
districts  had  been  carried  by  in 
timidating  the  negroes  and  by 
fraud.  The  returns  from  these 

Were     thrown     OUt     by     the     return-  RUTHERFORD  B.   HAYES. 


362 


POLITICAL    EVENTS    SINCE    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


Election  of  Gar- 
field,  1880.  His  as 
sassination,  1881. 


Arthur, 
President. 


ing  board,  and  the  vote  of  the  State  was  given  to  Hayes. 
This  gave  a  majority  of  one.  The  most  exciting  debates 
ensued  in  Congress,  which  had  finally  to  decide  the 
matter.  As  the  Republicans  had  a  majority  in  the  Sen 
ate  and  the  Democrats  a  majority  in  the  House,  the  two 
bodies  could  not  agree.  The  question  was  at  length  re 
ferred  to  fifteen  commissioners,  eight  of  whom  voted  to 
give  the  election  to  Hayes. 

In  1880  General  W.  S.  Hancock,  who  had  won  re 
nown  as  a  brilliant  division  commander  in  the  Army 
— j  of  the  Potomac,  was  nominated 
for  President  by  the  Democrats. 
General  James  A.  Garfield,  of 
Ohio,  whose  distinction  was  due 
to  the  ability  he  had  shown  in 
debate  on  the  floor  of  Congress, 
was  nominated  by  the  Republi 
cans  and  elected.  Three  months 
after  President  Garfield  was  in 
augurated,  on  the  2d  of  July, 
1 88 1,  he  was  shot  and  mortally 
wounded  by  a  disappointed  of 
fice-seeker.  Garfield  lived  eighty 
days  after  he  was  shot,  and  died 
His  assassin  was  tried  for  mur- 


JAMES    A.    GARFIELD. 


on  September  19,  1881 
der  and  hanged. 

Chester  A.  Arthur,  of  New  York,  had  been  elected 
as  Vice-President  when  Garfield  was  chosen  President. 
On  the  death  of  Garfield,  Arthur  succeeded  to  the 
presidency,  and  filled  out  the  unexpired  term  for  which 
Garfield  had  been  elected,  according  to  the  Consti 
tution. 


POLITICAL    EVENTS    SINCE    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


CHESTER    A.    ARTHUR. 


In    1884    the    Republicans    nomi 
nated  James  G.  Elaine  for  President. 

His    distinction     had     been     gained 

chiefly  as    Speaker  of  the   House  of 

Representatives    and     Senator    from 

Maine.      The    Democrats   nominated 

Grover    Cleveland,    then    popular   as 

Governor   of   New  York.     After   an 

unusually  severe  struggle  and  a  very 

close  election,  Cleveland  was  chosen. 

The  Democratic  party  thus  returned 

to  power  for  the  first  time  since  the 

election  of  Lincoln  in   1860. 

The    question    which    has    most    agitated    politics   in  The  question 

Cleveland's   administration   has    been   that  of   the   tariff. 

Very  early  in  the  history  of  the  government  there  were 

two  opinions  on  this  subject.      One  class  of  statesmen 

has  maintained  that 
American  manufact 
ures  should  be  pro 
tected  by  levying 
high  duties  on  arti 
cles  made  abroad,  in 
order  that  the  Amer 
ican  market  may  be 
kept  chiefly  for  the 
products  of  Ameri 
can  labor.  The  other 
class  maintains  that 
high  protective  du 
ties  are  unjust  to  the 


GROVER    CLEVELAND. 


American  consumer, 


364 


POLITICAL    EVENTS    SINCE    THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


and  of  little,  if  any,  benefit  to  the  manufacturer.  They 
hold  that  the  tariff  should  be  used  chiefly  to  raise  the 
money  needed  to  support  the  government.  This  was 
a  main  point  of  division  between  the  Whigs  and  Demo 
crats  before  the  civil  war.  The  question  of  revising 
the  tariff  has  again  become  the  most  prominent  one  in 
our  day. 

Questions  for  What  two  great  political  questions  did  the  war  decide  ?  How  long 
had  the  question  of  the  right  of  a  State  to  act  independently  been  de 
bated  ?  What  answer  did  the  war  give  to  this  question  ?  How 
far  did  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  settle  the  slavery  question  ?  When 
was  the  thirteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  ratified  ?  What  was 
the  effect  of  this  amendment  ?  What  great  question  of  history 
was  answered  by  the  war  ?  If  there  had  been  more  than  one  nation  in 
the  heart  of  North  America,  what  evil  result  might  have  followed  ? 

Who  became  President  when  Lincoln  died  ?  On  what  subject  did 
President  Johnson  differ  with  Congress?  What  did  Congress  require  of 
the  States  which  had  seceded  ?  What  ground  did  the  President  take  in 
regard  to  the  admission  of  the  seceded  States  to  Congress  ?  What 

kind  of  laws  did  Congress  pass  regarding  the  President  ?  Did  Johnson 
obey  these  acts  ?  What  did  the  House  of  Representatives  do  ?  What 
is  it  to  "impeach"  a  public  officer?  What  court  has  to  decide  on  the 
question  when  a  President  is  impeached  ?  What  did  the  Senate  do 
with  regard  to  the  removal  of  President  Johnson  ?  Who  was 

elected  President  in  1868?  Of  what  party  was  Grant  the  candidate? 
Who  was  the  Democratic  candidate?  On  what  question  did  the  elec 
tion  turn?  What  is  said  of  the  readmission  in  1870  of  the 
States  that  had  seceded  ?  How  long  was  this  after  the  first  State  had 
seceded?  (Subtract  1860  from  1870.)  What  amendment  to  the  Con 
stitution  was  ratified  by  the  States  in  1870?  What  did  this  give  to 
the  negroes  ?  What  is  said  of  the  state  of  the  South  for  some 
years  after  the  war?  What  effect  did  the  war  have  upon  the  re 
sources  of  the  South  ?  What  is  said  of  the  state  of  things  that  has 
followed  ?  What  did  the  Republicans,  who  were  dissatisfied 
with  Grant's  government,  do  in  1872?  Whom  did  the  Liberal-Republi 
cans  nominate  for  President  ?  Whom  did  the  Democrats  support  ? 
What  was  the  result  of  the  election  ?  Who  was  the  Republican 
candidate  in  1876  ?  Who  the  Democratic  candidate  ?  What  came  near 
to  throwing  the  country  into  confusion?  What  power  did  some  of  the 
Southern  returning-boards  have  ?  What  changes  were  made  in  the  re- 


POLITICAL    EVENTS    SINCE    THE    CIVIL    WAR, 


365 


turns  from  Louisiana?  How  large  a  majority  did  this  give  to  Hayes? 
What  was  the  nature  of  the  debate  in  Congress  on  this  matter?  Why 
could  not  the  two  houses  of  Congress  agree  ?  To  whom  was  the  matter 
referred  ?  How  was  it  decided  ?  Whom  did  the  Democrats 

nominate  for  President  in  1880  ?  For  what  was  Hancock  distinguished  ? 
Whom  did  the  Republicans  nominate  ?  How  had  Garfiekl  won  distinc 
tion?  Which  was  elected?  What  happened  to  Garfield  ?  What  was 
the  fate  of  the  assassin  ?  Who  became  President  when  Garfield 

died  ?  Who   was    the    Republican    candidate    for    President   in 

1884?  How  had  Elaine's  distinction  been  gained?  Who  was  the 
Democratic  candidate  ?  Of  what  State  was  Cleveland  governor  at  that 
time  ?  What  is  said  of  the  struggle  and  the  election  ?  How  long 
had  it  been  since  there  had  been  a  Democratic  President  ?  (Subtract 
1860  from  1884.)  What  has  been  the  uppermost  political  ques 

tion  in  Cleveland's  administration  ?  What  opinions  on  this  subject 
have  been  held  by  statesmen  in  favor  of  a  high  protective  tariff?  What 
do  those  opposed  to  such  a  tariff  maintain  ?  What  old  parties  were 
once  divided  on  this  subject  ? 

I.  Political  questions  settled  by  the  war.  study  by  topics. 

1.  That  a  State  may  not  secede. 

2.  That  there  shall  be  no  slavery. 

3.  That  there  will  be  but  one  great  power  on  this  continent. 
II.  The  reconstruction  period. 

1.  Johnson's  administration. 

a.  His  dispute  with  Congress. 

b.  His  impeachment  and  trial. 

2.  Grant's  administration. 

a.  His  election. 

b.  All  the  States  readmitted. 

c.  The  fifteenth  amendment. 

d.  The  disorders  at  the  South. 

e.  The  re-election  of  Grant. 

3.  Hayes's  election. 

a.  The  returning-boards. 

b.  The  Louisiana  returns. 

c.  The  decision. 
III.  Later  administrations. 

1.  Garfield. 

2.  Arthur  succeeds  Garfield. 

3.  Cleveland  elected. 

4.  The  tariff  question. 


366 


LATER    DEVELOPMENTS    OF    THE    COUNTRY 


Additions  of 
territory  before 
the  civil  war. 


Purchase  of 
Alaska,   1867. 


West  Virginia 
admitted,  1863  ; 
Nevada,  1864. 


CHAPTER    LIX. 
Later  Developments  of  the  Country. 

WE  have  seen  how  the  United  States,  which  was  at 
first  limited  by  the  Mississippi  River  on  the  west  and  by 
Florida  on  the  south,  received  before  the  civil  war  five 
great  additions  to  its  territory  :  i.  The  old  French  prov 
ince  of  Louisiana,  a  vast  region  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
2.  Oregon  (including  Washington  Territory),  by  explora 
tion  and  discovery.  3.  Florida,  by  purchase  from  Spain. 
4.  Texas,  by  the  annexation  of  an  independent  republic, 
once  a  part  of  Mexico.  5.  The  Mexican  cessions  after 
the  Mexican  War. 

To  these  must  be  added  Alaska,  which  was  purchased 
from  Russia  in  1867  for  a  little  more  than  seven  million 
dollars  ($7,200,000).  This  is  the  only  territory  we  have 
that  does  not  lie  adjoining  to  the  rest  of  the  country. 
It  is  partly  in  the  arctic  regions,  but  the  climate  of 
Alaska  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  not  severe.  The  killing 
of  seals  for  their  furs  is  the  chief  business  interest  in 
Alaska. 

The  number  of  States  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  was  thirty-four.  By  1876,  the  hundredth  year  of 
the  American  Republic,  the  number  had  increased  to 
thirty-eight.  Two  States  had  been  admitted  during  the 
war.  The  people  of  the  western  part  of  Virginia  were 
mostly  on  the  side  of  the  Union.  This  part  of  the  State 
separated  itself  from  eastern  Virginia,  which  was  acting 
with  the  Confederacy.  It  obtained  admission  to  the 
Union  in  1863,  as  a  separate  State,  under  the  name  of 
West  Virginia.  Nevada,  just  east  of  California,  and  a 


LATER    DEVELOPMENTS    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 


367 


part  of  the  territory  ceded  to  us  by  Mexico,  was  ad 
mitted  in  1864.  It  is  a  land  of  silver-mining. 

In    1867   Nebraska  was   admitted.     It   is   one   of   the  Nebraska,  1867; 

Colorado,  1876. 

most  fertile  of  farming  States.  In  the  centennial  year, 
Colorado  came  into  the  Union.  This  State  lies  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region,  and  has  gold  and  silver  mines. 
Cattle-raising  is  one  of  its  chief  industries. 

There  remain,  when  this  book  is  printed,  two  or  three  several  Territo 
ries  soon  to  be 

Territories  with  population  enough  to  entitle  them  to  admitted, 
become  States.  Dakota  is  a  rich  wheat  country,  and 
is  waiting  to  be  admitted  as  a  whole  or  as  two  States. 
Washington  Territory  promises  soon  to  be  a  State,  and, 
when  it  shall  have  been  admitted,  all  the  Territories  on 
the  Pacific  coast  will  have  become  States.  Utah  has  also 
population  enough  for  a  State.  It  was  settled  by  people 
professing  the  Mormon  religion.  This  religion  allows  the 
practice  of  polygamy,  and  some  of  the  Mormons  have 
more  than  one  wife  apiece.  For  this  reason,  Congress 
has  hitherto  been  unwilling  to  admit  Utah  to  the  Union. 
The  rest  of  the  Territories  are  in  mountain-regions,  and 
their  increase  in  population  is  rather  slow.  It  is  prob 
able,  however,  that  soon  after  the  close  of  the  present 
century  we  shall  have  about  fifty  States  in  the  Union. 

The  settlement  of  the  Western  States  and  Territories  Later  Indian 

.  n .  •    i       i         r  war.     The  Sioux 

has  brought  the  white  people  into  conflict  with  the  fierce  massacre  in 
and  warlike   Indians  of  the  plains.     In  the  summer   of  Minnesota'  l862- 
1862    the   eastern  bands   of   the    Sioux   [soo]   nation  fell 
suddenly  upon  the  defenseless  settlements  of  Minnesota, 
and  killed  nearly  five  hundred  people.     In  the  war  which 
followed,  the    Sioux  were  driven  out  of   the   State,  and 
thirty-eight  of  those  captured  were  convicted  of  murder 
ing  women  and  children,  and  hanged. 

25 


368 


LATER    DEVELOPMENTS    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 


Custer  attacks 
the  Indians  in 
the  winter. 


f 


It 


n 


Though  there  were  no  horses  in  America  when  the 
white  men  came,  the  Indians  of  the  plains  now  have  a 
race  of  small  ponies,  acquired  long  ago  from  the  early 
Spanish  conquerors  of  Mexico.  The  plains  Indians 
fight  on  horseback,  and  are  said  to  be  "  the  best  light 
cavalry  in  the  world."  They  were  in  the  habit  of  com 
mitting  their  outrages  on  the  settlements  in  the 
summer,  when  there  was  grass  for  the  ponies.  In 
the  winter,  when  the  ponies  were  almost  starved, 
they  took  shelter  in  remote  valleys,  and  counted 
themselves  safe  from  attack,  on  account  of  the  difficulty 
the  white  men  found  in  moving  wagon-trains.  But,  in 
November,  1868,  General  Sheridan  sent  General  Cus 
ter,  after  the  snow  had  fallen,  to  attack  the  hostile 
Indians  in  their  villages.  Custer,  carrying  his  provis 
ions  on  mules,  followed  the  trail  of  a  war  party,  under 
the  chief  Black  Kettle,  to  their  town  on  the  Washita 
[wau'-she-taw]  River,  in  the  Indian  Territory,  and  fell 
upon  the  sleeping  savages  at  daybreak,  defeating 
them  with  great  slaughter.  This  battle  terrified 
and  subdued  the  Indians  of  the 
>  Southern  plains,  who  no  longer 
felt  safe  from  punishment  in  their 
winter  retreats. 

But,  in  a  later  w7ar  with  the 
'•*      Sioux  of  the   Northern  plains  in 
1876,  Custer,  having  attacked  a 
force    outnumbering    his    own, 
was  surrounded  and  killed,  with 
all    the    men    under  his   immedi 
ate  command.      In   this  fight  the 
Sioux   were    led    by    Sitting    BulL 


INDIAN    WATCHING    FOR    BUFFALOES. 


37° 


LATER    DEVELOPMENTS    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 


Custer  killed 
in  battle. 


Present  condition 
of  the  Indians. 


The  Indians  were  afterward  attacked  by  fresh  troops 
and  driven  into  Canadian  territory.  They  have  since 
been  allowed  to  return. 

There  have  been  other  Indian  wars,  but,  of  course, 
the  rash  tribes  are  always  worsted  in  the  long  run. 
The  irresistible  march  of  civilized  man  has  destroyed 
the  buffaloes,  or  bisons,  and  broken  down  the  old 
life  of  the  Indians,  to  which  they  were  so  much  at 
tached.  All  the  hunting-grounds  will  soon  be  occu 
pied  by  farms,  mines,  and  cities.  There  is  nothing  left 
for  the  Indians  but  to  become  civilized  or  to  perish. 
Good  men  are  now  trying  to  protect  them  from  wrong, 
and  to  persuade  them  to  have  their  children  taught 
to  live  the  lives  of  civilized  people,  on  farms,  owned 
not  by  the  tribes,  but  by  individuals.  Many  Indian 
children  are  taught  at  the  expense  of  the  government. 
Some  of  the  tribes  located  in  the  Indian  Territory  have 
attained  considerable  civilization. 


Questions  for 
study. 


By  what  river  was  the  United  States  bounded  on  the  west  at  the  close 
of  the  Revolution  ?  How  many  great  additions  were  made  to  its  territory 
before  the  civil  war  ?  What  was  the  first  ?  On  which  bank  of  the  Mis- 


LATER    DEVELOPMENTS    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 

sissippi  did  the  province  of  Louisiana  chiefly  lie  ?  By  what  claim  do  we 
own  Oregon  and  the  Territory  of  Washington  ?  From  what  country  did 
we  purchase  Florida  ?  How  did  Texas  come  into  the  Union  ?  What 
other  large  cession  was  made  to  the  United  States  ?  What  was 

the  sixth  great  addition  to  the  territory  of  the  United  States  ?  How  much" 
did  the  United  States  pay  for  Alaska  ?  Was  this  purchase  made  before 
or  after  the  civil  war?  How  does  Alaska  differ  from  other  additions  to 
our  territory  ?  What  is  the  nature  of  its  climate  ?  What  is  the  chief 
business  interest  in  Alaska  ?  How  many  States  are  there  in  the 

Union  to-day  ?  How  many  have  been  added  since  the  civil  war  began  ? 
What  two  were  added  during  the  war?  What  were  the  circumstances 
under  which  West  Virginia  was  taken  into  the  Union  ?  What  State  was 
admitted  in  1864  ?  What  kind  of  mines  are  there  in  Nevada?  Two 

States  have  been  admitted  since  the  war  :  what  are  they?  WThat  kind  of 
a  State  is  Nebraska  ?  In  what  mountain-region  is  Colorado  situated  ? 
What  kind  of  mines  has  Colorado  ?  What  other  principal  business. 
What  is  said  of  Dakota  ?  What  Territory  on  the  Pacific  coast  yet 
remains  out  of  the  Union  ?  Why  has  Utah  not  been  admitted 

before  ?  What  is  said  of  the  rest  of  the  Territories  ?  How  many  States 
will  there  probably  be  when  the  present  Territories  are  admitted,  some  of 
them  being  divided  ?  There  are  now  thirty-eight  States  :  how  many  more 
will  there  have  to  be  to  make  the  number  three  times  that  of  the  original 
thirteen  ?  What  has  been  the  effect  of  the  settlement  of  the  newer 

States  and  Territories,  with  reference  to  the  Indians  ?  What  Indian  na 
tion  attacked  the  people  of  Minnesota  in  1862  ?  How  many  did  they  kill  ? 
What  took  place  in  the  war  that  followed  ?  What  was  done  with  those 
convicted  of  killing  women  and  children  ?  WThat  difference  is  there  be 
tween  the  mode  of  Indian  fighting  on  the  plains  and  that  of  the  Indians 
formerly  encountered  at  the  East?  How  did  the  Indians  get  horses? 
What  kind  of  horses  have  they  ?  What  kind  of  soldiers  are  they  said  to 
be?  At  what  time  of  the  year  did  the  Indians  of  the  plains  attack  the 
settlements?  Why  in  the  summer?  What  did  they  do  in  the  winter  ? 
What  change  in  the  mode  of  war  did  Sheridan  introduce  ?  What  can 
you  tell  of  the  battle  of  the  Washita?  What  effect  did  this  battle  have 
on  the  Indians  of  the  Southern  plains  ?  Who  commanded  the  troops  in 
this  battle?  What  happened  to  Custer  in  1876  ?  Against  what  tribe  of 
Indians  was  he  fighting  when  he  was  killed  ?  What  chief  commanded 
the  Indians  ?  What  happened  when  the  Indians  were  attacked  by  fresh 
troops  ?  What  changes  will  compel  the  Indians  to  settle  on  farms 

or  perish  ?     What  is  now  being  done  for  them  ? 

I.  Additions  to  the  area  of  the  United  States.  study  by  topics. 

i.  Recapitulation  of  five  additions  to  the  area  of  the  United 
States.     2.  The  sixth  addition,  Alaska. 


LATER    DEVELOPMENTS    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 

II.  New  States  since  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war. 

i.  West  Virginia.     2.  Nevada.     3.  Nebraska.     4.  Colorado. 

III.  The  Territories. 

i.  Dakota.  2.  Washington.  3.  Utah.  4.  The  other  Terri 
tories. 

IV.  Later  Indian  wars. 

i.  The  Minnesota  massacre.  2.  The  mounted  Indians. 
3.  The  battle  of  the  Washita.  4.  The  battle  with  Sit 
ting  Bull,  and  death  of  Custer.  5.  Efforts  to  improve 
the  condition  of  the  Indians. 

Composition.  Let  the  pupil,  by  reference  to  the  index,  examine  all  the  passages  in 

this  book  relating  to  the  additions  of  territory  to  the  United  States.  Then 
he  will  have  material  for  an  essay  on  "  The  Growth  of  the  United  States 
in  Territory."  This  should  be  written  from  his  own  notes  in  his  own 
words,  and  with  the  book  closed,  except  when  a  date  or  other  such  fact 
is  needed.  Another  subject  that  may  be  worked  in  the  same  way  is 
"  Indian  Wars." 

Geography.  In  what  part  of  America  is  Alaska  situated  ?    What  foreign  country  lies  between 

the  main  territory  of  the  United  States  and  Alaska  ?  On  what  ocean  is  Alaska  ? 
What  State  lies  west  of  West  Virginia  ?  What  river  forms  its  northwestern  bound 
ary  ?  What  State  is  between  Nevada  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  What  river  forms  the 
eastern  boundary  of  Nebraska  ?  What  State  south  of  Nebraska  ?  How  does  Colo 
rado  lie  with  reference  to  Nebraska  ?  With  reference  to  Kansas  ?  What  Territory 
is  between  Colorado  and  Nevada  ?  Where  does  Dakota  lie  with  reference  to  Ne 
braska  ?  On  what  ocean  is  Washington  Territory  ?  What  foreign  province  to  the 
north  of  it  ?  What  State  lies  next  south  of  the  Indian  Territory  ? 


CHAPTER     LX. 
Population,  Wealth,  and   Modes  of  Living. 

THE  first  census  was  taken  in   1790.     There  were 
then  less  than  four  million  people  (3,929,214).     In 
PRESENT  FLAG.        iSSo   there  were   over   fifty  million   (50,155,783).      It 
is  safe  to  estimate  that,  when  the  census  of  1890  comes 
to  be  added   up,  there   wrill   be  between  sixty  and   sev 
enty  million,  say  sixteen  or  seventeen  times  as  many  as 
increase  of       there  were  one  hundred  years  before.     The  population 

population. 

of   this  country  is  already  very  much    larger  than   that 


POPULATION,    WEALTH,    AND    MODES    OF    LIVING.  ^73 

of  any  of  the  nations  of  Europe  except  Russia.  It  is, 
perhaps,  safe  to  assume  that  before  the  close  of  the 
next  century  there  will  be  two  hundred  million  people 
in  the  United  States. 

The  increase  of  wealth  has  been  yet  more  remark-  increase  of 

wealth. 

able.  This  is  due  to  the  resources  of  the  country,  as 
well  as  to  the  enterprise  of  the  people.  Wheat  from 
the  rich  farms  of  the  great  interior  valley,  and  meat 
from  the  cattle-ranges  of  the  Western  States  and  Ter 
ritories,  are  sent  across  the  sea  in  vast  quantities.  Gold 
and  silver  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pa 
cific  coast,  petroleum  from  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  and  inexhaustible  supplies  of 
coal  and  iron  in  various  regions  are  great  sources 
of  wealth.  Manufactures  of  many  kinds  also  enrich 
the  people.  The  United  States  is  already  the  richest 
of  the  nations. 

In  a  new  country  men  become  inventive,  because  they   Early  American 

,,  -ii-  inventions. 

have  to  find  out  how  to  do  things  that  they  have  never 
seen  anybody  do  before.  Americans  are,  perhaps,  the 
most  inventive  people  in  the  world.  Before  the  Revolu 
tion,  Thomas  Godfrey,  of  Philadelphia,  invented  the 
quadrant,  an  instrument  to  help  a  navigator  to  find  his 
whereabouts  at  sea.  About  the  same  time  Franklin  in 
vented  the  lightning-rod.  There  was  also  a  valuable 
machine  invented  in  South  Carolina  for  doing  the 
hard  labor  of  taking  the  hull  off  of  the  grains  of  rice. 
This  was  run  by  the  ebbing  and  flowing  of  the  tide. 
In  the  middle  colonies  flour-mills  were  improved,  and 
little  elevating  machines  invented,  so  that  wheat  did 
not  have  to  be  carried  to  the  top  of  the  mill  on  a 
man's  back. 


374 


POPULATION,    WEALTH,    AND    MODES    OF    LIVING. 


"Whitney's 
cotton-gin. 


Some  other 
remarkable 
inventions. 


Change  made 
by  inventions. 


America  has  since  become  celebrated  for  what  are 
called  labor-saving  machines.  One  of  the  most  remark 
able  of  these  is  the  cotton-gin.  It  took  so  much  time  and 
toil  to  pick  the  seeds  out  of  cotton  that  only  small  quan 
tities  were  raised  for  home  use.  Long  before  the  Revo 
lution,  a  "  gin  "  for  cleaning  the  cotton  of  seed  had  been 
invented,  but  it  did  not  come  into  general  use.  But, 
when  machines  for  spinning  cotton  thread  and  weaving 
cotton  cloth  by  steam-power  were  invented  in  England, 
there  sprang  up  a  great  demand  for  raw  cotton.  In 
1794  Eli  Whitney  invented  a  "  saw-gin  "  for  taking  the 
seeds  out  of  cotton.  This  made  cotton-raising  profit 
able,  and  caused  the  Southern  States  to  grow  rapidly 
in  population  and  wealth.  After  the  invention  of  the 
gin,  indigo-culture  was  quite  driven  out  by  cotton- 
raising. 

The  cotton-gin  was  the  first  of  a  great  family  of  labor- 
saving  machines,  partly  or  wholly  invented  in  this  coun 
try.  Reaping-  and  mowing-machines  were  first  made 
successful  by  American  inventors.  Thrashing-machines 
were  improved  here.  All  the  agricultural  machines  now 
used  have  practically  been  introduced  in  the  last  fifty 
years.  The  first  really  successful  sewing-machine  was 
introduced  by  Elias  Howe  in  1845.  Morse's  telegraph 
(Chapter  XLV)  came  into  use  at  about  the  same  time. 
The  telephone,  a  recent  invention,  enables  people  to  hold 
conversation  when  far  apart.  The  phonograph  records 
speech  on  a  cylinder,  which  may  be  sealed  up  and  kept 
for  a  thousand  years,  when  it  can  be  made  to  repeat  the 
very  tones  of  the  voice  that  spoke  the  words. 

More  inventions  of  great  importance  have  been  made 
in  the  lifetime  of  people  now  living  than  in  all  the  ages 


POPULATION,    WEALTH,    AND    MODES    OF    LIVING. 


before.  We  live  in  a  different  world  from  that  of  our 
forefathers,  who  had  only  saddle-horses  or  wagons  for 
land-conveyance,  and  slow-sailing  ships  or  row-boats 
for  water-journeys.  We  can  go  around  the  world 
in  a  great  deal  less  time  than  some  of  the  first  emi 
grants  took  to  sail  from  England  to  America.  Our  an 
cestors  had  neither  kerosene-oil,  gas,  nor  electric  light. 

Stoves  were  prac 
tically  unknown  ; 
for  warming  them 
selves  and  cooking 
their  food,  people 
in  old  times  had 
only  wood  -  fires 
in  wide,  open  fire 
places,  which  often 
chilled  the  room 
with  draughts  of  air 

or  filled  it  with  smoke.     They  carded,  spun,  wove,  and 
dyed,   by    hand,   wool    or   flax    for   their    own    clothing. 
Now  steam  is  made  to  do  most  of  the  work  in  spinning 
and    weaving,    in    making    hats    and    shoes,    in    planing 
boards,  and  in  turning  wood.    Even  delicate  little  things 
Irke  \vatches  are  made  mostly  by  steam  machinery. 
Out  of  the  use  of  machinery  has  grown  up  the 

THE    PENNSYLVANIA    FIREPLACE, 

factory  system,  which  gathers  working-people  into        INVENTED  BY  FRANKLIN. 

towns    and    sets    them    to    work    together    in    factories. 

Many  people  are  able  in  this  way  to  labor  on  the  same  The  factory 

piece    of   work,   each    doing    his  own    part.     This   saves 

time,  and  makes  each  man's  toil  more  productive.     The 

building  and   running  of  these  factories  require  a  great 

deal  of  money  ;  so  that  work  is  now  carried  on  by  two 


OLD    FIREPLACE. 


376 


POPULATION,    WEALTH,    AND    MODES    OF    LIVING. 


classes  :  First,  the  capitalists,  who  furnish  the  factory 
and  its  machines;  second,  the  workingmen,  who  receive 
wages  and  do  the  labor.  This  has  led  to  great  discus 
sions  of  the  rights  of  the  working  people,  and  those 
who  furnish  the  money  or  capital. 


THE  DARK  LINE  SHOWS  THE  WESTWARD  MOVEMENT  OF  THE  CENTER  OF  POPULATION  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  SINCE  1790. 

Questions  for  In  what  year  was  the  first  census  taken  ?  -  How  long  ago  is  that  ? 

study.  \vho  was  President  of  the  United  States  in  1790?  (Chapter  XXXVI.) 

About  how  many  millions  of  people  were  there  in  the  country  at  that 
time  ?  How  many  were  there  in  1880  ?  How  many  millions  will  there  be, 
probably,  in  1890  ?  How  does  the  population  of  the  United  States  compare 
with  that  of  the  nations  of  Europe  ?  What  European  nation  has  a  popu 
lation  larger  than  that  of  the  United  States  ?  How  many  people  is  it  safe 
to  suppose  there  will  be  in  this  country  before  the  close  of  the  next  cent 
ury  ?  What  is  said  of  the  increase  of  wealth  in  this  country? 
What  articles  of  food  do  we  send  to  Europe  ?  In  what  part  of  the  coun 
try  are  they  raised  ?  From  what  part  of  the  country  are  gold  and  silver 
sent  to  Europe  ?  In  the  neighborhood  of  what  mountains  do  we  get  pe 
troleum  ?  What  is  said  of  the  supplies  of  coal  and  iron  ?  Of  manufact 
ures  ?  What  cause  is  given  for  the  inventiveness  of  the  American 
people  ?  What  did  Godfrey  invent  in  colony  times  ?  \Vhat  is  the  use  of 
a  quadrant  ?  What  did  Franklin  invent  ?  Where  was  there  invented  a 
machine  for  taking  the  hull  from  rice  ?  What  improvements  were  made 
in  the  middle  colonies  ?  For  what  has  America  since  become  cele 
brated  ?  Who  invented  the  cotton-gin  in  1794  ?  Explain  the  necessity  for 
such  a  machine  ?  What  was  the  effect  of  its  introduction  ?  What 
farming-machines  were  first  made  successful  by  American  inventors  ? 
Within  what  period  have  all  our  present  farming-machines  been  intro 
duced  ?  When  was  the  first  really  successful  sewing-machine  brought 
out  ?  How  long  ago  is  1845  ?  What  is  the  telephone  used  for?  What 
does  the  phonograph  accomplish  ?  What  light  has  been  recently  made 


POPULATION,    WEALTH,    AND    MODES    OF    LIVING.  377 

generally  useful  in  cities  and  factories  ?  How  do  the  inventions  of  our 
time  compare  in  number  and  importance  with  those  made  before  ?  Tell 
some  of  the  differences  between  the  life  of  our  forefathers  and  ours  :  in 
regard  to  means  of  travel  by  land  ;  travel  by  water  ;  means  of  lighting  ; 
mode  of  cooking  and  of  warming  their  houses  ;  method  of  making  wool 
and  flax  into  clothing.  Mention  some  of  the  things  that  steam  is  now 
made  to  do.  What  system  of  work  has  grown  out  of  the  use  of 

machinery  ?  How  does  this  divide  labor  and  save  time  ?  What  two 
classes  of  men  now  carry  on  work  together  ?  What  do  we  mean  by  a 
capitalist  ?  What  discussions  about  rights  have  grown  out  of  this  system  ? 

I.  Growth  of  the  country.  study  by  topics. 

1.  In  population. 

2.  In  wealth. 

II.  Inventions  and  machines. 

1.  Inventiveness  of  Americans. 

2.  Inventions  before  the  Revolution. 

3.  Labor-saving  machines  of  our  time. 

a.    The   cotton-gin,      b.    Other   farm-machines,      c.    The 
sewing-machine.       d.    Telegraph    and    telephone. 
e.  Phonograph.    /.  Electric  light. 
III.  Change  in  mode  of  life. 

1 .  Different  appliances  in  our  time. 

a.  For  travel,     b.  For  home-life,     c.  For  manufactures. 

2.  The  factory  system  and  its  effects. 


CHAPTER    LXI. 
Literature  and  Art  in  the  United  States. 

WE  have  seen,  in  Chapter  XXXIV,  that  there  was  The  first  two 
little  that  could  be  called  literature  in  the  United  States 
before  the  present  century.  Franklin's  writings,  mostly 
on  practical  subjects,  and  the  essays  of  Jefferson,  Madi 
son,  and  Hamilton,  on  political  subjects,  were  almost  the 
only  works  of  permanent  value  written  in  the  first  two 
centuries  after  the  beginning  of  American  settlement. 
Great  writers  can  be  produced  only  where  there  is  a 


378 


LITERATURE    AND    ART    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Irving. 


Bryant. 


Longfellow. 


WASHINGTON    IRVING. 


community  of  educated  and 
thoughtful  people,  such  as  one 
can  not  find  in  a  young  coun 
try. 

Washington  Irving,  who  is 
sometimes  called  the  father 
of  American  literature,  was 
born  in  New  York  in  1783. 
His  first  important  book  was 
a  burlesque,  called  "  Knick 
erbocker's  History  of  New 
York,"  which  is  very  amus 
ing,  and  won  praise  for  its 
author  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  But  Irving's  most 
famous  work  is  the  "  Sketch- 
Book,"  in  which  appear  the  charming  tales  of  "  Rip 
Van  Winkle "  and  "  The  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow." 
His  "  Life  of  Washington  "  is  still  a  standard  biography. 
William  Cullen  Bryant,  born  in  western  Massachu 
setts  in  1794,  was  the  first  American  who  became  widely 
known  as  a  poet.  Though  he 
lived  to  be  very  old,  his  greatest 
poem,  "  Thanatopsis,"  was  writ 
ten  when  he  was  not  yet  nine 
teen  years  of  age. 

Henry  Wadsworth  Longfel 
low,  the  most  popular  and  the 
most  widely  celebrated  of  our 
poets,  was  born  in  Portland, 
Maine,  in  1807.  Of  his  shorter 
pieces,  "Excelsior"  and  "  The 


WILLIAM    CULLEN    BRYANT. 


LITERATURE    AND    ART    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


379 


HENRY    W.     LONGFELLOW. 


Psalm  of  Life  "  are  best 
known.  His  "  Hiawa 
tha  "  is  an  epic  poem 
of  Indian  life,  and  his 
"  Evangeline  "  is  a  nar 
rative  poem  founded  on 
the  story  of  the  expul 
sion  of  the  Acadians 
(page  131). 

John  Greenleaf  Whit- 
tier,  sometimes  called 
"  the  Quaker  poet,"  was 
born  in  Massachusetts 
in  the  same  year  with 
Longfellow  ( 1 807).  Many 
of  his  poems  describe  simple,  rural  life.  Others  relate 
to  slavery  and  the  civil  war.  One  of  the  most  charm 
ing  is  "  Snow-Bound,"  a  description  of  winter  scenes  in 
New  England. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  was  born  in  1809.  He  is 
famous  for  his  witty  poems,  of  which  "  The  Last  Leaf  " 
and  "The  One-Hoss  Shay  "  are  two  of  the  best  known. 
His  prose  work,  "  The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-Table," 
is  thought  to  be  one  of  the  brightest  books  in  our 
literature. 

Edgar    Allan     Poe,    born    in     1809,    wrote    some 
poems  that  have  achieved    a  world-wide  fame.      Of 
these,  "  The   Raven  "  is  the  best  known.     His  weird 
and  marvelous  short  stories  have  also  a  permanent 
place  in  literature. 

Ralph    Waldo    Emerson    was    born    in     1803,    in 
Boston.      Some    of   his   poems   are   greatly  admired 


Whittier. 


Holmes. 


EDGAR    A.     POE. 


38o 


LITERATURE    AND    ART    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Emerson. 


Lowell. 


RALPH    WALDO    EMERSON. 


Cooper  and 
Hawthorne. 


by  literary  readers  ;  they 
can  hardly  be  called  pop 
ular.  He  is  more  widely 
known  by  his  essays  as  a 
profound  thinker  and  a 
writer  of  genius  and  poetic 
inspiration. 

James  Russell  Lowell 
was  born  in  1819.  He  is  best 
known  to  general  readers  by 
his  poems  in  the  New  Eng 
land  dialect,  called  "  The 
Biglow  Papers."  He  is  also 
a  great  critic  and  essayist. 

Two  American  writers  of  fiction  in  the  period  before 
the  civil  war  attained  a  world-wide  fame.  James  Feni- 
more  Cooper  was  born  in  New  Jersey  in  1783.  His 

novels  are  mostly  stories,  full  of 
action  and  adventure.  The  most 
famous  are  those  known  as  "  The 
Leather-Stocking  Tales."  A  very 
different  writer  is  Nathaniel  Haw 
thorne,  who  was  a  rare  genius, 
and  wrote  stories  of  a  weird  and 
subtile  kind.  Of  these,  "  The 
Scarlet  Letter"  and  "The  House 
of  the  Seven  Gables"  are  general 
favorites. 

Our  most  famous  historians 
are  George  Bancroft,  John  Loth- 
rop  Motley,  William  H.  Prescott, 
and  Francis  Parkman. 


JAMES    FENIMORE    COOPER. 


LITERATURE    AND    ART    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

It   is   yet   too   soon   to   speak   personally   of   the 
writers  who  have  risen  in  this  country  since  the 
civil  war.     They  differ  from  those  who  came  be 
fore   them,   as    American    life  differs   from  the  life 
before   the  war:     i.    The   writers   of   this   later 
period    are  not  chiefly  a  group  of   men  about 
New    York    or    Boston.      Every    great    natural 
division    of    the    country    is    represented    in    the        NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE. 
present  school  of  writers.     2.  They  are  not  chiefly  poets 
and    essayists,   like    Longfellow  and    Emerson,   Poe    and  Literature  since 

the  civil  war. 

Irving.  Our  present  group  of  authors  give  themselves 
mainly  to  prose  fiction  and  to  humoristic  writing. 
3.  They  are  remarkable  for  the  zeal  and  faithfulness 
with  which  they  study  our  own  life.  The  manners  and 
feelings  of  the  American  people  in  city  and  country 
are  described  with  fullness,  and  the  dialect  of  every 
region  of  the  United  States  is  reproduced  in  the  pages 
of  our  later  authors. 

American  art  had  its  rise  in  a  group  of  portrait-paint-  American  art. 
ers,  of  whom  Gilbert  Stuart  was  the  chief.  The  condi 
tions  of  our  life  were  formerly  unfavorable  to  the  pro 
duction  of  a  great  school  of  painters  and  sculptors,  but 
there  has  been  a  large  advance  in  late  years,  and  some 
very  notable  work  has  been  done  in  several  departments 
of  art.  In  the  matter  of  book  and  magazine  illustrations 
some  of  our  artists  have  taken  a  very  high  rank. 


What  was  the  character  of  our  literature  before  the  present  century  ?    Questions  for 
What  great  writer  in  the  last  century  left  literary  work  of  permanent    study- 
value  ?     What  writers  on  political  subjects  produced  important  works  ? 
Why  were  there  no  great  writers  in  the  pioneer  period  of  the  country  ? 

What  is  Washington  Irving  sometimes  called  ?     What  was  his  first 
important  work  ?    What  is  his  most  famous  book  ?    What  tales  are  men- 


382 


LITERATURE    AND    ART    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


tioned  as  having  appeared  in  the  "  Sketch-Book  "  ?  What  biography 
written  by  Irving  is  still  a  standard  work  ?  Who  was  the  first 

American  that  became  widely  known  as  a  poet  ?  How  old  was  he  when 
he  wrote  his  best  poem  ?  Who  is  spoken  of  as  the  most  widely 

celebrated  of  our  poets  ?  Mention  the  two  best  known  of  his  short  pieces. 
What  kind  of  a  poem  is  Hiawatha  ?  W7hat  is  the  story  of  Evangeline 
founded  on  ?  What  is  Whittier  sometimes  called  ?  What  is  the 

character  of  his  poems  ?  Which  one  is  mentioned  in  particular  ?  Of 
what  is  "  Snow-Bound  "  a  description  ?  What  kind  of  poetry  has 

Holmes  written  ?  What  two  poems  of  his  are  mentioned  ?  What  is 
thought  of  his  "  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-Table  "  ?  Is  the  "  Autocrat  " 
in  prose  or  verse  ?  Where  was  Poe  born  ?  What  is  said  of  his 

poetry  ?  By  what  is  he  most  widely  known  ?  What  is  said  of  him  as  a 
thinker  and  writer  ?  By  what  is  Lowell  best  known  to  general 

readers  ?  In  what  other  departments  of  authorship  is  he  great  ? 
WThat  two  very  famous  writers  of  fiction  lived  in  the  period  before  the 
civil  war  ?  Were  Cooper  and  Hawthorne  alike  in  their  writings  ?  What 
kind  of  novels  did  Cooper  write  ?  Which  are  the  most  famous  of  his 
novels  ?  What  kind  of  stories  did  Hawthorne  write  ?  What  two  are 
mentioned?  What  four  famous  American  historical  writers  are 

named  ?  What  is  the  first  particular  in  which  the  writers  since  the 

civil  war  differ  from  those  whose  fame  was  made  before  ?  To  what  kinds 
of  writing  do  our  present  writers  usually  give  themselves  ?  For  what  are 
they  remarkable  ?  In  what  did  American  art  have  its  rise  ?  What 

is  said  of  American  art  ?  What  of  book  and  magazine  illustration  in  this 
country  ? 

Study  by  topics.  I.  The  lack  of  literature  before  the  present  century. 

II.  Some  of  the  older  writers. 

i.  Irving.  2.  Bryant.  3.  Longfellow.  4.  Whittier.  5.  Holmes. 
6.  Poe.  7.  Emerson.  8.  Lowell.  9.  Cooper.  10.  Haw 
thorne,  ii.  Historians. 

III.  The  new  school  of  writers. 

1.  Their  representative  character. 

2.  Their  devotion  to  fictious  and  humorous  literature. 

3.  Their  attention  to  details  of  manners  and  speech. 

IV.  American  art. 

Books.  The  best  way  to  study  literature  is  in  the  literature  itself.     If  the  teacher  can  per 

suade  the  pupil  to  read  some  of  the  works  mentioned  in  this  chapter,  and  to  seek  for 
the  charm  there  is  in  them,  it  will  tend  to  develop  a  taste  for  good  literature,  and 
education  can  render  no  higher  service  than  this.  For  literature  of  the  colonial 
period,  Tyler's  "  History  of  American  Literature."  For  literature  of  the  period 
since  the  Revolution,  Richardson's  "  History  of  American  Literature." 


EIGHTH    REVIEW. — FINAL    CHAPTERS. 


EIGHTH    REVIEW.— FINAL   CHAPTERS. 


Results  of  the  war. 

(LVIII.) 


f  Questions  of  the  right  of  a  State  to  secede  set 
tled. 

-j    Slavery  abolished. 

The  existence  of  but  one  great  power  in  North 
America  settled. 


.....         f  Andrew  Johnson  President. 
Johnson  s    admmistra- 

Question  of  negro  suffrage. 


tion. 


(LVIII.) 


Grant's  administration. 
(LVIII.) 

The  election  of  1876. 
(LVIII.) 

Garfiekl  and  Arthur. 
(LVIII.) 

Cleveland's  presidency. 
(LVIII.) 

The  purchase  of  Rus 
sian  territory.  (LIX.) 

New  States   since  the 
civil  war.         (LIX.) 


Later  Indian  wars. 

(LIX.) 

Population  and  wealth. 
(LX.) 


Inventions.  (LX.) 


[_  Johnson  impeached. 
f  Grant  elected,  1868. 
•I    Reconstruction  of  the  South. 
[^  Grant  re-elected,  1872. 

SThe  disputed  election. 
Settled  in  favor  of  Hayes. 

f  Garfield  elected,  1880. 
{    Garfield  killed,  1881. 
[_  Arthur  President. 

j    Cleveland  elected,  1884. 
|    Revival  of  tariff  questions. 

{Review  of  the  first  five  additions  of  territory. 
The  purchase  of  Alaska,  1867. 

f  West  Virginia,  1863. 

Nevada,  1864. 
*{    Nebraska,  1867. 
I    Colorado,  1876. 
[_  Territories  about  to  become  States. 

f  Indian  war  in  Minnesota,  1862. 
j    Custer's  winter  campaign,  1868. 
1    Death  of  Custer,  1876. 
[  Present  prospects  of  the  Indians. 

j   Increase  of  population  since  1790. 
|  Sources  and  increase  of  wealth. 

f  Early  American  inventions. 
The  cotton-gin  and  its  effects. 
Other  agricultural  machines. 
Sewing-machines. 
Telegraph,  telephone,  and  phonograph. 


26 


EIGHTH    REVIEW. FINAL    CHAPTERS. 


New  modes  of  life. 

(LX.) 


Literature. 


(LXI.)  4 


Changes  made  by  new  inventions. 
The  factory  system. 

The  first  two  centuries. 

Irving. 

The    group    of    poets :    Bryant,    Longfellow, 

Whittier,  Holmes,  and  Poe. 
Emerson,  essayist  and  poet. 
Lowell,  poet,  critic,  and  essayist. 
Two  great  novelists  :  Cooper  and  Hawthorne. 
Historians. 
Later  writers. 


INDEX. 


Abercrombie,  James,  defeated,  136. 

Abolitionists,  292. 

Acadia,  map  of,  141. 

Acadians,  the,  expulsion  of,  131  ;  poem 
founded  on  it,  132. 

Adams,  John,  203  ;  elected  President, 
sketch  of,  221  (note),  222,  226. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  sketch  of,  265  (note)  ; 
administration  and  character  of,  266. 

Adams,  Samuel,  164  (note). 

Admiral,  the  great,  10. 

Admiral  of  New  England,  22  (note). 

Agricultural  machines,  374. 

Alabama,  admission  of,  259. 

Alabama,  the,  damage  done  by,  claims  and 
award,  352. 

Alaska,  purchase  of,  366  ;  map,  370. 

Albany,  46. 

Algiers,  tribute  paid  to,  228 ;  war  with, 
229. 

Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,  the,  226. 

Allen,  Ethan,  169  (note). 

America,  discovery  of,  by  Columbus,  1-4  ; 
discoveries  before  him,  4  (note)  ;  its 
name,  8 ;  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  Asia, 
5,  9  ;  first  suspected  to  be  a  separate 
continent,  10 ;  colonies  sent  to,  15,  17, 
19,  20  ;  beginning  of  free  government  in, 
30.  See  Colonies  and  States. 

American  party,  the,  298. 

Americus  Vespucius,  sketch  of,  i,  7  (note)  ; 
his  discovery  and  writings,  7  ;  the  conti 
nent  named  for  him,  8. 

Amherst,   Jeffrey,   capture  of    Louisbourg 

by,  135- 

Amidas  and  Barlow,  expedition  of,  13. 
Amusements,   in  the  colonies,   95  ;    Dutch 

woman  skating,  illustration,  95. 
Anderson,  Robert,  306. 
Andre,  Major  John,  capture  and  execution 

of,  187. 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  158,  159. 
Annawon,  82. 


Anne,  Queen,  of  England,  124. 

Annesley,  Lord,  106. 

Antietam,  battle  of,  320  ;  map,  322. 

Anti-Nebraska  party,  the,  299. 

Appomattox  Court-House,  Lee's  surrender 

at,  348  ;  map,  350. 

i  Argall,  Samuel,   Pocahontas  carried  away 
by,  27  ;   his  administration  in  Virginia, 
I      30. 

j  Ark,  the,  and  the  dove,  52. 
1  Arkansas,  admission  of,  287. 
I  Armada,  the  Great,  14  (note). 
!  Armor,  use  of,  86. 
!  Arnold,  Benedict,  186,  187. 

Art,  American,  381. 

Arthur,  Chester  A.,  his  administration,  382. 

Artillery,  American,  drawn  by  oxen,  illus 
tration,  189. 
I  Atlanta,  335  ;  capture  of,  345. 

Atlantic  Ocean,   the,   called  Sea  of   Dark 
ness,  2. 
!  Avalon,  51. 
|  Averysboro,  battle  at,  347. 

i  Bacon,  Nathaniel,  82 ;   his  life  and  rebel 
lion,  157  (note),  158. 
Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez  de,  10. 
Baltimore,  Lord,  51. 
I  Baltimore  attacked  by  the  British,  253. 
:  Baltimore  clipper,  the,  271. 

Bancroft,  George,  380. 

,  Bank,  the  United  States,  267,  268 ;  attempt 
to  re-establish,   277 ;   attitude  of  parties 
regarding,  298. 
I  Banks,  Nathaniel  P.,  328. 
|  Barbary  states,  the,  pirates  of,  228,  229  ; 

map  of,  230. 
Barlow,  see  Amidas. 

Barnburners,  the,  see  Free-Soil  party,  the. 
Barren  Hill,  182  (note). 
Bateau,  a  river,  illustration,  204. 
Battle  above  the  clouds,  the,  334. 
Bear-flag  Republic,  the,  284. 


386 


INDEX. 


Beauregard,  General  P.  G.  T.,  312,  315. 

Bell,  John,  his  nomination,  302. 

Bemis's  Heights,  battle  of,  178;  map,  180. 

Bennington,  battle  of,  178. 

Bentonville,  battle  of,  347. 

Berkeley,  Sir  William,  157. 

Bermuda  Islands,  the,  25. 

Biddle,  Captain  Nicholas,  192. 

Bimini,  116  (note). 

Blackbeard,  101  (note),  102. 

Black  Kettle,  368. 

Black  Snake,  the,  217. 

Bladensburg,  battle  of,  253  ;  map,  256. 

Blaine,  James  G.,  363. 

Blockade  of  Southern  ports,  351. 

Block-houses,  88. 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  222,  234. 

Bonhomme  Richard,  the,  192. 

Bonnet,  Steed,  101  (note),  102. 

Boone,  Daniel,  231. 

Booth,  J.  W.,  354. 

Boston,  settlement  of,  41  ;  siege  of,  171  ; 
map  of,  and  vicinity,  174. 

Boston  Massacre,  the,  165. 

Boston  Port  Bill,  the,  166. 

Boston  Tea-party,  the,  165. 

Bouquet,  Henry,  147. 

Braddock,  Edward,  his  expedition  and  de 
feat,  129-131  ;  his  death,  131. 

Bragg,  Braxton,  326,  327,  331,  333. 

Brandywine,  battle  of  the,  181,  182 ;  map, 
185. 

Breckinridge,  John  C.,  his  nomination,  302  ; 
at  New  Market,  340. 

Brock,  Sir  Isaac,  242  (note). 

Brooklyn,  46. 

Brown,  John,  301. 

Brown  Bess,  illustration,  195. 

Bryant,  William  C.,  378. 

Buchanan,  James,  election  of,  300  ;  sketch 
of,  300  (note)  ;  his  attitude  toward  seces 
sion,  306. 

Buell,  Don  Carlos,  315,  327. 

Buena  Vista,  battle  of,  280  ;  map,  282. 

Bull  Run,  battle  of,  312  ;  map,  317  ;  sec 
ond  battle,  320. 

Bunker  Hill,  battle  of,  169,  170;  map,  174. 

Burgoyne,  Sir  John,  178,  179. 

Burnside,  Ambrose  E.,  320. 

Burr,  Aaron,  227  ;  his  conspiracy,  235  ;  his 
duel  with  Hamilton,  215  (note). 


Bushy  Run,  battle  of,  147. 

Cabot,  John,  sketch  of,  8  (note)  ;  his  voy 
ages,  8-10. 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  8  (note),  10. 

Calhoun,  John  C.,  267,  269  ;  sketch  of,  268 
(note)  ;  his  State-rights  doctrine,  304. 

California,  American  settlers  in,  283  ;  an 
nexation  of,  284  ;  its  history,  284  (note)  ; 
its  admission,  287,  294  ;  discovery  of  gold 
in,  rapid  settlement  of,  294. 

Calvert,  George  and  Leonard,  51. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  command  assumed  by 
Washington  at,  171. 

Camden,  battle  of,  184  ;  map,  190. 

Canada,  colonization  of,  116,  117  ;  invasion 
of,  capture  of  Port  Royal,  and  attack  on 
Quebec,  123,  124  ;  Schuyler's  expedition, 
123  ;  map,  123  ;  ceded  to  England,  139  ; 
invasion  of,  in  1814,  252. 

Canals,  273. 

Canoes,  Indian,  75,  76. 

Cape  Breton  Island,  fortress  on,  125. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  discovered,  i  ;  round 
ed,  10. 

Capital,  the  national,  213,  222. 

Capital  and  labor,  376. 

Carolinas,  the,  grant  of,  53  ;  proposed  con 
stitution  for,  54  ;  map,  55  ;  colonial  gov 
ernment,  151  ;  Sherman's  march  through, 

347- 

Casco  Bay,  massacre  at,  123. 
Cass,  Lewis,  293. 
Catholics,   laws  against,  in   England,  51 ; 

emigration  of,  to  Maryland,  51,  52. 
Cattle,  raising  of,  in  the  colonies,  100. 
Cedar  Creek,  battle  of,  342  ;  map,  344. 
Census,  the  first,  203.     See  Population. 
Central  America,  filibustering  expeditions 

to,  296. 

Cerro  Gordo,  battle  of,  284  ;  map,  287. 
Chambersburg,    Pa.,    burned,   341  ;    map, 

344- 

Champlain,  Samuel  de,  116,  117. 
Champlain,    Lake,   under   Britfsh  control, 

178  ;  battle  of,  248  ;  maps,  180,  249. 
Chancellorsville,  320  ;  map,  322. 
Chapultepec,  storming  of,  285  ;  map,  287. 
Charging  an  earthwork,  illustration,  313. 
Charles  I,  king  of  England,  53,  157. 
Charles  II,  king  of  England,  53,  57. 


INDEX. 


38? 


Charleston,  S.  C.,  founded,  84;  taken  by 
the  British,  184 ;  maps,  190,  309. 

Charter  Oak,  the,  159. 

Chatham,  Earl  of,  135. 

Chattanooga,  seized  by  Bragg,  326,  331  ; 
battle  of,  333,  334  ;  map,  335. 

Chesapeake,  the,  defeated  by  the  Shannon, 
248. 

Chickamauga,  battle  of,  333;  "the  Rock 
of,"  333  ;  map,  335. 

"  Chief  who  never  Sleeps,  the,"  217. 

Church,  Benjamin,  his  defeat  of  King  Phil 
ip,  82  ;  his  methods,  82  (note). 

Church  and  state,  connection  of,  200.  See 
Religious  Liberty. 

Churubusco,  battle  of,  285  ;  map,  287. 

Civil  war,  the,  causes  of,  see  Slavery  ; 
State-rights  doctrine,  304,  305  ;  secession, 
3°5,  3°7 ;  tne  1'eace  Convention,  305 ; 
formation  of  the  Confederate  govern 
ment,  306 ;  opening  of  hostilities,  Fort 
Sumter,  306,  307  ;  effect  of  its  fall,  307  ; 
the  issue,  310  ;  the  border  States,  310,  311  ; 
Missouri,  311  (note) ;  campaign  in  West 
Virginia,  311  (note)  ;  Bull  Run,  312  ;  bat 
tles  in  Kentucky,  312  (note)  ;  first  West 
ern  campaign,  312-315  ;  movements  in 
the  East — Bull  Run  to  Gettysburg,  317- 
321  ;  the  Peninsula  campaign,  318,  319 ; 
Emancipation  Proclamation,  325,  326 ; 
naval  operations,  324-326  ;  fall  of  New 
Orleans,  226 ;  fall  of  Vicksburg,  327, 
328  ;  campaign  between  Nashville  and 
Atlanta,  330-335  ;  Grant's  Eastern  cam 
paign,  337-339  ;  the  Valley  campaign, 
340-342  ;  closing  operations,  345-348  ; 
Sherman's  march,  346,  347  ;  the  sur 
render  of  Lee  and  Johnston,  348  ;  traits 
and  results  of,  350-355  ;  the  blockade, 
351,  352  ;  maps,  308,  309,  315,  316, 
3*7,321,  322.  323.  328.  329>  330,  335,  343, 
344,  350. 

Claiborne,  William,  79. 

Clay,  Henry,  261,  265  ;  sketch  of,  268  (note) ; 
his  nomination,  277. 

Cleveland,  Grover,  elected  President,  363. 

Clinton,  De  Witt,  273. 

Clinton,  George,  242. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  183. 

Cold  Harbor,  battle  of,  339  ;  map,  343. 

Colleges,  early,  206. 


Colonies,  the,  life  in :  houses,  furniture, 
food,  dress,  traveling',  education,  amuse 
ments,  91-95  ;  farming  and  shipping, 
products,  tools,  fisheries,  pirates,  98-102  ; 
bond-servants  and  slaves,  104-107  ;  laws 
and  usages,  109-113  ;  wars  of,  uniforms, 
methods  of  fighting,  British  officers,  142- 
145  ;  map  showing  claims  to  territory  be 
fore  1763,  121  ;  government  and  laws  of, 
151-154  ;  restrictions  on  trade  and  manu 
facture,  153,  161,  162;  their  wars,  see 
French  Wars,  King  Philip's  War,  Pequot 
War,  the,  and  Pontiac's  War ;  early 
struggles  for  liberty  in,  156-160  ;  inde 
pendence  of,  gained,  see  Revolutionary 
War,  the. 

Colorado,  admission  of,  367. 

Columbia,  S.  C.,  burning  of,  347. 

Columbus,  Bartholomew,  9. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  sketch  of  his  life, 
2  (note) ;  his  plan  of  a  route  to  India,  i, 
2 ;  applications  for  aid,  2,  3 ;  his  first 
voyage  to  America,  3,  4  ;  succeeding  voy 
ages,  5  ;  map  showing  his  route,  7. 

Compromise,  the  Missouri,  see  Missouri 
Compromise. 

Compromise  of  1850,  the,  268,  295,  305. 

Compromise  period,  the,  268. 

Concord,  Mass.,  stores  destroyed  at,  168. 

Confederate  States  of  America,  the,  306 ; 
removal  of  the  capital,  311 ;  money  of, 
353.  See  Civil  War,  the. 

Congress,  the  Colonial,  198,  199 ;  the 
United  States,  its  Constitution,  199. 

Congress,  burning  of  the,  324. 

Connecticut,  settlement  of,  41,  42  ;  the 
Dutch  in,  47 ;  the  Pequot  War,  80  ;  gov 
ernment  of  the  colony,  151  ;  story  of  its 
charter,  159. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States,  the,  198, 
199,  2co ;  its  adoption,  198,  199 ;  pro 
visions,  199.  203  ;  thirteenth  amendment 
to,  359  ;  fifteenth,  360. 

Constitution,  the,  capture  of  the  Guerriere 
by,  246  ;  of  the  Java,  247. 

Constitutional  Union  party,  the,  302. 

Contreras,  battle  of,  285 ;  map,  287. 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore,  380. 

Copley,  John  Singleton,  207. 

Corinth,  Miss.,  its  importance,  314;  siege 
of,  315,  327  ;  map,  315. 


388 


INDEX. 


Cornwallis,  Lord,  184,  187,  188 ;  his  sur 
render,  189. 

Cotton-gin,  the,  274. 

Cotton  States,  the,  304 ;  secession  of,  305. 

Coureur  de  bois,  illustration,  ng. 

Courts,  United  States,  199. 

Cowpens,  battle  of  the,  187  ;  map,  190. 

Craven,  Governor,  83. 

Creek  War,  the,  253,  254. 

Crimes,  laws  against  small,  106,  109,  no, 
in. 

"  Crimps,"  105. 

Croghan,  George,  his  defense  of  Fort 
Stephenson,  251  (and  note). 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  40,  53. 

Crook,  George,  340. 

Crown  Point,  132  ;  map,  134. 

Cuba,  attempted  purchase  of,  296  ;  propo 
sal  to  seize,  300  (note). 

Cumberland,  sinking  of  the,  324. 

Currency,  decimal  system  of,  172  (note)  ; 
of  the  Revolution,  194  ;  paper,  see 
Greenbacks,  and  Confederate  States  of 
America. 

Custer,  George  A.,  368. 

Cuttyhunk  Island,  colony  on,  19. 

Dakota  Territory,  367. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  26,  27,  30. 

Danville,  Va.,  348;  map,  350. 

Dare,  Virginia,  17. 

Dark  and  Bloody  Ground,  the,  216. 

Davenport,  Rev.  John,  42. 

Davis,  Jefferson,  election  of,  306  ;  sketch 
of,  306  (note)  ;  his  imprisonment  and 
release,  355. 

Dearborn,  General  Henry,  245. 

Debt,  the  national,  352. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  229,  247. 

Decimal  system  of  currency,  the,  172  (note). 

Declaration  of  Independence,  the,  172,  173; 
its  author  (note),  172. 

Deerfield,  Mass.,  destroyed  by  Indians,  124  ; 
old  house  at,  illustration,  127. 

De  Kalb,  Baron,  183. 

Delaware,  settlement  of,  47  ;  captured  by 
the  Dutch,  47 ;  the  government  trans 
ferred  to  Penn,  59 ;  colonial  government 
of,  152. 

Delaware  Bay,  exploration  of,  45. 

De  la  Warr,  Lord,  26,  30. 


Democratic  party,  the,  267 ;  main  differ 
ences  between,  and  the  Whig,  268 ;  its 
return  to  power,  363. 

De  Soto,  Hernando,  his  explorations,  116 
(note). 

Detroit,  attacked  by  Indians,  147 ;  sur 
render  of,  to  the  British,  243  ;  incident  of 
the  surrender,  242  (note);  maps,  243,  255. 

Dinwiddie,  Governor,  171  (note). 

Discovery,  the,  19,  21. 

District  of  Columbia,  the,  223  ;  slave-traffic 
in,  294,  295. 

Doeg  Indians,  the,  82. 

Dorchester  Heights,  171  ;  map,  174. 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  298  ;  his  nomination, 
302  ;  his  debates  with  Lincoln,  354  (note;. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  16.  284  (note). 

Dred  Scott  case,  the,  301. 

Dress,  in  colonial  times,  94  ;  after  the  Revo 
lution,  2IO,  211,  212. 

Dress,  illustrations  of,  10,  n,  15,  19,  21,  30, 
3i,  35,  37,  4i,  42,  46,  47,  54,  57,  64,  65, 
66,  69,  93,  94,  95,  97,  104,  109,  118,  119, 
142,  143,  177,  178,  179,  186,  188,  192,  193, 

194,  206,  211,   222,  228,  247,   251,  252,   254, 
257,   258,   259,   260,   273. 

Drunkenness,  punishment  for,  no;  illus 
tration,  112. 

Ducking-stool,  the,  no. 

Dustin,  Hannah,  89  (note). 

Dutch,  the,  in  America,  45,  46,  47 ;  their 
colony  taken  by  England,  47,  48. 

Dutch  East  India  Company,  the,  45. 

Early,  Jubal,  340. 

Earth,  the,  notions  of  its  shape,  1,3;  of  its 
size,  2  ;  map  of  the  part  known  before 
1492,  4;  first  circumnavigated,  11. 

Education,  in  the  colonies,  95  ;  school- 
scene,  illustration,  97  ;  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolution,  206. 

Election,  presidential,  mode  of,  see  Presi 
dent  of  the  United  States  ;  disputed,  of 
1876,  361,  362. 

Elevators,  invention  of,  373. 

Eliot,  Rev.  John,  81  (note). 

Elizabeth,  Queen,  13,  14,  19. 

Ellsworth,  Miss,  274. 

Embargo,  the,  241. 

Emerson,  Ralph  W.,  379,  380. 

Enemy,  we  have  met  the,  etc.,  248. 


INDEX. 


England,  wars  with,  see  Revolutionary 
War,  the,  and  War  of  1812,  the  ;  reten 
tion  of  American  posts  by,  215,  220; 
seizure  of  vessels  by  cruisers  of,  220 ; 
Jay's  treaty  with,  220;  war  of,  with  France, 
240  ;  interference  of,  with  American  com 
merce,  240,  241  ;  Indians  incited  by  agents 
of,  2,42  ;  attitude  of,  during  the  American 
civil  war,  350,  351 ;  the  Alabama  claims, 
352. 

Era  of  good  feeling,  the,  264. 

Ericsson,  John,  325. 

Erie  Canal,  the,  273. 

Factory  system,  the,  375. 

Fairfax,  Lord,  171  (note). 

Fair  Oaks,  battle  of,  319 ;  map,  321. 

Farragut,  David  Glasgow,  326. 

Federal  city,  the,  223. 

Federal  government,  position  of  parties  on 
the  power  of  the,  268  (and  note),  304. 

Federalist  party,  the,  213,  224,  226,  227,  304. 

Fillmore,  Millard,  293 ;  sketch  of,  294 
(note) ;  nominated  for  President,  300. 

Fire-arms  of  the  Revolution,  193,  194. 

Fireplaces,  375. 

Fisheries,  colonial,  101. 

Fisher's  Hill,  battle  of,  341  ;  map,  344. 

Five  Forks,  battle  of,  348  ;  map,  350. 

Flags  (illustrations)  of  New  York  merchant- 
ships,  99 ;  of  New  England  ships,  101 ; 
the  pine-tree,  168 ;  the  liberty,  of  the 
South,  171 ;  the  rattlesnake,  172 ;  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  of  1777,  178;  of  1814, 
253  ;  the  royal,  of  France,  188  ;  the  Brit 
ish,  247  ;  the  Spanish  standard,  264  ;  the 
Mexican,  276 ;  the  Confederate,  of  1861, 
307 ;  present  United  States,  372. 

Florida,  Spanish  discoveries  in,  116  (note) ; 
their  colony,  116;  map  of  the  eastern 
coast,  128 ;  Jackson's  invasion  of,  254 ; 
purchase  of,  264;  its  previous  history, 
264  (note)  ;  admission  of,  287. 

Foote,  Andrew  H.,  312.  f 

Forbes,  Joseph,  136. 

Forefathers'  day,  35. 

Fort  Donelson,  312  ;  capture  of,  314  ;  map, 

3i5- 

Fort  Duquesne,  Braddock's  expedition  to, 
130 ;  his  defeat,  131  ;  map  showing  his 
route,  134  ;  taken  by  General  Forbes,  136. 


Fort  Fisher,  assault  on,  347. 
;  Fort  Frontenac,  capture  of,  136. 
Fort  Henry,  capture  of,  312  ;  map,  315. 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.   Philip,  326 ;    map, 

329- 

!  Fort  Meigs,  siege  of,  251  ;  Harrison's  an 
swer  to  the  demand  for  surrender,  251 
(note) ;  map,  255. 

I  Fort  Monroe,  naval  battle  near,  324  ;  maps, 
321,  328. 

Fort  Moultrie,  306 ;  map,  309. 

Fort  Stephenson,  siege  of,  251  ;  map,  255. 

Fort  Sumter,  306 ;  bombardment  of,  307 ; 
map,  309. 

Fort  Ticonderoga,  defeat  of  the  English  at, 
136,  144 ;  capture  of,  by  Ethan  Allen, 
169  (note) ;  by  Burgoyne,  178  ;  map,  180 ; 
ruins  of,  illustration,  169. 

Fort  Washington,  capture  of,  by  the  Brit 
ish,  177;  map,  179. 

Fort  William  Henry,  siege  and  capture  of, 
132  ;  map,  134. 

France,  aid  of,  to  America,  183 ;  purchase 
of  territory  from,  172  (note)  ;  partisans 
of,  214  ;  relations  of,  with  America  during 
the  French  Revolution,  221  ;  the  Direct 
ory,  221,  222 ;  demand  of,  for  tribute, 
222;  feeling  in,  during  the  American  civil 
war,  350.  See  French,  the,  and  French 
wars. 

Franklin,  battle  of,  346. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  sketch  of,  189  (note), 
206 ;  inventions  by,  373,  375  ;  his  writ 
ings,  377- 

Fredericksburg,  battle  of,  320 ;  map,  322. 

Free-Soil  party,  the,  293,  295. 

Free  trade,  see  Tariff. 

Fremont,  John  C. ,  283,  284  (note) ;  his 
nomination,  300. 

French,  the,  in  America,  116,  117,  118; 
their  weakness  and  strength,  118;  their 
influence  over  the  Indians,  118,  119; 
their  claims  to  territory,  119  ;  map  show 
ing  their  claims,  121  ;  their  line  of  posts, 
128,  129 ;  cession  of  their  possessions  east 
of  the  Mississippi,  139  ;  sale  of  Louisiana, 
234  (and  note).  See  France. 

French  wars,    the,  119,    122-126,  128-140; 
maps,  123,  128,  133,  134,  141  ;  character 
istics  of,  142-147. 
I  Frobisher,  Sir  Martin,  n. 


39° 


INDEX. 


Frolic,  the,  247. 

Fugitive-slave  law,  the,  see  Slavery. 

Fulton,  Robert,  271,  272. 

Gama,  Vasco  da,  his  voyage  to  India  around  ! 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hops,  10  ;  map  show 
ing  his  route,  7. 

Garfield,  James  A.,  312  (note) ;    his  elec-  ' 
tion  as  President,  and  his  death,  362. 

Gates,  Horatio,  178,  184. 

Gates,  Sir  Thomas,  25. 

Genoa,  2. 

George   III,  of  England,  172 ;    statue  of, 

175- 

Georgia,  territory  of,  62  ;  Oglethorpe's  de-  i 
sign,  63 ;   his  colony,  64 ;  property  laws 
in,  and  dissatisfaction,  64 ;  governments  ; 
surrendered  by  the  king,  and  change  of  j 
laws,  65  ;  map  of  the  eastern  coast,  128 ;  • 
form  of  government,  151  ;   secession  of, 
see  Secession  ;  Sherman's  march  through,  | 
346. 

Germans,  emigration  of,  to  America,  65. 

Germantown,  battle  of,  182,  183  ;  map, 
185. 

Gerrish,  Sarah,  146  (note). 

Gettysburg,  battle  of,  321  ;  map,  323. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  n. 

Gist,  Christopher,  129  (note). 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  373. 

God-speed,  the,  19. 

Gold,  discovery  of,  u  ;  in  California,  284 
(note),  293. 

Goldsboro,  347. 

Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  19. 

Government,  forms  of,  in  the  colonies,  151- 
154 ;  in  the  States,  see  Federal  Govern 
ment,  the,  and  Constitution,  the. 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  312  ;  capture  of  Forts 
Henry  and  Donelson  by,  312,  314 ;  at 
Shiloh,  315  ;  at  Vicksburg,  327,  328 ;  at 
Chattanooga,  333  ;  sketch  of,  337  (note) ;  ! 
in  command  of  all  the  armies,  337  ;  re 
ceives  Lee's  surrender,  348  ;  elected  Presi 
dent,  360 ;  re-elected,  361. 

Greeley,  Horace,  361. 

Green,  Roger,  53. 

Greenbacks,  352,  353. 

Greene,  Nathanael,  in  command  at  the 
South,  187,  188. 

Green  Mountain  Boys,  the,  169  (note),  257. 


Greensboro,  N.  C.,  188. 

Grenville,  Sir  Richard,  15. 

Guerriere,  the,  capture  of,  246. 

Guilford  Court-House,  battle  of,  188  ;  map, 

190. 

Gunpowder,  Indian  notions  of,  85. 
Guns,  matchlock,  86  ;  illustrations,  84,  85  ; 

flint-lock,  86. 

Hale,  John  P.,  295. 

Half-Moon,  the,  45. 

Halleck,  Henry  W.,  126. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  214;   sketch  of,  215 

(note)  ;  his  essays,  377. 
Hampton  Roads,  battle  in,  324  ;  maps,  321, 

328. 
Hancock,  Winfield   S.,  candidate  for  the 

presidency,  362. 
Hardee,  William  J.,  334. 
Harmer,  General,  216. 
Harper's  Ferry,  seizure  of,  301,  320. 
Harpsichord,  the,  illustration,  206. 
Harrison,  Benjamin,  276  (note). 
Harrison,  William  Henry,  242,  251 ;  quoted, 

251   (note),    252   (note) ;    sketch  of,  276 

(note) ;  election  of,  277. 
Hartford,  Conn.,  41. 
Harvey,  Sir  John,  157. 
Hatter,  shop  of  a,  in  the  olden  time,  illus 
tration,  153. 

Hawkins,  Sir  John,  portrait  of,  107. 
Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  380,  381. 
Hayes,   Rutherford   B.,  elected   President, 

361,  362. 
Hayti,  5. 

Hennepin,  Father,  117. 
Henry  VII,  of  England,  8,  9. 
Henry,  Patrick,  sketch  of,  162  (note). 
Hessians,  the,  177;  illustrations,  177,  178, 

179. 

Highlanders,  in  Georgia,  64. 
Hispaniola,  5. 

Holding  the  Line,  illustration,  332. 
Holmes,  Oliver  W.,  379. 
Home  and  society  in  Washington's  time, 

209-212. 

Hood,  John  B.,  335,  345. 
Hooker,  Joseph,  320,  321,  333. 
Hopkins,  Esek,  192. 
Horses  in  the  colonies,  100 ;  pacers,  204 ; 

Indian,  368. 


INDEX. 


Houses,  colonial,  91  ;  illustrations,  91,  127 ; 

furniture    of,    91,   92 ;  in   Washington's 

time,  209. 

Houston,  General  Sam,  278. 
Howe,  Elias,  374. 

Howe,  Lord  George,  144  ;  illustration,  145. 
Howe,  Admiral  Richard,  Earl,  177. 
Howe,  General  Sir  William,  176. 
Hudson,  Henry,  sketch  of,  46  (note) ;  his 

voyages  and  discoveries,  45,  46. 
Hudson  River,  the,  explored,  45,  46 ;  plot 

to  surrender  the  Highlands  of  the,  187  ; 

map,  191. 

Huguenots,  the,  54,  66. 
Hull,  General  William,  243,  245. 
Hunter,  David,  340. 

Illinois,  admission  of,  259. 

Imboden,  John  D.,  340. 

India,  route  to,  by  sea,  desired,  i  ;  plan  of 
western  route  to,  i,  2,  8,  10,  15  ;  the  sup 
posed  northwest  passage,  n,  45,  46,  98. 

Indians,  the,  in  Virginia,  21,  31,  32;  in 
Massachusetts,  35,  36,  37,  41 ;  treatment 
of,  in  Pennsylvania,  59;  treaty-belt  of, 
illustration,  60  ;  their  clothing,  houses, 
tools,  canoes,  etc.,  71-76;  reason  of 
their  name,  71 ;  changes  made  among, 
by  the  coming  of  Europeans,  74  (note) ; 
illustrations,  71,  90  ;  small  numbers  of, 
76 ;  early  wars  with,  79-83 ;  methods  of 
warfare,  85-89 ;  weapons  of,  85  ;  stories 
of  defense,  88  (note) ;  attempts  to  edu 
cate  and  Christianize,  31,  81  (note),  118, 
370;  influence  of  the  French  over,  118; 
slaughter  by,  122,  123,  124,  215  ;  captives 
taken  by,  145-147,  146  (note) ;  war  with, 
in  Ohio,  217  ;  in  the  Northwest,  242  ;  later 
wars,  367-370.  See  French  Wars,  King 
Philip's  War,  Pequot  War,  and  Pontiac's 
War. 

Indian  Apostle,  the,  81  (note). 

Indian  corn,  99. 

Indian  ponies,  368. 

Indiana,  admission  of,  259. 

Indigo,  culture  of,  99. 

Inheritance,  laws  of,  210,  232. 

Internal  improvements,  attitude  of  parties 
on,  268. 

Inventions,  American,  373-376. 

Iowa,  admission  of,  287. 


Irish,  the,  in  the  colonies,  66. 

Iroquois,  the,  their  hatred  of  the  French, 

118,  122  ;  long-house  of,  illustration,  119  ; 

attack  of,  on  Canadian  settlements,  122. 
Irving,  Washington,  378. 
Isabella,  Queen  of  Spain,  3. 
Island  No.  10,  capture  of,  314 ;  map,  315. 

Jack  of  the  Feather,  31. 

Jackson,  capture  of,  328,  330. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  subdues  the  Creeks,  capt 
ures  Pensacola,  and  defeats  the  British 
at  New  Orleans,  254 ;  sent  to  receive 
Florida,  265  ;  elected  President,  261  ; 
sketch  of,  266  (note) ;  administration  of, 
266,  267  ;  his  attitude  on  nullification,  304. 

Jackson,  Thomas  J.  (Stonewall),  318,  319; 
sketch  of,  319  (note),  320,  321. 

James  I,  king  of  England,  14  (note),  19, 
32,  Si- 

James  II,  king  of  England,  57,  158 ;  over 
thrown,  159. 

James  River,  the,  20. 

Jamestown,  settlement  at,  see  Virginia ; 
burned,  158 ;  present  appearance  of,  il 
lustration,  20. 

Japazaws,  chief,  27. 

Jasper,  Sergeant  William,  184  (note). 

Java,  the,  capture  of,  by  the  Constitution, 
247. 

Jay,  John,  220. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  sketch  of,  172  (note)  ; 
in  favor  of  religious  freedom,  200 ;  his 
party,  214 ;  candidate  for  the  office  of 
President,  221  ;  elected,  227,  228 ;  his 
portrait,  225  ;  his  seal,  226  ;  the  embargo, 
241 ;  his  essays,  377. 

Jerseys,  the,  57,  60. 

Johnson,  Andrew,  elected  Vice-President, 
353;  his  administration  as  President,  359, 
360 ;  impeachment  of,  360. 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  his  expedition,  132. 

Johnston,  Albert  Sidney,  315. 

Johnston,  Joseph  E.,  312,  319,  334 ;  sketch 
of,  334  (note),  347,  348. 

Joliet,  Louis,  117. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  192. 

Kansas,  question  of  the  admission  of,  298 ; 

struggle  in,  299,  300  ;  admission  of,  302. 
Kearny,  Colonel,  283. 


392 


INDEX. 


Kearsarge,  the,  sinks  the  Alabama,  352. 
Kenesavv  Mountain,  battle  of,  335. 
Kentucky,  Indian  troubles  in,  215,  216  ;  ad 
mitted  to  the  Union,  258. 
Kernstown,  engagement  at,  340  ;  map,  344. 
Kidd,  William,  101  (note),  102. 
Kidnapping  in  England,  105. 
King  George's  War,  124-126. 
King  Philip's  War,  81,  82. 
King  William's  War,  122,  123. 
Know-nothing  party,  the,  298. 

Labor  and  capital,  376. 

Lady  Rebecca,  the,  27. 

La  Fayette,  Gilbert  Motier,  Marquis  de,  183 ; 
sketch  of,  182  (note). 

Lake  Champlain,  178  ;  battle  of,  248  ;  maps, 
180,  249. 

Lake  Erie,  battle  of,  248  ;  map,  250  ;  results 
of,  251. 

Lake  George,  battle  of,  132  ;  under  control 
of  Burgoyne,  178;  map,  180. 

Lane,  Ralph,  colony  under,  15,  16. 

La  Salle,  Sieur  de,  117. 

Lawrence,  James,  248. 

Lee,  Robert  £.,319,  320,  321,  338,  339; 
sketch  of,  338  (note)  ;  his  surrender,  348. 

Legal-tender  notes,  352. 

Legislatures,  colonial,  152. 

Leif,  tradition  concerning,  4  (note). 

Leisler,  Jacob,  his  rebellion,  159. 

Lexington,  Mass.,  battle  of ,  168,  169;  map, 
174. 

Lexington,  Mo.,  attack  on,  311  (note). 

Liberal-Republican  party,  the,  361. 

Liberty,  civil,  in  America,  beginning  of : 
Virginia  charter,  30,  32  ;  charter  of  Mas 
sachusetts  recalled,  43 ;  government  of 
Pennsylvania,  59 ;  early  struggles  for, 
156-160 ;  established  by  the  Constitution, 
199,  200 ;  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,  the, 
226. 

Liberty,  religious,  see  Religious  Liberty. 

Lighting,  modes  of,  375. 

Lightning,  Franklin's  experiment  with,  189 
(note),  206. 

Lightning-rod,  the,  invented,  373. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  his  election,  302 ;  in 
auguration,  306 ;  re-election,  353 ;  his 
death,  354  ;  sketch  of,  354  ^note). 

Lincoln,  Benjamin,  184. 


I  Literature  in  the  United  States,  377-381. 
1  Little  Harbor,  N.  H.,  42. 

Little  Turtle,  chief,  216. 

Log-cabin  and  hard-cider  campaign,  the 
277. 

Longfellow,  Henry  W.,  378,379;  subjects 
of  poems  by,  132,  168  (note). 

Long  Island,  battle  of,  177  ;  the  retreat,  il 
lustration,  176;  map,  179. 

Lookout  Mountain,  battle  on,  333. 

Loudon,  Lord,  his  failure  at  Louisbourg,  132. 

Louis  XIV,  of  France,  117. 

Louisbourg,  Cape  Breton  Island,  125,  126, 
T32»  T35i  J37 !  map,  141. 

Louisiana  Territory,  founded  and  named, 
117 ;  attempt  to  connect  with  Canada, 
117,  118  ;  history  of,  and  its  purchase  by 
the  United  States,  234  (and  note)  ;  maps, 
236  ;  State  of,  admitted,  258  ;  election  of 
1876  in,  361. 

Lowell,  James  Russell,  380. 

Lucas,  Eliza,  99. 

Lundy's  Lane,  battle  of,  252  ;  map,  256. 

Lutherans,  emigration  of,  65,  66. 

Lynchburg,    attempt   to   take,    340 ;    map, 

344  ;  Lee's  attempt  to  reach,  348. 
|  Lyon,  Nathaniel,  311  (note). 

McClellan,  George  B.,  311  (note),  317,  318, 

319,  320  ;  his  candidacy,  353. 
|  MacDonough,  Thomas,  249. 
I  McDowell,  Irvin,  312,  318. 

Macedonian,  capture  of  the,  247  ;  incident 
of,  247  (note). 

Mackinaw,  capture  of,  243  ;  map,  243. 

Madison,  James,  elected  President,  241  ; 
attitude  of,  in  the  War  of  1812,  245  ;  sketch 
of,  245  (note)  ;  his  essays,  377. 

Madoc,  tradition  concerning,  4  (note). 

Magellan,  F.  de,  sketch  of,  u  (note)  ;  his 
voyage  and  discovery,  10,  n  ;  map  show 
ing  his  route,  7. 

Mails,  205,  206. 

Maine,  settlement  of,  42  ;  annexed  to  Mas 
sachusetts  and  separated,  43  ;  part  of, 
claimed  by  France,  119;  map,  120;  ad 
mission  of,  259. 

Manassas,  battles  of,  312,  320 ;  map,  317. 

Manassas,  the  ram,  326. 

Manhattan,  island  of,  46. 

Marion,  Francis,  185. 


INDEX. 


393 


Marshall,  Humphrey,  312  (note). 

Maryland,  settlement  of,  50-52  ;  map,  56 ;  j 
Indian  war  in,  81  ;  government,  152. 

Mason,  James  M.,  351. 

Mason,  John,  80. 

Massachusetts,  settlement   of,  35,    40,    41  ; 
intolerance  in,  41 ;  the  Pequots,  41  ;  gov-  j 
ernment  of,   151,  152  ;   struggles  for  lib 
erty,  the  charter  dissolved,  158. 

Massachusetts  Company,  the,  40. 

Massasoit,  chief,  36,  81. 

Matamoras,  capture  of,  map,  279. 

Maumee,  Indian  fighting  on  the,  220. 

Mayflower,  voyage  of  the,  35  ;  illustration, 

34- 

Maynard,  Lieutenant,  101. 

Meade,  George  G.,  321,  337. 

Mecca,  Cabot  at,  illustration,  9. 

Merrimac,  the,  324  ;  its  fight  with  the  Moni 
tor,  325. 

Mexican  War,   the,   causes  of,   278,    279 ; 
opening  of,  278  ;  Taylor's  campaign,  279,  j 
280  ;    New  Mexico  and  California,  283 ;  ' 
Scott's  campaign,  284,  285  ;  peace  signed, 
286;  maps,  279,  281,  282,  287. 

Mexico,  city  of,  captured,  285,  286  ;  map, 
287. 

Mexico,  territory  acquired  from,  286  ;  map,  j 
288. 

Michigan,  admission  of,  287. 

Mill  Spring,  engagement  at,  312  (note)  ; 
map,  316. 

Mines,  gold  and  silver,  expectation  of  find 
ing,  98,  116  (note)  ;  discovered,  294,  367, 

373- 

Minnesota,  admission  of,  302  ;  Sioux  mas 
sacre  in,  367. 

Minnesota,  the,  324. 

Minute-men,  168. 

Missionary  Ridge,  333,  334. 

Mississippi,  admission  of,  259. 

Mississippi  River,  the,  116  (note) ;  explored  j 
and  held  by  the  French,  117  ;  struggle  for 
control  of,  in  the  civil  war,  314,  315,  328. 

Mississippi  Valley,  settlement  of  the,  231-  ! 
235  ;  life  in,  232,  233. 

Missouri,  debate  on  the  admission  of,  259, 
260 ;  its  admission,  261  ;  struggle  for,  at 
the  opening  of  the  civil  war,  311  (note). 

Missouri  Compromise,  the,  260,  268  (note), 
292  ;  repeal  of,  298,  299,  305. 


Molino  del  Rey,  battle  of,  285  ;  map,  287. 
Monitor,  the,  fight  of,  with  the  Merrimac, 

325- 

Monmouth,  battle  of,  183 ;  map,  180. 
Monocacy,  battle  of,  346;  map,  344. 
Monroe,  James,  election  of,  264 ;  sketch  of, 

264  (note). 

Monroe  doctrine,  the,  265. 
Montcalm,  Marquis  de,  132,  138,  139. 
Monterey,  battle  of,   279,  280  ;  maps,  279, 

282. 

Montreal,  taken  by  the  English,  139. 
Morgan,  Daniel,  187. 
Mormons,  the,  367. 
Morse,  Samuel  F.  B.,  274. 
Motley,  John  Lothrop,  380. 
Moultrie,  William,  184  (note). 
Murfreesboro,  battle  of,  331. 
Mystic,  Indian  village  at,  burned,  80. 

Narragansett  Indians,  the,  81,  82. 

Nashville,  battle  of,  346. 

Navigation,  improvements  in,  271,  272,  273. 

Navigation  laws,  the,  153,  161. 

Navy,  the  American,  192  ;  exploits  of,  228, 
229  ;  during  the  civil  war,  351,  352. 

Nebraska,  admission  of,  367. 

Nebraska  Bill,  the,  299. 

Neff,  Mary,  89  (note). 

Negroes,  enfranchisement  of,  359,  360 ;  al 
leged  intimidation  of,  361. 

Nevada,  admission  of,  367. 

New  Albion,  284  (note). 

New  Amsterdam,  47  ;  its  name  changed, 
48  ;  a  wedding  in,  illustration,  93. 

Newcastle,  Del.,  59. 

New  England,  freedom  of  the  colonies,  43  ; 
map  of  the  early  settlements,  43. 

Newfoundland,  colony  in,  51. 

New  France,  47. 

New  Hampshire,  settlement  of,  42  ;  joined 
to  Massachusetts  and  separated,  42 ;  its 
government,  151. 

New  Hampshire  grants,  the,  257. 

New  Haven  Colony,  42. 

New  Jersey,  settlement  and  grant  of,  47, 
57 ;  division  of,  57 ;  toleration  in,  maps, 
50,  61  ;  land  laws  of,  59,  60 ;  union  of  the 
two  provinces,  60  ;  government,  60,  151. 

New  Madrid,  314. 

New  Market,  battle  at,  340 ;  map,  344. 


394 


INDEX. 


New  Mexico,  surrendered  to  the  United 
States,  283  ;  organized  as  a  territory,  295. 

New  Netherlands,  the,  46,  47 ;  capture  of, 
and  change  of  name,  48 ;  Indian  wars 
in,  80. 

New  Orleans,  battle  of,  254 ;  map,  257  ; 
capture  of,  by  Farragut,  326 ;  map,  329. 

Newport,  R.  I.,  round  tower  at,  4  (note). 

News,  transmission  of,  274,  275. 

New  Sweden,  settled  and  taken  by  the 
Dutch,  47  ;  placed  under  Penn,  59. 

New  York,  discovered  and  settled,  45,  46 ; 
capture  and  change  of  name  of,  48 ;  its 
form  of  government,  151  ;  Leisler's  re 
bellion  in,  159 ;  map,  50. 

New  York  city,  settlement  of,  46,  47,  48; 
view  in,  48 ;  evacuated,  177 ;  maps  of, 
and  vicinity,  179,  191 ;  influence  of  the 
Erie  Canal  on,  273. 

Norfolk  Navy- Yard,  the,  324. 

Norsemen,  the,  supposed  discovery  of 
America  by,  4  (note). 

North  America,  continent  of,  discovered,  4 
(note),  9,  10  ;  but  one  great  power  in,  359. 

North  Carolina,  settlement  of,  14,  15,  16, 
53  ;  map,  68  ;  Indian  war  in,  83. 

Northwest  passage,  the,  see  India. 

Northwest  Territory,  232  ;  map  of,  235. 

Nullification,  267,  269,  304. 

Offices,  bestowal  of  government,  266. 
Oglethorpe,    James,  62-64 !    sketch  of,  64 

(note) ;  defeats  the  Spaniards,  64,  124. 
Ohio,    Indian   war  in,  215-217  ;    map  of, 

218  ;  admission  of,  258. 
Ohio  River,  the,  discovered,  117. 
Old  Hickory,  266. 
Old  Ironsides,  247. 
Opechankano,  chief,  32,  79,  80. 
Opequon,  battle  of,  341. 
Ordinance  of  1787,  the,  232,  258. 
Oregon,  admission  of,  302. 
Oregon  boundary,  286,  287  ;  map,  289. 
Ostend  Manifesto,  the,  300  (note). 
Otis,  James,  sketch  of,  163  (note). 

Pacific  Ocean,  discovery  of,  10. 
Pakenham,  Sir  Edward,  254. 
Palatines,  the,  65,  66. 
Palo  Alto,  battle  of,  and  map,  279. 
Parkman,  Francis,  380. 


Parsons'  Cause,  the,  162  (note). 

Peace  Convention,  the,  305. 

Pea  Ridge,  battle  of,  311  (note) ;  map,  316. 

Pemaquid,  Me.,  42. 

Pembarton,  John  C.,  328. 

Peninsular  campaign,  the,  318  ;  map,  319. 

Penn,  Admiral,  58,  59. 

Penn,  William,  sketch  of,  58  (note) ;  in 
America,  58,  59 ;  treaty-belt  given  to,  il 
lustration,  60. 

Pennsylvania,  colony,  47,  58-60,  66;  gov 
ernment,  152  ;  whisky  insurrection,  217. 

Pensacola,  capture  of,  254  ;  map,  257. 

Pequot  war,  the,  80. 

Periaugers,  271. 

Perry,  Oliver  H.,  248. 

Perryville,  battle  of,  327. 

Petersburg,  attack  on,  339,  340,  342  ;  taken, 
348 ;  maps,  343,  350. 

Petroleum,  373. 

Philadelphia,  59,  101  ;  plan  to  capture, 
181 ;  taken,  182  ;  map  of,  and  vicinity, 
185  ;  national  capital  removed  from,  213. 

Philadelphia,  the  frigate,  229. 

Philippi,  battle  at,  311  (note)  ;  map,  316. 

Philippine  Islands,  the,  n. 

Phips,  Sir  William,  his  expedition  to  Que 
bec,  123. 

Phonograph,  the,  374. 

Piedmont,  battle  at,  340  ;  map,  344. 

Pierce,  Franklin,  election,  295  ;  sketch,  295 
(note) ;  favors  the  Nebraska  Bill,  299. 

Pilgrims,  the,  in  Holland,  34,  35 ;  their  de 
parture,  illustration,  35 ;  voyage,  com 
pact,  and  landing,  35  ;  life  at  Plymouth, 
36,  37  (note). 

Pillory,  the,  no,  157  ;  illustration,  156. 

Pirates,  101  (note),  102. 

Pitt,  William,  135. 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  136;  attack  on,  147. 

Pittsburg  Landing,  battle  of,  see  Shiloh. 

Plains  of  Abraham,  battle  on,  138  ;  illustra 
tion,  139. 

Plattsburg,  battle  of,  253  ;  map,  249. 

Plymouth  Colony,  35-38  ;  map,  39. 

Pocahontas,  22,  27. 

Poe,  Edgar  A.,  379. 

Polk,  James  K.,  elected  President,  278; 
sketch  of,  278  (note). 

Pontiac's  War,  147. 

Poor  Richard's  Almanac,  189  (note). 


INDEX. 


395 


Pope,  John,  311  (note),  314,  319,  320. 
Population,  203,  372  ;  diagrams,  208,  261, 

372,  373  ;  map  showing  movement,  376. 
Port  Hudson  campaign,  328  ;  map,  330. 
Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  123,  124;  map,  141. 
Port  Royal,  S.  C.,  54. 
Portugal,  King  of,  2  ;  ship  sent  by,  3. 
Portuguese  try  to  reach  India  by  sea,  i. 
Potato  introduced  into  Ireland,  14  (note)  ; 

into  Virginia  and  New  England,  ico. 
Powhatan,  22,  27. 

Presbyterians,  emigration  of,  57,  66. 
Prescott,  William  H.,  380. 
President  of  the  United   States,  office  of, 

199  ;  method  of  election,  227,  228. 
Prestonburg,  engagement  at,  312   (note) ; 

map,  316. 

Price,  Sterling,  311  (note). 
Princeton,  capture  of,  178  ;  map,  180. 
Privateers,  145,  249. 
Proctor,  Henry  A.,  251,  252. 
Profanity,  punishment  for,  109. 
Protection,  see  Tariff. 
Pulaski,  Count,  183 ;  his  death,  184. 
Punishment,  forms  of,  109-111. 
Puritans,  34,  40,  53  ;  illustrations,  35,  40,  41. 

Quadrant,  invention  of  the,  373. 

Quakers,  persecution  of,  57,  58  (note). 

Quebec,  founded,  116,  117  ;  expeditions 
sent  against,  123,  124,  137,  138 ;  its  po 
sition,  138  ;  its  fall,  139 ;  maps  of,  141  ; 
view  of,  140. 

Queen  Anne's  War,  124. 

Quider,  123. 

Railways,  273,  274. 

Raisin,  engagement  on  the,  250  ;  map,  255. 

Ralegh,  Sir  Walter,  sketch  of,  14  (note)  ; 
charter  and  colonies,  13-16  ;  anecdote,  16. 

Reconstruction  question,  the,  359,  360. 

Red  Eagle,  253. 

Redemptioners,  106. 

Religious  intolerance,  34,  40,  41,  42,  51,  57, 
65,  66,  112,  113. 

Religious  liberty  in  Rhode  Island,  42,  113  ; 
in  Maryland,  52,  53,  113  ;  in  New  Jersey, 
57  ;  in  Pennsylvania,  59,  65,  113  ;  in 
Georgia,  63,  64  ;  in  United  States,  2co. 

Republican  (Democratic)  party,  the,  214, 
226,  227  ;  State-rights  doctrine  of,  304. 


Republican  party,  the,  299.  See  Federalists 
and  Whigs. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma,  battle  of,  279. 

Restoration,  the,  53. 

Returning-boards,  361. 

Revere,  Paul,  168  (note). 

Revolutionary  War,  the,  its  causes,  161-166  ; 
congress  of  delegates,  164  ;  colonial  con 
gress,  166,  168  ;  outbreak  of  the  war,  168  ; 
appointment  of  Washington,  171  ;  colo 
nial  constitutions,  172  ;  Declaration  of 
Independence,  172  ;  American  reverses, 
177  ;  successes,  177-179  ;  dark  period  of, 
181-185,  i85  ;  aid  of  France,  183  ;  suc 
cesses,  187,  188  ;  surrender  at  Yorktown, 
189  ;  treaty  of  peace,  189, 190  ;  traits  and 
incidents  of,  192-194  ;  the  navy,  192,  193  ; 
arms  used  in,  193,  194  ;  poverty  at  the 
time  of,  194  ;  maps,  173,  174,  179,  180, 
185,  190,  191,  207. 

Rhett,  Colonel,  101. 

Rhode  Island,  settlement  of,  42  ;  its  gov 
ernment,  151. 

Rice,  culture  of,  99  ;  preparing,  373. 

Rice,  Thomas,  88. 

Richmond,  Lee's  retreat  from,  348;  map, 
350. 

Rich  Mountain,  engagement  at,  311  (note), 
318 ;  map,  316. 

Road,  the  National,  273. 

Roanoke  Island,  colonies  on,  15,  16,  17  ; 
map  of,  18. 

Roanoke  River,  Indian  story  of,  15. 

Robinson,  John,  34. 

Rochambeau,  Count  de,  188. 

Rock  of  Chickamauga,  the,  333. 

Rogers,  Robert,  and  Rangers,  136  (note). 

Rogers's  Slide,  136  (note)  ;  view  of,  137. 

Rolfe,  John,  27,  28,  98. 

Rosecrans,  William  S.,  327,  331,  333. 

St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  founded,  116;  attacked, 

124 ;  view  of  gateway  of,  125. 
St.  Clair,  General,  176,  216. 
Saint  Mary's,  Md.,  52. 
Salem,  settlement  at,  40. 
Salmon  Falls,  massacre  at,  123. 
Samoset,  36. 

Santa  Anna,  280,  283,  284. 
Saratoga,  battle  of,  193. 
Sassacus,  80. 


INDEX. 


Savannah  founded,  64;  taken  by  British, 
184  ;  map,  193  ;  occupied  by  Sherman,  346. 

Schenectady,  massacre  at,  122. 

Schofield,  John  M.,  346,  347. 

Scolding  and  slander,  punishment  for,  no. 

Scotland,  persecution  in,  57. 

Scott,  Winfield,  280,  284,  285  ;  sketch  of, 
285  (note)  ;  nominated  for  the  presidency, 
295  ;  at  opening  of  civil  war,  317. 

Scrooby,  34. 

Seamen,  impressment  of  American,  for  the 
British  navy,  240. 

Secession  of  States,  305,  307 ;  map  of  se 
ceded  States,  308  ;  war  of,  see  Civil  War, 
the  ;  question  of  the  right  of,  359. 

Seminole  War,  the,  293  (note). 

Semmes,  Raphael,  352. 

Separatists,  34,  40. 

Serapis,  the,  193. 

Servants,  indentured,  104-106. 

Seven  Days'  battles,  the,  319  ;  map,  321. 

Sewing-machines,  374. 

Seymour,  Horatio,  360. 

Shannon,  the,  248. 

Sharpsburg,  battle  of,  see  Antietam. 

Shawnees,  prophet  of,  242  (note),  253. 

Sheridan,  Philip  H.,  341,  348;  sketch  of, 
341  (note) ;  his  ride,  342. 

Sherman,  William  T.,  334,  348 ;  his  march 
through  the  South,  345-347 ;  sketch  of, 
347  (note). 

Shiloh,  battle  of,  315  ;  map,  315. 

"  Ship,  don't  give  up  the,"  248. 

Ships,  American,  271,  272. 

Ships  of  war,  325. 

Shirley,  William,  his  expedition,  132. 

Sigel,  Franz,  340. 

Silk,  culture  of,  98. 

Sioux,  the,  367,  368. 

Sitting  Bull,  368. 

Slavery,  introduction  of,  106  ;  abolition  of, 
in  Northern  States,  107  ;  attempts  of  the 
colonists  to  keep  out  slaves,  153,  161 ;  aft 
er  the  Revolution,  210  ;  forbidden  north 
of  the  Ohio,  232  ;  Ordinance  of  1787, 
232,  258 ;  the  Missouri  question,  259, 
292  ;  Texas,  278,  292 ;  California,  294, 
295  ;  the  Wilmot  Proviso,  293  ;  Free-Soil 
party,  293  ;  action  of  the  fugitive-slave 
law,  294,  295  ;  traffic  in  Washington, 
294 ;  compromise  measures,  295  ;  effect 


of  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  296;  prepon 
derance  of  free  States,  296 ;  proposed 
purchase  of  Cuba,  296;  repeal  of  the 
Missouri  Compromise,  298  ;  the  Nebraska 
Bill,  299 ;  the  Kansas  struggle,  299,  300  ; 
the  election  of  1856,  301  ;  the  Dred  Scott 
decision,  301  ;  the  John  Brown  raid,  301  ; 
divisions  caused  by,  302  ;  free  States  ad 
mitted,  302  ;  election  of  Lincoln,  302  ;  the 
Emancipation  Proclamation,  325,  326  ; 
forbidden  by  thirteenth  amendment,  359. 

Slaves,  104  ;  insurrections  of,  107  ;  the  first 
trader  in,  107. 

Slidell,  John,  351. 
,  Smith,  James,  146  (note). 

Smith,  John,  sketch  of,  22  (note) ;  at 
Jamestown,  21  ;  story  of  Pocahontas, 
22,  28 ;  explorations  by,  21,  22  ;  his  re 
turn  to  England,  23,  24 ;  Plymouth 
named  by,  35  ;  his  letter  to  Hudson,  45. 

Smith,  Thomas,  99. 

Smuggling,  in  the  colonies,  154,  162. 

Snow-shoes,  use  of,  87. 

Soldiers,  dress  and  methods  of,  in  colonial 
times,  142-145  ;  in  1800,  228. 

Soul-drivers,  106. 

South,  the,  life  at,  in  i8th  century,  210,  211. 

South  America,  discoveries  in,  5,  7,  10,  n. 

South  Carolina  settled,  54 ;  rice-culture  in, 
54,  99  ;  indigo,  09 ;  rebellion  in  and  rep 
resentative  government,  54,  159 ;  Hugue 
nots  in,  54,  66  ;  map,  68  ;  secedes,  305. 

Spain,  3  ;  war  with,  124  ;  colonies,  116,  265. 

Specie  payment,  resumption  of,  353. 

Spice  Islands,  the,  8. 

"  Spirits,"  105. 

Spottsylvania,  338  ;  map,  343. 

Squanto,  36. 
1  Squatter  sovereignty,  299. 

Stamp  Act,  the,  163;  Patrick  Henry's 
speech  on,  162  (note) ;  its  repeal,  164. 

Stamp-Act  Congress,  the,  164. 

Standish,  Myles,  36,  37. 

Stark,  John,  178. 

"  Star-Spangled  Banner,  the,"  written,  253. 

State  rights,  under  the  Constitution,  200 ; 
doctrine  of,  268  (note),  269,  304,  305 ; 
settled  by  the  civil  war,  359. 

States,  the,  after  the  Revolution,  197,  198  ; 
confederation  of,  198  ;  constitutional  con 
vention,  198  ;  Constitution  adopted,  199  ; 


INDEX. 


397 


life  in,   203-207,  209-212 ;    additions  to 

territory,  366 ;  increase,  see  Population  ; 

maps,  207,  263 ;  wealth,  373. 
Steam,  use  of,  375. 
Steamboats,  272. 
Steuben,  Baron,  183. 
Stocks,  the,  no. 
Stone  River,  battle  of,  331. 
Stonewall  Jackson,  see  Jackson,  Thomas  J. 
Stony  Point,  capture  of,  184,  217  (note) ; 

map,  191. 

Straits  of  Magellan,  10. 
Stuart,  Gilbert,  207,  381. 
Stuyvesant,  Peter,  47,  48. 
Suinter,  Thomas,  185. 
Sunday  laws,  in  New  England,  109. 
Susan  Constant,  the,  19. 
Susquehannah  Indians,  the,  82. 
Swamp  fight,  the,  81. 
Swedes,  colony  of,  47. 

Tariff  question,  the,  363,  364. 

Tarleton,  Banastre,  187. 

Taxation  without  representation,  163  (and 
note). 

Taylor,  Zachary,  his  successes  in  Mexico, 
279,  280,  284 ;  elected  President,  293 ; 
sketch  of,  293  (note) ;  his  death,  293. 

Tea,  tax  on,  165,  166. 

Tecumseh,  242  (note),  251,  252,  253 ;  his 
brother,  the  Prophet,  242  (note),  253. 

Telegraph,  the  electric,  274 ;  appropriation 
for  an  experimental,  274  (note). 

Telephone,  the,  374. 

Tenantry,  system  of,  104. 

Tennessee  admitted,  258. 

Terrapin  policy,  241. 

Texas,  annexation  of,  278  ;  boundary  dis 
pute,  279,  283  ;  admission  of,  287  ;  results 
of  annexation,  292  ;  diagram  showing 
relative  size  of,  281  ;  maps,  281,  288. 

Thames,  battle  of  the,  252  ;  map,  255. 

Thomas,  George  H.,  312  (note),  331,  333, 
334,  346. 

Thoroughfare  Gap,  320  ;  map,  322. 

Ticonderoga,  see  Fort  Ticonderoga. 

Tilden,  Samuel  J.,  361. 

Tippecanoa,  battle  of,  242  ;  map,  244. 

Tobacco,  first  use  of,  in  England,  16  ;  illus 
trations,  16,  17 ;  raised  in  Virginia,  28, 
98  ;  used  as  money,  98. 


Trapanning,  105. 

Travel  and  transportation,  in  the  colonies, 
94-96 ;  illustrations,  94,  96 ;  at  the  close 
of  the  Revolution,  204,  205  ;  modes  of, 

271,  375- 

Treaty,  Jay's,  220. 
Treaty  of  Ghent,  the,  255. 
Treaty  of  Paris,  the,  189,  190. 
Trent  affair,  the,  351. 
Trenton,  battle  of,  177  ;  map,  180. 
Tripoli,  war  with,  228,  229. 
Troops,  quartering  of,  on  the  colonies,  164. 
Tuscaroras,  the,  83. 
Tyler,  John,  administration  of,  277  (note) ; 

President  of  Peace  Convention,  305. 

"  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  296. 
United  States,  the,   capture  of  the   Mace 
donian  by  the,  247. 
Utah  Territory,  367. 

Valley  Forge,  the  army  at,  182  ;   map,  185. 

Valley  of  Virginia,  campaign  in,  340-342. 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  elected  President,  269  ; 
his  administration,  276 ;  his  renomina- 
tion,  276,  293. 

Van  Dorn,  Earl,  327. 

Vera  Cruz,  280  ;  siege  of,  284  ;  map,  287. 

Vermont,  admission  of,  257. 

Vicksburg,  siege  of,  326-328  ;  map,  330. 

Virginia,  its  name,  14  ;  original  extent,  14, 
50 ;  first  colony  within  its  present  limits, 
19 ;  Jamestown  founded,  20  ;  early  his 
tory,  21-32  ;  ownership  of  land  in,  29, 
30;  the  Great  Charter,  and  the  liberties 
it  granted,  30-32  ;  women  sent  to,  31 ;  In 
dian  war  in,  79,  81,  82  ;  cultivation  of 
tobacco,  28,  98  ;  money  of,  98 ;  its  form 
of  government,  151  ;  struggles  for  liberty 
in,  156,  158 ;  Bacon's  rebellion,  82,  157 
(note),  158. 

Virginia,  the,  324. 

Virginia  Company,  the,  19,  30,  32,  156. 

Wagons  and  carriages  of  Washington's 
time,  205. 

Walker,  William,  296. 

Wallabout,  46. 

Wallace,  Lew,  340. 

Warfare,  Indian  methods  of,  86,  87  ;  meth 
ods  of  the  settlers,  86-89  '>  stories  of  de 
fense,  88  (note)  ;  escapes,  89  (note). 


398 


INDEX. 


War  of  1812,  the,  causes  of,  240-242  ;  de 
clared,  242  ;  English  successes,  243 ;  at 
tempt  to  invade  Canada,  245 ;  naval 
victories  of  the  Americans,  246,  247  ;  de 
feat  of  the  Chesapeake,  248;  battle  of 
Lake  Erie,  248,  251  ;  operations  of  priva 
teers,  249  ;  the  river  Raisin,  250 ;  Forts 
Meigs  and  Stephenson,  251  ;  battle  of 
the  Thames,  252 ;  invasion  of  Canada, 
Lundy's  Lane,  252 ;  British  attempt  at 
invasion  by  way  of  Lake  Champlain, 
252  ;  by  way  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  253 ; 
battle  of  Bladensburg,  253 ;  Washington, 
253;  Baltimore,  253  ;  the  Creeks,  253,  254 ; 
Pensacola  and  New  Orleans,  254  ;  treaty 
of  peace,  255  ;  effect  on  emigration,  259. 

Wars,  colonial,  122-147. 

War-ships,  ancient,  illustrations,  i,  2.  See 
Ships  of  war. 

Washington,  George,  early  life  of,  171 
(note) ;  his  embassy  to  the  French,  129 ; 
incidents,  129  (note)  ;  expedition  to  Fort 
Duquesne,  129  ;  at  Braddock's  defeat, 
130,  131  ;  made  commander  of  the  army, 
171 ;  siege  of  Boston,  171 ;  defeat  on 
Long  Island,  177  ;  retreat  and  victories 
at  Trenton  and  Princeton,  177,  178 ; 
Brandywine,  Germantown,  Valley  Forge, 
and  Monmouth,  181-183  5  Yorktown, 
188 ;  portrait  of,  202 ;  resignation  of  the 
command  by,  190  ;  President  of  Constitu 
tional  Convention,  198  ;  his  election  and 
inauguration  as  President,  203  ;  re-elec 
tion,  213  ;  his  farewell  and  death,  218 ; 
Irving's  life  of,  378. 

Washington,  capital  removed  to,  222 ; 
burned,  253  ;  Early's  attempt  on,  340. 

Washington  Territory,  367  ;  boundary  of, 
286,  287  ;  map,  289. 

Washita,  battle  of,  368  ;  illustration,  369. 

Wasp,  the,  247. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  184  ;  sent  against  the  In 
dians,  217  ;  sketch  of,  217  (note),  220. 

Weathersford,  chief,  253,  254. 

Webster,  Daniel,  269  ;  sketch,  268  (note). 


West,  Benjamin,  207. 

West  Indies,  the,  discovered,  4  ;  supposi 
tion  as  to,  5. 

Westoes,  the,  83. 

West  Virginia,  formation,  311 ;  campaign 
in,  311  (note)  ;  admission,  366. 

Wethersfield,  Conn.,  41. 

Wheat,  99. 

Whig  party,  the,  267  ;  main  differences  be 
tween,  and  the  Democratic,  268,  298. 

Whisky  insurrection,  the,  217. 

White,  John,  17. 

White  and  Jennings,  expedition  of,  146. 

Whitney,  Eli,  374. 

Whittier,  John  G.,  379. 

Wilderness,  battles  of  the,  338 ;  map,  343. 

Wilkes,  Charles,  351. 

William  III,  of  England,  38,  122  ;  Prince 
of  Orange,  159. 

Williams,  Roger,  42, 

Williamsburg,  battle  of,  318  ;  map,  321. 

Wilmington,  N.  C.,  347. 

Wilmot  Proviso,  the,  293. 

Wilson's  Creek,  battle  of,  311  (note)  ;  map, 
3i6. 

Winchester,  battle  of,  341  ;  map,  344. 

Winchester,  James,  succeeds  Hull,  250 ;  his 
defeat  on  the  Raisin,  250,  251. 

Windsor,  Conn.,  41. 

Wine,  production  of,  98. 

Winthrop,  John,  41  ;  sketch,  41  (note). 

Wisconsin,  admission  of,  287. 

Witchcraft,  belief  in,  in,  112. 

Wolfe,  James,  at  Quebec,  138,  139. 

Worley,  Richard,  101. 

Writs  of  assistance,  162  ;  Otis's  speech  on, 
163  (note). 

Yamassee  Indians,  the,  83. 
Yeardley,  Sir  George,  31. 
York,  Duke  of,  48,  57. 
Yorktown,  battle  of,  188,  189 ;  map,  191 ; 
siege  of,  318. 

Zollikoffer,  Felix  K.,  312  (note). 


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LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


JM  19  19872^1        "V  23  1991 


MAR 


o 
o 


BUfaliYCH.  UBR48Y 


... 


MAR    7 '87 


> 


STATES. 


Nevada 

Delaware 

Oregon 

Colorado 

Florida 

Rhode  Island 

Vermont 

New  Hampshire 

Nebraska 

West  Virginia 

Connecticut 

Maine 

Minnesota 

Arkansas 

California 

Maryland 

Louisiana 

South  Carolina 

Kansas 

New  Jersey 

Mississippi 

Alabama 

Wisconsin 

North  Carolina 

Virginia 

Georgia 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Iowa 

Michigan 

Kentucky 

Massachusetts 

Indiana 

Missouri 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

New  York 


POP'N 


62,266 
146,608 
174,768 
194,327 
269,493 
276,531 


346,991 
452,407 
618,457 
622,700 
648,930 
780,773 
802,525 


934,943 
939,946 
995.577 
996,096 
1,131,116 
1,131,597 
1,262,505 
1,315,497 
1,399,550 
1,512,565 
1,542,180 
1,542,359 
1,591,749 
1,624,615 
1,636,937 
1,648,690 
1,783,885 
1,978,301 
5,168,380 
3,077,871 
3,198,062 
4,282,891 
5,082,871 


REG'P  LD    FEB    2'68-K 


LD  21A-60m-7,'66 
(G4427slO)476B 


A, 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


POPULATION   AND  AREA 

OF  THE  SEVERAL 
STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

The  red  lines  and  figures  above  refer  to  population. 
The  black  lines  and  figures  below  to  area  in  square 
miles. 

3,000,000 


500,000 


4,000,000 


400,000 


5,000,000 


500,000 


IT     YC  27938 


Indian  Ty. 
Washington 
New  Mexico 
Dakota 
Utah 


